Tunisie : projet pilote de reconversion d'exploitations agricoles cultivant du tabac en cultures diversifiées

A European soil organic carbon monitoring system leveraging Sentinel 2 imagery and the LUCAS soil data base

After Bulgaria's integration into the European Union (EU) in 2007, restructuring processes in agricultural cooperatives continue. The permanent tendency for the plant-breeding sector to dominate the animal-breeding sector is intensifying. Cereal crops occupy the largest share in the production structure. Advocating the thesis of the diversification of products as a factor of competitiveness, the production structure of the agricultural enterprise is taken as a fundamental element. The purpose of the research is to analyze product diversification in agricultural cooperatives after the integration of Bulgaria into the EU (2007-2020). Conclusions are summarized that despite the reported negative trends, the support schemes under the CAP 2014-2020 have a positive effect on product diversification. There are positive signals for an increase in the share of protein, essential oil and fodder crops. Key words: agriculture, agricultural cooperatives, product diversification

Aim. To develop and scientific and organizational approaches to advertising, consulting support, and the transfer of innovative developments in the agricultural market of knowledge-intensive products in the Kyiv region. Methods. In research were used dialectical, abstract-logical, economic-statistical, system-theoretical, comparative, and retrospective analytical methods. Results. The analysis of market conditions from 2021 to 2023 revealed that foreign varieties of soybeans, winter rape, spring rape, corn, and fodder beet are seriously competing with domestic varieties of soybeans, corn, and fodder beet. Domestic research institutions are leading in breeding varieties of winter wheat, buckwheat, winter rye, millet, beans, oil flax, long flax, and lupine, with the breeding achievements of the IAS NAAS being suitable for distribution in Ukraine. The Institute’s innovative developments in agriculture focus on protecting soils and increasing their fertility. In crop production, they aim to create highly efficient technologies for growing cereals, legumes, and fodder crops. In breeding, the focus is on developing new varieties, hybrids, and lines. From 2021 to 2023, 31 scientific developments were tested, including 2 in the field of agriculture and 29 in crop production. This includes 2 crop production technologies and 27 plant varieties and hybrids. Additionally, 59 innovations were introduced: 3 in the field of agriculture and 56 in crop production, including 18 technologies and 38 varieties and hybrids. To address practical problems in the field of scientific support for innovative agricultural development in the region, our institution developed and conducted several activities related to scientific and advisory support. Scientific and methodological provisions for organizing information and advisory support for the Kyiv region’s agricultural enterprises were developed. The system and methods for promoting and advertising the scientific developments of the IAS NAAS were improved, and a network for disseminating agricultural information and providing advice on various agricultural issues was established. To promote the latest scientific and innovative projects, 9 conferences were held over the past three years, including 5 international and 4 national ones. Additionally, there was 1 scientific and practical seminar, 5 exhibitions (1 international and 4 national), 2 Field Days, and 1 workshop. Conclusions. Scientific and advisory support plays a key role in creating a favorable environment for innovative development, contributing to sustainable economic growth and increasing the competitiveness of agricultural production.

Work provides overview of the situation and trends in agricultural sector of Georgia. It mentions that Georgia is a country with small land area, where, as a result of improper land reform the lads were excessively fractured, with 75% of population holding up to 1 ha arable land. Working of such small parcels is unreasonable and economically ineffective. Taking this issue into consideration, for the purpose of stimulation of creation of the small farmers? associations, the legislative incentive was prepared on creation of the agricultural cooperatives. As a result of joint work of the Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Committee of the Parliament, on 12 July 2013, the Parliament of Georgia adopted the Law on Agricultural Cooperatives. On the basis of this law the LEPL Agricultural Cooperatives Development Agency was established to provide state support to the agricultural cooperatives. The main goal of the Agency is promotion of rehabilitation of the rural areas and agriculture through development of agricultural cooperatives.Of key legislative acts dealing with the activities of agricultural cooperatives, Georgian Law on Agricultural Cooperatives prevails over Georgian Law on Entrepreneurs. Therefore, the legal relations of the agricultural cooperatives are regulated by Georgian Law on Agricultural Cooperatives. According to the mentioned Law, the cooperatives provide regulation of the internal production relations by means of the economic participation, obligatory participation contributions, associated members of the cooperatives and other elements. The labor relations are decisive factors.Work provides analysis of the key operation principles of the agricultural cooperative; characteristics of cooperatives management provided for by the Law on Entrepreneurs and Law on Agricultural Cooperatives; rights and obligations of the cooperative shareholders; conflicts arisen in the course of performing of contracts made between the agricultural cooperative and its shareholder; agricultural cooperative monitoring functions. On the basis of analysis of legal regulations of leading European countries dealing with the cooperatives the recommendations are provided for improvement of cooperatives management in Georgia, for development of the entire cycle of production and sale of agricultural goods allowing generation of the increased incomes from sale of the end products by primary goods producers without any middlemen.The conclusion is made that formation of the cooperation systems of European type would be much more beneficial for the farmers, as well as for the country and its final results will be seen in its socioeconomic effects.

