Transportation Safety and Security

ABSTRACTThis article examines the safety and security of intra-urban transport in Ilesa, Nigeria. Using multistage sampling, six political wards were selected: three from the high-density area, two from the medium-density area, and one from the low-density area. In all 300 copies of the questionnaire were administered. Data obtained were analyzed using percentages and the Relative Importance Index (RII) that was employed to analyze five different variables with a view to measuring either their relative importance or frequency. It was found that crimes and crashes punctuate transport safety and security in Ilesa, and that the vulnerability of trip makers to these crimes and crashes varied by mode. Speeding, recklessness, and drunk driving topped the chart of causes of accidents. Also owners of private cars were found to be the safest and most secure group of trip makers, whereas commercial motorcycle passengers and pedestrians were found to be the most vulnerable groups to transit crimes and crashes, respectively. Furthermore, the agencies responsible for traffic control and management were found to be wanting in some key functions with implications for safety and security. Based on the findings, policy recommendations are proffered to enhance transport safety and security in the city.

The Formation of Legal Culture of a Person in Order to Ensure Transport Safety

The National Transportation Security Center of Excellence (NTSCOE) was established in August 2007 to develop new approaches to defend, protect, and increase the resilience of the nation's multi-modal transportation infrastructure, and to create education and training programs for transportation security. The Center for Transportation Safety, Security, and Risk (CTSSR) at Rutgers University, an NTSCOE institution, developed models that address multi-modal resilience of freight and transit transportation networks. Data collection processes for each project presented significant hurdles for the research team in developing credible and accurate modeling tools. For any given data need, the potential exists for data gaps, collection, and processing errors, publication and use restrictions, and the need to obtain the most timely information. These challenges must be foreseen by researchers and practitioners in order to better accommodate potential restrictions on both data collection and dissemination while still providing users with a tool that improves decision making.

The emergence of new autonomous driving systems and functions – in particular, systems that base their decisions on the output of machine learning subsystems responsible for environment perception – brings a significant change in the risks to the safety and security of transportation. These kinds of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems are vulnerable to new types of malicious attacks, and their properties are often not well understood. This paper demonstrates the theoretical and practical possibility of deliberate physical adversarial attacks against deep learning perception systems in general, with a focus on safety-critical driver assistance applications such as traffic sign classification in particular. Our newly developed traffic sign stickers are different from other similar methods insofar that they require no special knowledge or precision in their creation and deployment, thus they present a realistic and severe threat to traffic safety and security. In this paper we preemptively point out the dangers and easily exploitable weaknesses that current and future systems are bound to face.

The paper presents an innovative mobile application enabling the security and safety inspectors of Oil & Gas Transportation to receive in their car all the real-time data necessary to drive them to the visual evidence of the truck driver’s unsafe or dishonest activities. The application works on the top of an IoT platform managing a sensor network installed on over 3,000 tank trucks. The paper presents the application domain, the architecture, the implementation, and the experiments, also reporting a set of quantitative experimental results that validate the application effectiveness. The results also qualify the application as one of the first cases of real-time Cyber-Physical Systems for Logistics and Transportation Safety and Security validated for the measured impact on the operations, and not just in terms of scenarios or technology potentials.

The continuing requirements for better urban transport systems in general and the need for a healthier environment haves led to an increased level of research around the world. This is reflected in the proceedings of this well-established meeting which demonstrates the steady growth of research into urban transport systems. The variety of topics covered by the conference is of primary importance for analysing the complex interactions of the urban transport environment and for establishing action strategies for transport and traffic problems.The topics covered in this book include: Environmental impact; Environmentally friendly transport modes; Public transport systems; Transport modelling and simulation; Urban transport management; Transport safety and security; Infrastructure; Land use and transport integration.

The Burmese military under the command of General Saw Maung staged a coup in the name of saving the country by killing thousands of unarmed demonstrators on 18 September 1988. After forming a nineteen‐man military junta which was named the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), Burmese generals vowed to manage the country to accomplish three tasks: the restoration of law and order, the provision of safe and secure transportation, the fulfilment of the socio‐economic needs of the people. The article examines and evaluates the accomplishment of SLORC in attending to these three tasks based upon the reports given by the military regimes and its lobbyists and by the people and outside observers of Burma. The basic conclusion of the article is that there is a tremendous gap between the fictional official reports and the factual reports given by the people on the improvements in the socio‐political and economic conditions in Burma under the military management since 1988.

