Transmitting time-critical data over heterogeneous subnetworks using standardized protocols

Grey Wolf Algorithm based Energy-Efficient Data Transmission in Internet of Things

T h i s paper addresses the impacts of new communication technology on both standards and protocols used on ground networks for distribution and use of data and inforniation collected or generated as part of the space program. The basic thcme is that protocols and network architectures should be different depending on the type and use of the data being transmitted. No universal standard will exist which will satisfy all data networking requirements. Standards should be established within communities of interest at the higher layers and network architectures chosen that support the intended use of the data. Finally, system architectures will need to be established that will take advantage of the advances in communication technology and support the various standards needed witllin a community. Classification of Data Transmission D o e s '-rr B efore considering network architectures, it is important to look at the characteristics of the data intended for transmission. One of the most important characteristics is how the data changes in time with rcspect to content and value. For example, data including product specifications, catalogues, reports, test results, application programs, etc. can exist for long periods of time without significant change. Surely additions can be made, but the basic content is the same. Other data, however, can change rapidly with time. As examples consider data representing the status of any scheduled or contended resource such as airplane seats or telephone trunks. The point of the above discussion is that data content can change with time over a wide range and that systems designed to access the data can and should take advantage of this characteristic. The second characteristic of data variability is that of value. Naturally the time value of the data is a function of the intended use. A weather map needed for forecasting realizes an hourly decline in value as forecasts generally span hours to days. The same map used For instructional or analysis purposes can retain its value For indefinite periods. Likewise, data used to make a decision loscs value after the decision is made but the same data used to justify a decision rctains value as long as justification is needed. Finally, data that is needed for a step in some process that cannot proceed until thc data is obtaincd has a time value related to the cost or value of the process. Realizing the time variability of data in both content and value, it is important to consider two different network objectives for the transmission of data. The first network objective is that of minimizing network delay in the dclivery of a unit of data from a source to a destination. The type of data transmission that has this objective is termed Response Time Critical or RTC data transmission. The reason delay is important is that for this type of data transmission, it. is assumcd that people or processes become non-productive while the data is in transit. Thus by minimizing the network delay, the end user productivity is increased. The second network objective is that of minimizing cost or the time needed to complete a transmission. If network transmission costs are usage sensitive with respect to time, then minimizing the time to complete a transmission is the same as minimizing the cost. Thus maximizing the utilization OF a resource through high efficiency is the network objective for a class of data traffic termed Throughput Critical. For this class of traffic, costs can also be impacted by using resources during low rate periods or alternate means of transmission such as mailing a laser disk with data that is not rapidly changing or decreasing in value with time. Present Networking Approach M o s t data networks in existence today share an architectural trait that they rely on a ftxed network topology. This means that the networks are composed of network processors (that switch and route data packets) and ftxed trunks that carry the transmissions between the processors. Local area networks are an exception as they can share the transmission media among many processors. The major reason for this architecture is that transmission costs were the predominate cost of the network and because of analog technology, the only method to obtain reasonable bandwidth was with dedicated circuits. Once the step was taken to obtain the dcdicated bandwidth, then the issue of how to get reasonable utilization had to be addressed if any type of cost control was desired. The packet netCopyright@1987 by the American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics. ~ n c . A l l r ights

Aiming at the transmission of heterogeneous data in heterogeneous networks, a topology optimization algorithm of heterogeneous wireless sensor networks based on local tree reconstruction is proposed, which can achieve better data transmission in the heterogeneous networks. First, the algorithm divides the nodes of the network into different layers by their hops and chooses different numbers of nodes as relay nodes in different layers. Second, the nodes are set with different initial energies in different layers. Because the packets of different nodes have different sizes, we adopt the corresponding data aggregation coefficients according to the actual data requirements of the network in data transmission. Finally, the lifetime of the network is prolonged by real-time updating of the topology of the tree during the data transmission. The simulations indicate that after the aforementioned three steps, the proposed algorithm prolongs the lifetime of the heterogeneous networks and improves the nodes utilization effectively.

The delay performance of compression algorithms is particularly important when time-critical data transmission is required. In this paper, we propose a wavelet-based electrocardiogram (ECG) compression algorithm with a low delay property for instantaneous, continuous ECG transmission suitable for telecardiology applications over a wireless network. The proposed algorithm reduces the frame size as much as possible to achieve a low delay, while maintaining reconstructed signal quality. To attain both low delay and high quality, it employs waveform partitioning, adaptive frame size adjustment, wavelet compression, flexible bit allocation, and header compression. The performances of the proposed algorithm in terms of reconstructed signal quality, processing delay, and error resilience were evaluated using the Massachusetts Institute of Technology University and Beth Israel Hospital (MIT-BIH) and Creighton University Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia (CU) databases and a code division multiple access-based simulation model with mobile channel noise.