The research proposes the concept of highly efficient agricultural production development in Russia regarding socio-ecological and economic guidelines. The nature and reasons for the main changes in the conditions and results of management for 1995 - 2019 are revealed. The research result consists of proposals for improving the principles and practices of state support for low-profit farms. Its recommended addition should consist of: direct financing by the state and large capital for the acquisition and development of high-performance production and management technologies; in the development of the technology market at the inter-farm, inter-regional and inter-country levels; in the creation of regional services for information and consulting support of enterprises, helping them to navigate in the conjuncture of agricultural markets, in the trends of regional development of the economy, social sphere, and ecology. The expected general results of national economic significance, accompanying the positive dynamics of agricultural development, are taken into account, such as a decrease in inflation, replenishment of the budget from an increase in tax revenues due to an increase in agricultural production and export of its products, balanced use of labor resources, land and water resources, organic diversification of production in the real sector, equipping remote areas, greening production.

Assessments of the stability as well as the performance of plant genotypes across diverse environmental conditions is important for plant breeders as a tool for selecting superior cultivars for the target environments. Alfalfa is the best known fodder crop with a high ability for biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and high drought tolerance, and it is well-known as an important component of organic farming systems especially in the dry, Pannonian region of east Austria. In a 2-year experiment (2007–2008), 18 alfalfa genotypes from different geographical origins were evaluated under irrigated and rainfed conditions in order to recognize high performance and stable genotypes based on biomass production and BNF in organically managed fields at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria. The analysis of variance showed significant differences for the main factors namely year, location, genotype and their interactions in the studied traits. With regard to mean comparisons and stability analysis for shoot dry matter, total biomass yield and BNF, the cultivar Sitel was the best performing genotype followed by PlatoZS, Fix232, Vlasta and Gharghologh. Although additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analysis was found to be more informative in describing the adaptive response of the genotypes, the superiority measure Pi was the best stability parameter to select high yielding and stable genotypes, based on its simplicity of calculation and correlation with crop performance in this study.

This research verifies the production potential of Galega orientalis Lam. grown on marginal heavy soils with the following intensities of mineral nutrition: (1) 245.0 kg/ha NPK, (2) 122.5 kg/ha NPK and (3) 0.0 kg/ha NPK. A large-scale pilot experiment with the cultivar Gale was carried out on two sites under a semi-humid to humid temperate climate in Central Europe for 4 years. Overall, 14.56 t/ha of dry matter yield on average was achieved, with 10.92 t/ha in the first cut and 3.65 t/ha in second cut; the yields varied from 4.61 t/ha to 24.65 t/ha for both the cuts, and 2.69 – 21.30 t/ha and 1.05 – 9.06 t/ha for the first and second cuts, respectively. In the year of establishment (2017), the crop reached an average yield of 0.52 t/ha; due to slow development. The yield during the three productive years (2018 – 2020) was affected mainly by the cuts (F-ratio 218.97, P-value <0.01), then by years (F-ratio 178.38, P-value <0.01), followed by nutrition (F-ratio 4.81, P-value <0.01), sites (F-ratio 1.34, P-value >0.05), and finally by replications (F-ratio 0.17, P-value >0.05). In general, eastern galega productivity increased as the nutrition increased and the utility year approached, but the impact of nutrition seems to be more complicated due to the legume crop’s biological specifics. The study includes no sites with arid or semi-arid climate, where the productivity may be different, especially on light soils with drying water regime, which can be assumed as a limiting factor for the crop with slow initial growth.

