Transmission Line Coupling Analysis Using FDTD Algorithm and MTL Model

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) forward is one of the geophysical research directions.Through the forward of geological model,the database of radar model can be enriched and the characteristics of typical geological radar echo images can be understood,which in turn can guide the data interpretation of GPR measured profile,thereby improving the GPR data interpretation level.In this article,the interpolating wavelet scale function by using iterative interpolation method is presented,and the derivative of scale function is used in spatial differentiation of discrete Maxwell equations. The forward modeling formula of GPR based on the interpolation wavelet scale method is derived by using fourth-order Runge-Kutta method (RK4) for calculating the higher time derivative.Compared with the conventional finite difference time domain (FDTD) algorithm based on the central difference method,the interpolation wavelet scale algorithm improves the accuracy of GPR wave equation in both space and time discretization.Firstly,the FDTD algorithm and the interpolation wavelet scale method are applied to the forward modeling of a layered model with analytic solution. Single channel radar data and analytical solution fitting indicate that the interpolation wavelet scale method has higher accuracy than FDTD,with the same mesh generation used.Therefore,auxiliary differential equation perfectly matching layer (ADE-PML) boundary condition is used on an interpolation wavelet scale,and the comparisons between reflection errors obtained using CPML (FDTD),RK4ADE-PML (FDTD),and RK4ADE-PML (interpolating wavelet scales) in a homogeneous medium model show that the absorption effect of RK4ADE-PML (interpolating wavelet scales) is better than the other two absorbing boundaries.Finally,interpolation wavelet scale method,with both UPML,FDTD and RK4ADE-PML loaded,is used for two-dimensional GPR forward modeling,showing good absorption effect for evanescent wave.From all the experimental results,the following conclusions are obtained.1) Using the derivative of the interpolating wavelet scale function instead of central difference schemes for the spatial derivative discretization of Maxwell equations and time derivative calculated using the fourth-order Runge Kutta algorithm,the interpolating wavelet scale algorithm has higher accuracy than regular FDTD algorithm due to the improvement in the spatial and time accuracy of GPR wave equation.2) The best absorption layer parameters of interpolating wavelet scale RK4ADE-PML are selected, when the maximum value of the reflection error is the minimum.The maximum reflection error can reach-93 dB,which increases 20 dB compared with that of UMPL boundary in FDTD algorithm.And the higher simulation accuracy of interpolating wavelet scale algorithm than FDTD algorithm is confirmed after calculating single channel radar data.3) Comparing wave field snapshots of GPR forward modeling,radar pictures from wide-angle method and section method indicates that interpolating wavelet scale RK4ADE-PML reduces reflection error of absorption boundary,improves both spatial and time accuracy,is more effective than UPML boundary in eliminating false reflection of large angle incidence, and has better absorption effect for evanescent wave and low-frequency wave.

Discusses a computational procedure, based on the finite difference time domain (FDTD) algorithm, for extremely low-frequency (1 Hz) modeling of electromagnetic scattering by buried objects in lossy sedimentary layers under sea water. The FDTD algorithm is found to be accurate for modeling such objects tens of meters away from a constant current dipole source of 1 A in sea water. For validation of the extremely low-frequency and lossy FDTD modeling, the computed FDTD results are compared with those calculated by using integral equation techniques.

In this paper we discuss a low-frequency computational procedure based on the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) algorithm, for numerical modeling of electromagnetic scattering by buried objects in sediment layers under sea water. The FDTD algorithm is found to be accurate for modeling buried objects in sediment layers tens of meters away from a constant current dipole source of 1A in sea water. For validation of the low-frequency FDTD modeling, the computed FDTD results are compared with those calculated by using analytic expressions and integral,equation techniques. In this paper we also present a technique for detecting conductivity anomalies in sediments, e.g., a buried object in sedimentary layers under sea water, by using the neural network approach. The electric field values are used as the inputs to the neural network and the associated conductivities are used as the targets. The neural network is then trained to associate these conductivities and field values. It is shown in this paper...

