Transregionalizing the Middle East

Since their inception, security institutions in Mexico have undergone significant transformations in their structure, organization, and responsibilities, which has influenced their role in ensuring public safety in the country. The configuration of the institution responsible for providing security in Mexico under military leadership not only deviates from the constitutional precepts to which it should adhere but also undermines the legal security of citizens regarding the enjoyment and full exercise of their human rights, due to acts prone to rights violations by such corporations, especially in the absence of a social proximity formation. This article focuses on the international perspective of human rights organizations about the security institutions in Mexico, considering the jurisprudence, recommendation, and cases in the Inter‐American Human Rights System. Multiple international organizations conclude that these security institutions have indicated a regression in human rights and require oversight by a regional international entity to ensure compliance with recommendations and the guarantee of a rule of law.

One of the most important changes in our era is the ones promoted by the digital technology, which has meant a challenge in the promotion of human rights. Not only do we talk about the vulnerability to privacy, but also the possible biases of algorithms and other risks that represent potential violations to human rights. International organizations, such as the United Nations, have taken this issue in their hands, although the lack of development of norms regarding digital technology and human rights. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the way the non-conventional and conventional mechanisms of the United Nations Human Rights System have treated this issue. Through a document review, some actions and interpretations made by these will be analyzed, in order to determine some opportunities and challenges in the way the United Nations has approached to this issue. Keywords: United Nations; Human rights; Digital technology

This article discusses the successful bottom?up justice and security institutions in south?east Afghanistan that are delivering justice and security to the people in a complex atmosphere characterised by a weak and contested state, high levels of corruption, massive international and regional intervention, internal conflict based on ideology and ethnicity, and exclusion of one ethnic group and overrepresentation of others in the political arena. These local?level institutions are called Jirga and Arbakai. They have their own conceptual and contextual principles, which differentiate the Arbakai from private security companies, militias, or warlord?related armed groups. In effect, the Arbakai serves as an alternative system to the state security sector, delivering physical security to individual members of a tribe and community.

On 18 February, 2020, The Lancet published the report of the WHO-UNICEF-Lancet Commission, calling for a refocus of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) around child and adolescent health. All sectors are responsible for children's wellbeing, with digital platforms and artificial intelligence (AI) playing an increasing role in child and adolescent health.

Not only does the process of digitalisation in the broad sense affect individual enterprises and smaller financial organizations, but it also has a direct impact on international economic organizations’ operations. This is manifested both in the need to introduce digital technologies into their activities and to a greater extent in the need they experience to adapt themselves to new realities. The range of actors in the world economy is expanding, the role of transnational corporations is changing, and it is becoming increasingly difficult for the state to regulate production and circulation at the national level, which generates the necessity of creating additional opportunities for international regulation. To a certain extent, existing levers of influence used by international organizations are outdated and require serious revision. The question thus arises as to which one of the following directions for the system’s development should become the main one: reforming existing organizations, establishing fundamentally new ones or combining the two options. The purpose of the article is to analyze current changes in international economic relations, caused by the digital transformation, and to identify the key ways to improve the institutional architecture of the world economy.