Although mechanization is reshaping rural and agricultural development by reducing drudgery through substituting farm labourers, improving input use efficiency and increasing farm productivity, the level of mechanization in developing countries still needs improvements. This study explores whether agricultural cooperatives can improve mechanization levels by investigating the differences between outsourcing machinery services and household‐owned machines. We consider mechanization adoption status and the mechanized ratio at different production stages, including tillage, seeding, pesticide spraying, fertilization and harvesting. Utilizing data collected by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and an inverse‐probability‐weighted regression adjustment estimator, we find that, overall, agricultural cooperatives significantly increase the probability of farmers’ adoption of mechanization for tillage, seeding, pesticide spraying, fertilization and harvesting by 5%–38% and mechanization ratios by 6%–29%. Disaggregated analyses reveal that agricultural cooperatives significantly increase the adoption probabilities and ratios of machines provided by outsourcing services by 9%–102% and 10%–79%, respectively. Among household‐owned machines, agricultural cooperatives only significantly impact tillage adoption, reducing farmers’ adoption probability and ratio by around 16%–21%. Our findings highlight the importance of agricultural cooperatives in improving farmers’ access to and use of machines provided by outsourcing services.

The article reveals the results of the study devoted to the consideration of the modern development level of agricultural consumer cooperatives in Lipetsk, Tambov and Smolensk Regions. The given research is based on using systematic approach during regional agricultural consumer cooperatives consideration. The author used monographic, abstract-logical, economic and statistical, as well as graphic research methods. Agricultural consumer cooperatives can guarantee achievement of individual goals of people living in rural areas, consumers, cooperative members and personnel. They can contribute to their personal wellbeing and social security, address the federal challenge which implies implementation of national priority project as well as employment and state food security. Today agriculture in Russia is in worse condition than compared to the pre-reform period. The article presents the main trends in development of agricultural consumer cooperatives in Russia. The research involved the following focus areas for analytical study: number of agricultural cooperatives, the main parameters of agricultural consumer cooperation development, statistic data on the number of agricultural consumer cooperatives working in the Central Federal District. The authors analyzed the data on the implementation of the regional funding program considering sustainable development of rural areas through organization and development of production in private households and farm enterprises. The article indicates the directions for agricultural consumer cooperatives development in Russia.

The link between natural resources and economic development is more and more regarded as a fact today even though the whole process of development is only partially understood. The awareness has now spread to the developing countries of the world where resources have yet to be developed to bring about an improvement in standards of living especially for rural populations, as well as a general improvement in the quality of life for the people. Unfortunately many of the resources of these countries are still to be surveyed and development planning is often based on flimsy, inadequate or even unreliable natural resource data. The improvement of data base for resource planning would go a long way to ensure more knowledge about natural resources in developing countries and better use and management of the available resources. There are economic, technological and environmental difficulties to be overcome before more efficient natural resource utilization in these countries could be achieved. The role of population growth in resource realization is still clouded with an inconclusive debate. But even more important is the need for technological assistance and the application of modern technology to food and agriculture and to other resources to ensure a better life for the populations of developing countries. Developments in agriculture will need the greatest attention since it is a primary resource which provides employment for large proportions of the population, food for the rural and urban populations and exportable surpluses required for the purchase of industrial goods for use in the other sectors of the economy. The activities of transnational corporations distort developments in agriculture and mining in many developing countries and many of these countries are today making greater moves to realize full sovereignty over their natural resources as a first step towards more efficient and meaningful planning for economic growth and development. Energy resources, and in particular the development of new and renewable sources of energy, present one of the greatest challenges to developing countries. Examples of the development of rural energy systems in China and India are promising to open the way to alternative forms of energy for the rural masses of other similarly placed developing countries. Finally, new developments in the natural resources debate concerned with the sharing of the resources of the oceans as seen in the Law of the Sea Conference are a pointer to a more equitable approach to the use of global resources for the continued development of the developed as well as the developing countries of the world.