Hydrogen is thought of as the next clean energy sources, with a lot of potential for development and possible applications in multiple sectors. Its ability to be generated and regenerated without much hassle and ease of availability makes it a prime renewable energy source. Storing hydrogen and its safe and secure transport is one of the major challenges that needs to be tackled in order to turn it into a full-fledged source for commercial, industrial and domestic uses. The production of hydrogen has been discussed, along with its various sources. Multiple avenues have been explored in relation to hydrogen storage, from nanomaterials to underground caverns to hydrides. Costs have been analyzed to better understand the economic impacts of this field and how feasible it can be. Current research trajectories and findings have been explored and talked about, all of which point to various factors such as thermodynamics and kinetics as areas for improvement and development.

The paper presents the organization of cyber risk management in the maritime transport. The data collected will allow to achieve the main research aim that is to exemplify the stages of cyber risk management for supporting and ensuring safety and security of cargoes transport by sea.The work presents the usage of an iterative cyber risk management processes. They consist of six steps, but given that maritime transport is crucial to the global economy, it is presented that it should be adequately protected against cyber threats as a critical part of the maritime industry, which should be taken into account by all stakeholders involved in maritime transport. The result of the work is the presentation of a pragmatic approach to the maritime cyber risk management.Finally the collected data enable to point out area of cyber risk management in maritime transport in a four-task iterative cycle, which can be compared to the management critical infrastructure during crisis situation: prevention, preparation, respond and recovery.

Networked Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) opened the gate to digital National Airspace System (NAS) in cyberspace. Air traffic improvements from NextGen system, accompanied by the risk of long-standing cyberattack issue in information technology industry became an increasingly challenging matter to the aviation community and Air Traffic Management (ATM), as cybersecurity challenges in the NextGen system could affect NextGen's principle assurance of safety and security in air transportation. The technological shift of NAS infrastructure from traditional radar-based systems to networking system of systems leads to a review, revision and redefinition of current policies, standards regelations, cultures and norm to reflect and mitigate new risks. Through analysing reports, regulations, standards, practices, recommendations from government and industry, the researchers analyse security impacts to NextGen; the risk of a cybersecurity incidents; and regulations to identify most effective and efficient control measures over information systems in ATM, and direction to further research.

Authors carried out a theoretical study of the force impact during emergency braking on the strength of the frame of a truck tractor as a part of a road train with a semi-trailer in order to build a model of the dependence of the safety factor index of the frame on the geometric and weight parameters of the car, semi-trailer, transported cargo and the type of the pavement. Using D'Alembert's principle, a generalized calculation scheme of the frame of the semi-trailer and the truck unit after reaching a steady deceleration during emergency braking while maintaining straight-line movement and adhesion of all wheels to pavement was made. Through a static calculation, the dependences for the unknown reactions of the car frame constraints were obtained, its dangerous cross-section was established, and the condition for the static strength of the longeron was determined. Using this condition and the obtained ratios for active and reactive loads, a model of the dependence of the safety margin coefficient of the car frame on the road train parameters was built. By the example of a road train consisting of a KrAZ-6446 truck tractor and a VARZ-6006 semi-trailer the application of the constructed model for evaluating the strength of the car frame and determining the permissible safe zone location of the center of gravity of different weights cargo in the plane of the road train is demonstrated. The method proposed in this work and the built model can be used to study the strength of the frames of truck tractors and semi-trailers of other manufacturers and types and to establish safe schemes for the placement and fastening of loads to ensure the operational reliability of the vehicle and the safety and security of cargo transportation.