Smart agriculture aims to provide the agricultural industry an advanced technological infrastructure that includes Internet of things (IoT), big data, cloud, robotics, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, drones), and artificial intelligence (AI). It is often referred to as the Third Green revolution. Smart agriculture in rural areas can largely benefit from the low-power, low-cost sensors and UAVs to sense (soil, temperature, salinity, water, light, insects, pests) and exchange data/images for monitoring and controlling of the crops. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard is considered as the de-facto standard for implementing IoT applications supporting low-data rate wireless connectivity with fixed, portable, and mobile devices with very limited battery consumption. However, such networks suffer from delay and transmission failure in time-critical data transmission from the sensor to the UAVs due to the inherent nature of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC. In this paper, we propose a mechanism for low and deterministic latency communication using the CAP reduction feature of DSME networks. Further, we design a fast, low power computing technology to classify the image captured by agricultural UAVs at the edge/fog devices. Through simulation, we show that the proposed mechanism has high packet transmission success, supports low-latency transmission, and incurs low-overhead in terms of transmission, computation, and power consumption.KeywordsIEEE 802.15.4DSMESmart agricultureUAVEmbedded devicesDeep learningCNN

Cascaded communication systems consisting of multiple, hierarchically ordered wired and wireless subnetworks are of increasing interest for industrial applications to support reliability and flexibility simultaneously. Therefore, additionally arising latencies due to the cascading have to be minimized to meet the application's real-time requirements. Within this paper, we identify the resource allocation as promising approach to minimize such latencies. By reviewing basic allocation schemes of wired and wireless communication networks, we show their advantages and disadvantages with respect to the physical data transmission. Based on this comparison, we introduce methods to optimize the resource allocation of individual subnetworks. Moreover, we present an algorithm, which finds an optimized scheduling for the data transmissions in cascaded networks.

Australia invests significant resources in environmental data acquisition, management and publication. Although data are abundant, users are typically hampered by an inability to discover, access and re-use the data. The National Environmental Information Infrastructure (NEII) activity will improve the effectiveness and efficiency of discovering, accessing and re-using environmental data beyond its primary purpose. The NEII is envisioned as a federation of environmental data nodes adopting common standards to create a data infrastructure with an initial focus on nationally significant environmental data. Its primary focus is on the discovery and re-use of national environmental data that is already well-managed, but that currently has limited application beyond its original business purpose. In common with spatial data infrastructures, the NEII encompasses common data models, exchange formats and standard network protocols along with centralised catalogues of uniform metadata descriptions. It also includes standardised models for describing environmental measurements, monitoring sites and methods used to observe the environment to address the unique requirements of environmental information. These architectural elements are more fully described in the NEII Reference Architecture (Bureau of Meteorology, 2014b, www.neii.gov.au). The Bureau of Meteorology is leading the development of the NEII including provision of core coordination and integration infrastructure, as well as the governance and collaboration framework for its development and operation. However its ongoing success is dependent on establishing enduring partnerships with major national environmental information organisations. The NEII Programme is framed around five focus areas including (a) Communication, (b) Engagement, (c) Policies and frameworks, (d) Data management, and (e) ICT build. This paper provides a more detailed overview of one component of the Data Management area regarding the development of the NEII Conformance Framework. Conformance means following established guidelines, specifications and standards or working towards them. A conformance framework is a structured set of guidelines that detail the levels at which a participant provides services that comply with the NEII architecture. The NEII Conformance Framework has been developed to (a) enable partners to set priorities against specific expectations that will jointly lead to developing a sustainable federated environmental information system; (b) enable users of the NEII to rapidly assess the suitability of data for their business needs; and (c) provide a common measurement system to monitor progress in the development of the NEII. The framework adopts a capability maturity model approach to describe the steady improvement required for NEII nodes to progress from a basic data release (experimental data service with limited operational support) to an enduring federated system providing environmental information. The design of the model is informed by other maturity-based approaches for open data such as the Open Data Institute's certification approach (Open Data Institute 2015). The paper also presents a worked example of the conformance framework against the Bureau of Meteorology's Australian Hydrologic Geospatial Fabric NEII data services. The paper concludes with an overview of major learnings from the programme to-date. These relate primarily to reducing the cost of participation in NEII by data custodians given the challenge of delivering data using NEII standards; and developing approaches to better support users to use the portfolio of NEII data given some of the methods of data delivery may be new to non-technical users. The NEII programme has prioritised both these and developed work packages to achieve improvements.