This doctoral thesis examines the impact of international aid agencies on the reform agenda of North African countries. It analyses and compares the paths of higher education reform (1997-2007) in Egypt and Morocco, using analytical instruments pertaining to new approaches in public policy theory. For a long time, both countries appeared relatively immune against reform pressure from outside. Still, the analysis of their reform processes shows that the internationalization of higher education has been high on the agenda in both countries. Moreover, the participatory approach - as promoted by international aid agencies like the World Bank as part of its governance agenda - is practised in pushing through unpopular reform measures : in both countries stakeholders from political parties, non-governmental organization and the private sector took part in the reform process. The establishment of committees and commissions emerged as an important tool for those authoritarian regimes to widen their scope of participation. It is to be axamined how specific instruments, promoted by international organizations and bilateral donors, are integrated into a setting of authoritarian rule. The policy transfer between donors and recipients is relatively smooth as long as it concerns the realm of policies and a rather diffuse way towards internationalization through the implementation of foreign reform instruments in the university sector. Modes of transfer grow more subtle when the realms of power and politics are affected. This book provides an insight into the way authoritarian rulers adapt international reform commissions and committees, their members and their institutional environment. I shall argue that international aid agencies even provide the necessary support for this process of authoritarian consolidation, albeit non-intentionally and rather as an unintended consequence of their engagement. The comparison of Egypt's and Morocco's reform processes by means of an analysis of a specific sector (e. G. Higher education) serves as a microanalysis to understand how authoritarian regimes work. It also helps to understand the varieties of authoritarian regimes. Morocco was and is able to formulate a more comprehensive reform of its higher education system. The country demonstrates greater flexibility due to its monarchical system and its pluralistic nature. Egypt under Mubarak only applied a piecemeal type of reform, partly due to its rigid form of pluralism in a quasi-one-party system. Still, Morocco's flexibility should not be confused with a greater openness of its political arena. It is linked to a specific pattern of pluralism that is reproduced through the aforementioned reform processes

Abstract. Rights to dignity and freedom of thought (mental autonomy) are fundamental human rights. They imply the fundamental right to mental health. The possibility that rights to dignity, mental autonomy and, as a consequence, mental health may be severely jeopardized by certain digital technologies and Artificial Intelligence (AI) is recognized on a worldwide scale, yet, current legal frameworks are still struggling to carve out regulatory measures that fully take into accounting the impact of digital technologies and AI on mental health. This narrative review starts with a brief historic overview highlighting why internet and AI have taken the potential for individual and collective mental manipulation of former media of mass communication to the next level. In the current society context, dark patterns in commercial digital tools are cogently designed to manipulate consumer choices. Internet and social media platforms exploit AI to generate addictive trigger cues, fake contents, and deceptive interactions. Digital technology has hijacked our mental autonomy and represents an unprecedented threat to mental health and well-being, in particular of children and young individuals connected for long hours day and night as now officially recognized by international health organizations worldwide. The problem has already found expression in novel forms of compulsive behaviour and addiction (digital addiction) with related symptoms of anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, anhedonia, suicidal ideation. This article identifies psychological mechanisms likely to account for mental health deterioration in the digital age in terms of conditioned obedience to digital authority, de-individuation, pathological brain adaptation to chronic stress, reward deficiency syndrome (RDS), and learned helplessness. These mechanisms are non-conscious, deeply rooted in human neurobiology, and rely on the mechanism of psychobiological conditioning.

<i>Iklan</i> Aesthetics in Niger: Identity and Adornment from Servility to Self-agency

RESUMENObjetivoDeterminar la magnitud y características de la omisión del registro de causas maternas de muerte en Argentina y reestimar la razón de mortalidad materna (RMM) para el año 2014.MétodosEstudio de corte transversal. Revisión retrospectiva de registros médicos de mujeres en edad reproductiva que murieron por causas sospechosas de encubrir muertes maternas en instituciones del sector público, la seguridad social y privado en todas las jurisdicciones del país entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 2014. Se reclasificó la causa de muerte consignada en el Informe Estadístico de Defunción. Las medidas de resultado incluyeron el porcentaje de omisión del registro, la estructura de causas, el lugar, el momento de la muerte en relación con el proceso reproductivo y la edad gestacional. Se reestimó la RMM en base a los resultados.ResultadosSe analizaron 969 registros médicos (82,4%) de una muestra de 1 176 casos. Se identificaron 60 casos donde se omitió la causa materna de muerte (48 muertes maternas, 12 muertes maternas tardías). El porcentaje de omisión fue del 14,2% para las muertes maternas y del 33,3% para las muertes maternas tardías. La nueva RMM estimada para el año 2014 osciló entre 43,3 y 47,2 muertes por cada 100 000 nacidos vivos.ConclusionesLa omisión de registro de causas maternas de muerte en Argentina podría ser menor a la reportada por agencias internacionales. Existen diferencias de omisión entre las regiones. Se necesitan esfuerzos que enfaticen la importancia del llenado correcto de los certificados de defunción.