As with the number of cancer increases year by year, so it is important to be found and treated earlier. With biological cells and tissues are sensitive to infrared and visible light, cell morphology and physical structure of the optical properties can easily obtain, we can provide theoretical basis for the early diagnosis of cancer by observing the difference of optical properties between normal and cancerous cells. Compared with Mie scattering theory, finite difference time domain (FDTD) algorithm can analyze any complex structure model. In this paper we use mathematical modeling method to establish the single cell mathematical model and with finite difference time domain algorithm to simulate the propagation and scattering of light in the biological cells, you can calculate the scattering of electromagnetic field distribution at anytime and anywhere. With radar cross section (RCS) to measure the results of the scattering characteristics. Due to the difference between normal cells and cancerous cells are embodied in cell shape, size and the refractive index, through the simulation we can get different cell parameters of light scattering information, Find out the cell parameters change the changing rule of the influence on the scattering characteristics and find out change regularity of scattering characteristics. These data can judge very accurate of the cells is normal or cancerous cells.

A three-dimensional (3-D) finite difference time domain (FDTD) algorithm with perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary condition (ABC) is presented for general inhomogeneous, dispersive, conductive media. The modified time-domain Maxwell's equations for dispersive media are expressed in terms of coordinate-stretching variables. We extend the recursive convolution (RC) and piecewise linear recursive convolution (PLRC) approaches to arbitrary dispersive media in a more general form. The algorithm is tested for homogeneous and inhomogeneous media with three typical kinds of dispersive media, i.e., Lorentz medium, unmagnetized plasma, and Debye medium. Excellent agreement between the FDTD results and analytical solutions is obtained for all testing cases with both RC and PLRC approaches. We demonstrate the applications of the algorithm with several examples in subsurface radar detection of mine-like objects, cylinders, and spheres buried in a dispersive half-space and the mapping of a curved interface. Because of their generality, the algorithm and computer program can be used to model biological materials, artificial dielectrics, optical materials, and other dispersive media.

A proper dielectric coating can reduce the electromagnetic scattering of the conducting object significantly so that it cannot be detected by the radar. However, when the object contains a thin coating, fine grid size is needed to discretize the thin coating in the conventional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm, which increases the amount of memory and computational time significantly. To overcome this dilemma, we present a transformation optics-based FDTD (TO-FDTD) algorithm to accelerate the solution of electromagnetic scattering from objects with thin dielectric coatings. Two kinds of novel TO-FDTD models are proposed in this paper for a coated cylinder and a coated arbitrary polygonal cylinder, respectively. Through coordinate transformation, the size of the object remains unchanged while its thin coating is enlarged to a thicker one, meaning that it can be simulated by the FDTD algorithm with uniform coarse grids instead of fine grids. The transformed material parameters become inhomogeneous and anisotropic in the transformed region, which can be obtained by solving a Jacobian transformation matrix. We then develop a stable FDTD algorithm for solving anisotropic Maxwell’s equations. Bistatic scatterings of coated cylinders and a coated polygonal cylinder are solved by the TO-FDTD algorithm proposed in this paper, respectively. The result of the TO-FDTD algorithm matches well with the exact value and the result of the commercial software Comsol. The computational efficiency and accuracy of the proposed TO-FDTD algorithm are validated by numerical experiments. Numerical results show that the TO-FDTD algorithm has higher computational accuracy than the conventional FDTD algorithm that fails to simulate the absorbing property of the coating, when the same coarse grid size is used in the simulation. Under the same level of accuracy, the proposed TO-FDTD method can improve the computational efficiency by 62-63 times than the conventional FDTD method with fine grids in the simulations in the paper.

In order to research the problems of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) at electric power substations or electromagnetic interference generated by carrier channels on multi-conductor power transmission lines, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method and multi-conductor transmission lines (MTLs) model can be used. But the impedance due to lossy soil is dependent on the frequency, so the problem is very complex. One new model to deal with it in the time-domain is proposed using Pade's approximation. Contrasted with other methods, the model is accurate and can be used practically.