This article considers problems arising from the operation of modern automated control systems of production process, groups of electric drives united by common network protocol, as well as production equipment, which is designed to ensure continuous operation of production line of coldroll and zinc-coated hotroll. Typical failures of industrial electrical equipment for this workshop of coldroll and zinc-coated hotroll during 2011-2014 were analyzed. As a result, some recommendations were proposed, fulfilling which will lead to significant reduce in conjoint number of yearly equipment failures and will increase turnaround periods. Moreover, this research can increase accuracy of maintenance schedules. As the result the company can expect decrease of unplanned electric outages which lead to a positive impact on production costs beared by mentioned subdivision.

The Internet architecture is based on design principles such as end-to-end addressing and global routeability. It suits relatively static, well-managed and flat network hierarchies. Recent years have shown, however, that the Internet is evolving beyond what the current architecture can support. The Internet architecture struggles to support increasingly conflicting requirements from groups with competing interests, such as network, content and application service providers, or end-users of fixed, mobile and ad hoc access networks. This paper describes a new internetworking architecture, called TurfNet. It provides autonomy for individual network domains, or Turfs, through a novel inter-domain communication mechanism that does not require global network addressing or a common network protocol. By minimizing inter-domain dependencies, TurfNet provides a high degree of independence, which in turn facilitates autonomic communications. Allowing network domains to fully operate in isolation maximizes the scope of autonomic management functions. To accomplish this, TurfNet integrates the emerging concept of dynamic network composition with other recent architectural concepts such as decoupling locators from identifiers and establishing end-to-end communication across heterogeneous domains.

This document covers both the OSI and TCP/IP models in detail since they are essential building blocks in science and network engineering. The analysis looks at how each model developed, how their designs were formed, what their different operation levels involve and the practical applications they each support for communication and data transfer. Although the OSI framework is studied as a basic reference and knowledge builder organised by seven layers, the TCP/IP framework is considered more practical and relevant, holding a key place in modern online networking due to four main layers. The document covers how data encapsulation achieves sending, organizing, steering and handling errors. It points out that layered abstraction is essential for fixing network problems more quickly and helping different devices work together. OSI model theory provides solid foundations, detailed analysis shows, whereas TCP/IP model delivers flexibility and is highly effective with networks that are both distributed and can handle a lot of data. Moreover, common network protocols such as HTTP, FTP, DNS, IP and TCP are examined to expose how protocol stacks are used in everyday network situations. The research details how systems handle various tasks associated with network communication and shows how these roles adjust to the growing needs of modern online services.

: The Air Force Weapons Laboratory has access to both the NASTRAN and PATRAN software systems for structural analysis investigations; however, these two codes are resident on separate computer systems at AFWL. NASTRAN is used to perform the bulk of large structural analysis research and is resident on the CRAY1S. PATRAN is installed on Silicon Graphics and allows depictions and animation of modal analysis results. The two software packages are complementary in function, and communication between them can be achieved through the GATEWAY facility. The GATEWAY links the AFWLO4 VAX, the silicon Graphics IRIS, and the CRAY through a common network protocol. This document describes software residential on the VAX and CRAY computer systems which allows PATRAN animation of NASTRAN calculated modal shapes. This section contains general information which should be reviewed by all potential users. Section 2 outlines the step by step implementation of NASTRAN calculation and PATRAN animation. This approach is designated VAX/CRAY/VAX processing. The VAX/CRAY/VAX approach is appropriate regardless of whether the NASTRAN model was created on the Silicon Graphics using PATRAN or created on the VAX using an editor. Section 3 provides important notes on the use of the existing NASTRAN DMAP alter library, and Section 4 is an example computer session implementing VAX/CRAY/VAX processing as described in Section 2. Keywords: Computer communications.