The widespread use of digital technologies in the field of labour relations raises the issue of examining the readiness and capability of the legislation in Russia and China to adequately regulate labour in modern workplace conditions while respecting the balance of interests and the rights of employees, employers and the state. This article draws a number of conclusions, one of which is that currently in the Russian Federation, the legal regulation of the use of digital technologies in the field of labour is haphazard, contradictory and not designed for the long term. Despite a number of significant scientific studies conducted in this area and the serious commitment of the People’s Republic of China to the issues of informatization, the legal regulation of the digitalization of labour relations lags behind technological progress. A number of issues in urgent need of legal regulation remain outside the legal field (robotization and algorithmization in the field of labour; protection of personal data of job applicants; the problem of unemployment in the application of artificial intelligence in the labour process). It appears that today there is an urgent need for the federal authorities of the Russian Federation to adopt a strategy for the transformation of labour relations in the application of digital (information) technologies as well as a need to develop a concept of robotization and algorithmization of the labour process. Furthermore, when creating these documents and adjusting the current regulatory framework, the Russian legislator should take into account the experience of international and foreign regulation of labour relations in the field of digitalization of labour relations.

Digital art is increasingly becoming engaged with contemporary art. Artists began using programming and technology to create art in the 1950s and 1960s and the revolutionary advances in digital technology have spawned new approaches to making art. Originally viewed as outsider art, digital art gained international recognition in the late 1960s and again at the turn of the century. Traditional art institutions were not as quick to embrace this creative use of technology as artists did. In the 1970s, several international organizations were created to support this art form and remain active today. Exhibitions during this period were both juried and curated. During the 1970s and 1980s, there were very few digital art curators. The change occurred during the late 1990s when museums began to take notice of and exhibit digital art. The Internet has enabled artist, scholar and art institutional websites and the establishment of extensive archives of this art form. This online presence is contributing to the integration of digital art with contemporary art. Publishers have also followed suit and there is now a good selection of books on the theory, history and practice of digital art, led by the MIT Press, Thames & Hudson, and others. As digital art continues to merge with contemporary art, the division between the two will continue to lessen. However, what is important is to rectify the art historical record to give digital art the rightful place it has earned in the contemporary art landscape.

Methods. The study employs a systematic approach to analyze mechanisms for ensuring financial security of business entities. Comparative analysis methods were applied to identify key features of state support programs in the European Union, the USA, Japan, and South Korea. Modeling the adaptation of these practices to the Ukrainian context was conducted, considering the specific characteristics of the country's economic structure. Content analysis was utilized to examine scientific publications, official reports, and data from international organizations, as well as expert assessments of the effectiveness of proposed state support tools. Practical recommendations were substantiated through interpretation of the findings in the context of implementing digital technologies.. Results. It has been established that integrating digital technologies such as blockchain, artificial intelligence, and big data is key to enhancing the transparency and efficiency of state support. Prospects for public–private partnerships were highlighted as an investment mechanism in strategic industries, including the green economy and digital manufacturing. The necessity of expanding grant and subsidy programs for innovative startups, especially in high-tech sectors, was identified. The study substantiated the feasibility of creating a national platform for managing crisis support for businesses. The findings demonstrate that a comprehensive approach adapted to modern challenges can strengthen the financial security of enterprises. Novelty. The proposed models integrate international experience with a focus on digital transformations, including the use of blockchain solutions for transparent monitoring of financial flows, adaptation of crisis financing programs, and support for innovative businesses through subsidies. The originality of the research lies in synthesizing traditional and modern approaches to managing financial security, with a particular emphasis on crisis conditions. Practical value. The study’s results can be utilized to improve Ukraine's state policy in supporting businesses, particularly during periods of economic instability and post–war recovery. The recommendations contribute to enhancing the competitiveness of enterprises, adapting them to global challenges, and minimizing financial risks.