Background: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) generate a symbiotic relationship with most terrestrial plants, influencing the dynamics and functioning of ecosystems. There are few studies on the diversity of these fungi associated with forest species and in different types of ecosystems. The objective of this study was to characterize the diversity and structure of AMF communities associated with Cordia alliodora and Swietenia macrophylla in two forestry ecosystems with different types of management in Costa Rica. For this purpose, rhizosphere and soil samples were collected from 10 trees at random, spores and sporocarps were isolated and characterized, AMF abundance, richness and diversity were determined, and a physicochemical analysis of the soil was carried out. Results: Fifty-seven AMF morphospecies belonging to five orders, 10 families and 15 genera were identified, with a predominance of Diversisporales and Glomerales; we report 15 new geographic records of AMF increasing the richness to 76 species and by 24% the Glomeromycota’s richness in Costa Rica. There were no significant differences in total spore abundance between the two forest species, however, there were significant differences in the modes of formation and species composition. Conclusions: The alpha diversity analysis showed that rare species largely explain the differences between the sites, and the AMF community structure was influenced by edaphic factors such as pH and available phosphorus content. These types of studies highlight the importance of considering the identity and diversity of AMF associated with forest species of commercial interest and ecological importance in different types of ecosystems.

Natural resources extraction, industrial and social development of the Eastern regions of Russia is associated with great costs and takes a long time. These costs are due to both natural and climatic conditions, and poor-developed infrastructure of the territory. Use of the project approach may accelerate regional development. The project approach assumes the achievement of goals in a short-time period and the use of various investment sources. The Krasnoyarsk Krai applies the project approach for natural resources extraction and industrial development. In the region, large-scale investment projects have been implemented for 20 years. These projects have huge socio-economic effects. The Krasnoyarsk Krai has unique features that make it possible to implement large-scale investment projects based on the principle of public-private partnership, where private investments make up the bulk of the total investment. The regional advantages are its geographical position; huge reserves of hydrocarbons, coal, gold and other minerals; involvement in natural resources development of large companies and investors, such as MMC Norilsk Nickel, Rosneft Oil Company, Rusal, Sberbank and others. Significant industrial and scientific potential also contributes to the successful implementation of large-scale investment projects in Krasnoyarsk Region. The purpose of the study is to assess the socio-economic effects of large-scale investment projects implemented in the Krasnoyarsk Krai. The paper analyzes investment projects for the integrated development of the Lower Angara region, the Arctic zone of the Krasnoyarsk Krai and «Yenisei Siberia». The results demonstrate that projects of natural resource use result in the infrastructure development, new jobs creation, an increase in tax revenues, and the acceleration of economic growth. The paper also identifies problems, bottlenecks and risks of the investment projects, which enables the planning and economic authorities of the region to correct investment decisions and prevent negative social, economic and environmental consequences