The finite difference time domain (FDTD) algorithm has become a popular-technique with which to solve many different electromagnetic problems. However, for real problems the mesh size becomes large and as a result the computation time on a workstation is in the region of tens of hours. In fact, in some cases there will be insufficient memory available on a workstation to solve large problems. We describe a general method based on distributed computing to reduce both the memory requirements and the computation time of the FDTD algorithm. An implementation of the FDTD algorithm on a network of workstations is then evaluated. The implementation is shown to give a peak speed up of 7.5 on a network of 8 workstations over the sequential computation time. >

Graphene, which is considered to be an infinitely thin two-dimension material, is a very promising optoelectronic material and has received much attention due to its outstanding electrical and optical properties. This paper describes an efficient message-passing interface (MPI) parallel implementation of the finite difference time domain (FDTD) algorithm for modeling infinite Graphene sheet simulations. The algorithm, which is based on the domain decomposition approach, reduces the number of field components to be exchanged between the neighboring processors as compared with the conventional parallel MPI FDTD implementation. Numerical simulations are included to show the effectiveness of the proposed parallel algorithm.

This paper presents a rigorous analysis of the numerical error of the reflection coefficient of the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm at planar material boundaries. The derived expressions show that the numerical reflection depends on a large number of parameters, such as the grid resolution and the time step, the frequency, the angle, and the polarization of the incident wave. In conclusion, the FDTD algorithm does not accurately fulfil the boundary conditions for the continuity of the fields. The theoretical findings enable the detailed characterization of the field behavior in the grid at material interfaces. The numerical total reflection and the Brewster angle are studied as well as the discretization influences on the specific absorption rate (SAR).

In this paper, the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method is applied to solve the Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation. A simple procedure to include the non-linear term of the GP equation in the FDTD algorithm is given and discussed. For validation of the FDTD method, ground state, excited state wavefunctions and energies are computed for various trap potentials and compared to results from other numerical methods. The FDTD method is shown to be suitable and accurate for solving the GP equation.

This paper presents a novel time-domain integration method for transient analysis of nonuniform multiconductor transmission lines (MTLs). It can solve the time response of various kinds of transmission lines with arbitrary coupling status. The spatial discretization in this method is the same as the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm. However, in order to eliminate the Courant-Friedrich-Levy condition constraint, a precise time-step integration method is utilized in time-domain calculation. It gives an analytical solution in the time domain for the spatial discretized Telegrapher's equations with linear boundary conditions. Large time steps can be adopted in the integration process to achieve accurate results efficiently. In the analysis of transmission lines with frequency-dependent parameters, a passive equivalent model is introduced, which leads to the similar semidiscrete model as that for the frequency-independent case. In addition, a rigorous proof of the passivity of the model is provided. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and stability of the proposed method.

In this paper, the well known Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) algorithm is utilized to design and analyze a number of planar printed microwave integrated circuits (MICs). Such designs and analyses are based on a developed FDTD computer solver. Prior to the designs, the solver has been validated through comparisons of its computed results with the ones which came from some analyzed structures previously published in other literature, and a good agreement has been observed. The results synthesized by the proposed designs lead to a strong belief that the FDTD is indeed a robust, versatile and powerful algorithm in solving various electromagnetic problems.

Finite difference time domain algorithm for electromagnetic problems involving material movement

A novel implementation of the finite difference time domain (FDTD) algorithm to analyze periodic structures over a wideband with oblique incident waves is presented. Based on the field transformation treatment, the method splits each component of the transformed fields of the electric displacement vector and the magnetic induction intensity vector into three parts in a simple manner. This treatment is independent of material and easily implemented, so that it could be utilized in a wide range of periodic structure analysis. The advantage of the method is demonstrated through two numerical examples. One is Jerusalem cross frequency selective surfaces (JCFSS) with anisotropic lossy media in the millimeter wave band, and excited by the TM wave at θ = 20° and the TE wave at θ = 45°, respectively. Another is a photonic periodic structure with rectangular holes for the visible and infrared bands, where it acts as a dispersive medium, with the incident TE plane wave at θ = 30°. The results are in good agreement with those of CST Microwave Studio, and thereby the validity of the method is verified.