The USF College of Marine Science has developed a Coastal Ocean Prediction System for Tampa Bay based on an integrated observing system and circulation model as a sub-regional component of the US Integrated Ocean Observing System. The model system ingests real-time observations of the physical forcing functions for Tampa Bay to produce three-dimensional fields of circulation, temperature, salinity, and water level. The hydrodynamic model, based on the ECOM-3D code, is fully operational in either a nowcast-forecast mode or a hindcast mode and is described on our web site (http://ompl.marine.usf.edu/TBmodel). Water level, temperature, salinity, surface heat and moisture fluxes, and winds come from the Tampa Bay Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System (TB-PORTS; http://ompl.marine.usf.edu/ports/ or http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/tbports/tbports. shtml?port=tb) augmented with observations from the USF Coastal Ocean Monitoring and Prediction System (COMPS; http://comps.marine.usf.edu/). Daily river discharge is obtained from the USGS National Water Information System. Precipitation is derived from several gauges operated by the Southwest Florida Water Management District, USGS, and NOAA. The raw observational data undergoes an automated QA/QC procedure before being input into the model. A water quality module has been developed that produces fields of chlorophyll, nutrients, and dissolved oxygen from time- varying estimates of nutrient and fresh water loading. A wave module provides directional wave spectra and bottom stresses based on the SWAN code. The integrated observing and modeling system provides a decision support tool that is used to enhance security, safety, and efficiency of maritime transportation, to guide search and rescue efforts, and to evaluate the bay ecosystem response to environmental stressors. Such stressors include severe storms, seasonal and interannual changes in fresh water input, as well as human impacts, such as hazardous material spills, river withdrawals, nutrient loading, changing land use patterns, and alterations in bay bathymetry. In addition to its routine use by the Tampa Bay Pilots and the US Coast Guard, the Coastal Ocean Prediction System has been used to support management decisions in several environmental issues affecting the bay. For example, the model has been used to investigate the effects of concentrate discharge from a seawater desalination facility recently built on Tampa Bay for the regional water supply authority; to simulate the trajectory of wastewater discharges and hazardous material spills for the Florida Department of Environmental Protection; to predict trajectories of raw sewage spills into the bay for the Pinellas County Health Department; to investigate transport and fate of human pathogens in the bay, and to evaluate changes in salinity and estuarine residence time due to natural variability and to anthropogenic alterations in fresh water input and bathymetry of the bay for the Southwest Florida Water Management District.

The "Al-Based Image Processing System For College Buses” project addresses the critical need for enhanced safety and security in college bus transportation through the implementation of an innovative AI-based image processing system. This system is designed to efficiently check student entry and verify active passes, ultimately creating a secure environment for all passengers on college buses. Leveraging advanced machine learning models, the primary goal is to improve the capacity and accuracy of the system, enabling it to capture multiple faces simultaneously with faster execution and more precise output. The hardware components of the AI-Secure Bus system include a Raspberry Pi, GSM module, GPS module, LCD display, and a reliable power supply. These components work in tandem to create a robust and versatile platform capable of real-time tracking, image processing, and communication. The workflow of adding datasets involves capturing student facial data, adding information about pass validity, and incorporating home location coordinates into the dataset. This meticulous process ensures that the system has comprehensive data to accurately authenticate and monitor student entries. The workflow toward the college involves making the bus location live, checking the proximity of students' home locations, and notifying students about the bus's arrival with approximate timings. This real-time tracking and communication significantly contribute to the efficiency and transparency of the transportation system. Keywords: Open CV, V2 camera, Raspberry Pi, image processing, Artificial Intelligence

Bogor City in collaboration with the United Station Development Program (UNDP) in 2017 with the Ministry of Communication and Information RI was appointed as an urban pilot project for the implementation of smart city as one of the solutions to solve urban problems. One of the smart city dimensions implemented in Bogor City is smart mobility. Smart mobility in Bogor City is certainly applied based on the issues and problems that exist in Bogor City such as congestion due to the volume of vehicles, limited area, limited road infrastructure, weakness of sidewalk and pedestrian infrastructure, and the high urbanization sector. Certainly smart mobility, which is used as one of the solutions in structuring transportation in a city, needs to be studied regarding its application to the community, whether its implementation in the community has gone according to its objectives. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of smart mobility implementation based on community perceptions through scoring analysis and descriptive analysis of 4 main variables, namely: integrated and multi-access transportation modes, non-motorized mobility, infrastructure technology that supports mobility, and security and safety in public spaces and public transportation. Through the research results, it is found that Bogor City has implemented the concept of smart mobility with 4 main variables resulting in a fairly effective score, around 80% of its smart mobility indicators have been implemented but need to be further optimized so that all sub-districts in Bogor City can feel the effectiveness of smart mobility.

Socialization of Juvenile Delinquency Prevention: Traffic Discipline One of the traffic problems is juvenile delinquency which is often caused by, for example, not having a driver’s license, using the noisy motorbike exhaust, speeding on the road and so on. Traffic violations have a direct negative impact on the Security, Safety, Order and Smoothness of Traffic and Road Transportation sectors.This is a problem faced by society which is now increasingly widespread. The method used for the 2nd grade at Senior High School 3 Sepaku to overcome juvenile delinquency in traffic discipline are the methods of socialization, lectures and discussions. The success of this socialization was due to the enthusiasm of students to know and understand aspects of criminal law, especially traffic violations by teenagers.