[Purpose] The development of agriculture and animal husbandry in Tibet is basically based on the interlaced development of agriculture and animal husbandry in mountainous areas. The interlaced agricultural and animal husbandry areas in mountainous areas are the unity of special, harmonious and harmonious regional small environment. The special attributes of mountainous areas determine the rich agricultural and animal husbandry resources, ecological development cycle areas, characteristic agricultural products areas and tourism. The division and regionalization of recreational zones and the optimal combination and utilization of agricultural and animal husbandry resources in mountainous ecotone have very important effects on promoting the benign cycle of regional agricultural and animal husbandry economic development, the development of urban integration and the protection of industrial ecological environment. How to develop and construct a new type of "environment-friendly and resource-saving" agricultural and animal husbandry areas is very important. It is of great practical significance to promote the development of regional agriculture and animal husbandry industry, to establish an efficient production system of agriculture and animal husbandry and to speed up the increase of farmers' and herdsmen's income. Rational and effective utilization of various beneficial resources can effectively solve the problems of material shortage, resource shortage and contradiction between supply and demand, and ensure the interlaced agriculture and animal husbandry economy in Tibet's mountainous areas. Sustainable development. [Method]On the basis of domestic and foreign literatures, this paper analyses and evaluates in detail the optimal combination and utilization mode of agricultural and animal husbandry resources in mountainous ecotone area by means of management induction, [Result]that is, the modern high-efficiency utilization mode of new energy, the green integration development mode of "chain fusion" in seed and culture, and the multi-level agricultural capital. Four basic modes, i.e. the mode of efficient utilization of resources and the mode of recreational sightseeing and sightseeing in mountainous agriculture and animal husbandry. [Conclusion] The above four modes of optimal combination and utilization of agricultural and animal husbandry resources are the basic macro-combination modes of agricultural and animal husbandry resources in the mountainous ecotone of Tibet. They are discussed in detail from the perspectives of natural resources utilization, agricultural products production and processing, agricultural and animal husbandry production and construction, and eco-tourism development in order to provide better services. Development and construction of agricultural and animal husbandry circular economy in Tibet. Finally, according to the characteristics of Tibet's own development, this paper puts forward to promote the integration of scientific concepts, the strength of scientific and technological support, and the fund guarantee system in the basic fields, and to strengthen the integration of farmer-herdsman cooperatives and market organizations in practical application. Reference and extension of the model, incentive and compensation security system, etc., for the future development of mountain-type interlaced agriculture and animal husbandry in Tibet circular agricultural and animal husbandry and resource optimization and combination of construction to provide a reference and research results.

Amid global economic transformation, a persistent productivity gap exists between developed and developing nations in agriculture sector, shaped by technological advancements and shifting resource allocation patterns. Agricultural socialized services (ASS), defined as organized systems providing technical support, mechanization assistance, information services, market linkages, and resource optimization to farmers, have emerged as critical mechanisms for agricultural development. In developing economies, these services catalyze gains in agricultural labor productivity through the integration of advanced technologies and the mechanization of farming practices. Using panel data from 30 Chinese provinces during 2011 to 2022, this study investigates the relationship between ASS and ALP, focusing on regional heterogeneity, threshold effects, and spatial spillovers. The combination of spatial econometric methods and threshold analysis was selected for its unique capacity to capture both the geographic interdependencies and nonlinear relationships that characterize agricultural development processes. These thresholds at 5.254 and 8.478 represent critical points where the impact of ASS on ALP significantly changes in magnitude, revealing a nonlinear relationship that evolves across different stages of agricultural development. The study highlights notable regional disparities in the impact of ASS. Specifically, ASS is more effective on ALP in eastern, central and key food-producing regions, while its impact is relatively weak in western and non-food-producing regions. Spatial spillover analysis indicates that advancements in ASS create positive externalities, extending beyond their immediate implementation zones and facilitating inter-provincial agricultural cooperation and development. These findings provide crucial guidance for policymakers and agricultural service providers to optimize resource allocation and service delivery strategies. By identifying critical development thresholds and regional variations, this research offers evidence-based support for government officials designing targeted agricultural policies and enterprises developing region-specific service models to foster sustainable agricultural growth across diverse regional landscapes.

This study concerns the political, economic and socio-psychological conditions for marketing and supply cooperatives in Russian agriculture. An analysis of secondary data indicates that neither political nor economic conditions inhibit the development of cooperatives. Therefore, the focus is directed towards the socio-psychological factors. The aim of the study is to empirically explore the extent to which socio-psychological factors explain the difficulties for agricultural cooperative development within the Kurgan region of the Russian Federation. Based on literature concerning cooperative members’ attitudes, values, commitment and similar variables, four hypotheses are suggested. These are tested empirically on the basis of data from a total of 927 agricultural producers, both members and nonmembers of existing cooperatives. The findings reveal that especially the level of trust in others is crucial. Furthermore, the involvement is low among nonmembers, their attitudes to cooperatives are poor, and their belief and experience in democratic governance are weak.