The article examines the global networked economy formation and further development. During the last twenty years a natural monopoly network paradigm (which has been dominated since the XIX century and symbolized by a strong hierarchy) has been changed into a decentralized network, directly related to the market economy. It was noted, that organization`s network principles compare with traditional hierarchies are more mobile, self-organizational, self-reproductional. It is emphasized that the economy networkization is an extramely topical issue which attracts the researchers` attention. In particular, digital technologies have been rapidly transformed both business and society, and they will become an integral part of the future economy that driven by innovation. It is determined that the global networked economy potential has been developed at different management levels and its participants are individuals, enterprises, states and international organizations. Conceptual content of the networked economy is identified by next components. First, it is a theoretical explanation and design of social development and economic relations, which have been reformatted due to the global processes, primarily: mechanization, automation, intellectualization, socialization, humanization, etc. Second, it is the economic relations informatization through the computerization, digitalization, virtualization, disintermediation of economic processes. Third, it is the formation of new communications in economic relations through the building new digital communication networks, digital platforms and information mechanisms. Fourth, it is the strengthening of economic cooperation between the economic entities through the intensification of traditional and new forms of international economic coordination, cooperation, integration, regulation, etc. It was found that the market economy would have loose ground compare the networked economy in future. The countries development specifics in the networked economy according to the Networked Readiness Index have been determined. The proposals for companies have been offered: e-commerce, big data analysis, electronic communication and information, back office consolidation, supply chains, digital cooperation, cloud technologies.

The present tech-world is substantially influencing nearly all the professions and disciplines. Digital technology is being encouraged and being highly incorporated in all the major exhibitions, trade as well as cultural events, with the prime objective of organizing hassle-free events for the exhibitors as well as the visitors. Exhibitions are of the key drivers of a country’s economic progress having a noteworthy impact on the business of various national as well as international organizations and private companies. Presently, the exhibitions also emphasize on the global advancements, job creation alongwith a major contribution to the awareness of citizens on various subjects. Most of the conferences of the world, are managing their databases by incorporating e-commerce and technologically advanced techniques. Such events are the major contributors towards opening trade channels globally and has been a major catalyst in several global exports and collaborations. However, the swift and vigorous incorporation of technological tools and techniques in hosting the exhibitions has some challenges for the exhibitors which are identified in this paper. The feedback from 180 foreign exhibitors provides an insight to the constraints of digital technology in exhibition management. The responses from the survey have been statistically analyzed to understand their association with the successful exhibition management. Based on the collected data and its analysis, the most critical aspect that influences success of exhibition management procedures is identified.

The article examines the current features of the functioning of American pharmaceutical transnational corporations (TNCs), which hold leading positions in the global market of medicines. The author analyzes the economic, scientific, technological and political factors that determine their dominant role in the healthcare sector. Considerable attention is paid to the mechanisms through which American pharmaceutical TNCs form strategic competitive advantages: large-scale investments in research and development (R&amp;D), a global network of production and research centers, a strong patent policy, partnerships with universities, institutes and governments, as well as an active mergers and acquisitions policy. The paper conducts a SWOT analysis of the internal and external environment of the leading American TNCs (Pfizer, Johnson &amp; Johnson, Merck &amp; Co, AbbVie, Eli Lilly), which allows identifying key strengths (innovation, high level of digitalization, global market access), weaknesses (high cost of research, dependence on patent protection, reputational risks), opportunities (development of personalized medicine, digital technologies, growing demand for biological products) and threats (geopolitical instability, competition from EU and Asian companies, increased regulatory pressure and criticism of pricing policy). In the context of increased global competition, the article highlights the active expansion of Asian and European companies (Roche, Novartis, Sanofi, Takeda, Samsung Biologics), which put pressure on American manufacturers in terms of affordability, innovation and localization of production. The article also examines the prospects for the development of American pharmaceutical TNCsin the light of the latest trends: the spread of mRNA technologies, the introduction of artificial intelligence into the drug development process, the growing demand for gene therapy, the focus on rare niche diseases, as well asthe greening of production and the formation of ethicalstandards. The author emphasizes the importance of maintaining a balance between commercial benefits and corporate social responsibility in the field of global health in the face of growing criticism from society and international organizations.