With the onset of multimedia applications, Quality of Service (QoS) in 802.11-based wireless ad hoc networks has been an essential area to look into. Standard wireless protocols such as IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11e have been deemed unsuitable for multimedia traffic transmission in an ad hoc (multihop) network environment due to the unique network characteristics. As an ad hoc network is infrastructureless and distributed in nature, it gives rise to several challenges in QoS provisioning. In this thesis, we focus on the research of three key areas on QoS in ad hoc networks namely, buffer management in the medium access control (MAC) layer, cross-layer design and flow admission control. Firstly, we study MAC layer buffer management in the IEEE 802.11e protocol. The IEEE 802.11e MAC protocol provides QoS for multimedia traffic by probabilistic priority queueing. Ad hoc networks tend to generate a large volume of network control packets for route maintenance and these control packets are typically queued in the highest priority queue. As a result, higher priority control traffic is always being served, consuming most of the bandwidth and results in poor network performance for data traffic. We examine this problem and propose a dynamic buffer management scheme to mitigate it. By setting different threshold levels in different priority queues, we allow lower priority data traffic to be served when the higher priority control traffic is deemed to be excessive. Simulation of our proposed scheme has shown that our approach yielded better network performance compared to the standard protocol in terms of packet delivery ratio and average delay. Secondly, we study the cross-layer interaction between the MAC and Network layers to identify its impact on QoS. We select the IEEE 802.11e MAC protocol and Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in our study since they are standardized protocols for wireless networks. In IEEE 802.11e MAC protocol, lower priority traffic has a higher probability of being blocked. Hence, the MAC layer will inform the Network layer of a broken link through the link notification function. In this case, AODV will re-route the paths that traverse this link. As a result, higher priority traffic which shares the same link as the lower priority traffic will undergo the same re-routing procedures. We termed this phenomenon path correlation effect. Under high traffic load, the path correlation effect will be more intense and hence degrade the QoS of higher priority traffic. To break the path correlation effect, we propose a cross-layer design called the Bundled Virtual Circuit (BVC). Our proposed BVC scheme not only addresses the path correlation issues, but also provides priority treatment from the Network layer to the MAC layer. Through our simulations, our proposed cross-layer design approach is proven to provide better network performance than the 802.11e/AODV protocols in terms of packet delivery ratio and delay. Finally, we examine flow admission control at the routing layer in ad hoc networks. Standard routing protocols such as AODV performs routing on a shortest path basis. In the presence of multiple routes, hotspots are likely to form among the intermediate nodes and thus lead to network congestion. In addition, existing routes are not well-protected from the introduction of new routes. We propose a flow admission control algorithm to be used with AODV. Our algorithm allows routes to be created through available bandwidth and congestion estimation. During the route discovery phase, each node will be gauged on its estimated available bandwidth and its backlog of packets in the MAC buffer. If a node does not have sufficient bandwidth, or has too many backlogged packets compared to the requested flow rate, it will not participate in the route discovery process. From simulations, our new scheme is able to provide better network performance than the standard AODV protocol in terms of delay. Our work in this thesis focuses on QoS provisioning in ad hoc networks from the MAC and network layer perspectives. By studying the network characteristics and protocols’ behavior, we investigate the various problems of providing QoS in an ad hoc network environment and propose three different schemes to improve the QoS provisioning at the MAC and network layers. We believe that our work is able to provide some insights to the research area on QoS in ad hoc networks.

Quantifying and querying network reachability is important for security monitoring and auditing as well as many aspects of network management such as troubleshooting, maintenance, and design. Although attempts to model network reachability have been made, feasible solutions to computing network reachability have remained unknown. In this paper, we propose a suite of algorithms for quantifying reachability based on network configurations (mainly ACLs) as well as solutions for querying network reachability. We present a comprehensive network reachability model that considers connectionless and connection-oriented transport protocols, stateless and stateful routers/firewalls, static and dynamic NAT, PAT, etc. We implemented the algorithms in our network reachability analysis tool called Quarnet and conducted experiments on a university network. Experimental results show that the offline computation of reachability matrices takes a few hours and the online processing of a reachability query takes 0.075 seconds on average.

Next Generation Network (NGN) represents a fundamental paradigm shift in the wireless communication which uses packet switching instead of circuit switching. NGN is an architecture that provides seamless integration of both new and traditional telecommunication services across high-speed packet networks. Heterogeneous network (HN) is the group of network which integrated with wired, wireless and sensory network with internet connectivity. Combination of HN and NGN (HNGN) will offers highly reliable services at all situation. Implementing protocols such as TCP is much complicate in the heterogeneous network environment. The objective of this paper is providing an assured, reliable data transmission in the HNGN. Data transmission in HNGN renders ineffective communication due to barrier when implementing different network protocols. The proposed methodology, called Reliable Barrier-Free Services (RBS) optimizes the reliability of HNGN.

The following paper examines problems in fast wireless data acquisition and proposes solution. The paper examines the area of autonomously controlled vehicles. Necessity of well-timed data in such an application is vital, since moving vehicle could damage itself and surroundings. As an example of such a task, authors use recent FP7 project - STRATOS. Existing solutions do not fulfill node amount and frequency requirements of the application. Solution contains all components, transmission technology, media access algorithm and gateway design. The key element for reaching requirements is using parallel data transmissions, along with time division media access (TDMA) algorithm. Testing and simulation proved that designed wireless sensor network that is capable of delivering measurements from 140 sensors with a frequency of 300Hz.