Turkiy me’rojnomalardagi motivlar xususida

In the state tradition of the Turks, the vast majority of Turkish khans were also poets. It is even known that some of them had a diwan (a collection of poems by one author) or had enough poems to compile a diwan. These Khans, who were poets themselves, gathered poets in the- ir court, gave them patronage, and rewarded them in various ways for the poems they wrote. Babür is also one of the leading figures in Turkish history holding the title of a ruler with a diwan. In his memoir (Vekayi/ Babürname), he mentions the names of some of the poets in the royal circle and shares his thoughts about them, their poems, and their poetry. In his artistic life, especially Ali Shir Navoi holds an important place. From the 16th century onwards, the Babur’s palaces became a refuge for some poets fleeing from the Safavid oppression in Iran, and they were granted various priviledges. Thus, with the support of the Turkish Khans, who were also poets, a literary movement reflecting the Turkish and Iranian taste emerged in the Indian lands. This literary style is called Sebk-i Hindi, which has gained popularity and spread to India, Afghanis- tan, Iran, Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan and Anatolia. Later on, while it was abandoned by Persian poets it lived on in the Turkish territories. It is possible to explain this situation by the intense Turkish influence on the emergence of this style, which was mostly adopted by poets of Turkish origin in Persian literature. Sebk-i Hindî style began to have a noticeable influence on Turkish literature at the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th cen- tury. Later in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, the number of poets using this style gradually increased. While some poets are known by the name “Sebk-i hindî poets”, traces of this style can be seen in other poets to a greater or lesser extent. This style can also be observed in the poets of the last period, even if it is not termed as Sebk-i Hindî. Reflecting the Turkish taste that emerged in Babur’s palaces and flourished in the palaces of Shah Jahan and Alemgir, this style has influen- ced Turkish literature until the present day, proving to what extent Babur and his generation contributed to the development of Turkish literature. In this study, the poetry features of the Turkish Khans will be emp- hasised first; then, after giving brief information about Babur, the patrona- ge of poets by the Babur’s palases in India will be evaluated together with its reasons, and information will be given about Sebk-i Hindî (Hind style), a literary style that emerged there, the role and influence of this style and thus the role and influence of Babür Shah and his generation on the deve- lopment of Turkish literature will be determined.

Contemporary scholarship on speculative fiction has increased in Europe and the United States substantially in recent years. An upsurge in the number of speculative literary works and cinematic adaptations has played an instrumental role in this growing interest. Turkish writers have also joined this trend since they are now writing more speculative fiction. The aim of this study is therefore to present an overview of speculative fiction studies in Turkey and to introduce speculative fiction in Turkish literature from the second part of the nineteenth century until the present day. Such a projection will acquaint scholars with scholarship on speculative fiction and relevant literary production in Turkey. This critical survey hopes to pique international scholarly curiosity about the Turkish tradition of speculative fiction and to inspire a revitalization of relevant scholarship in Turkey.

This study aims at analyzing the formation of modernization movements in Turkish literature, which advanced from the 1860s on, within the context of transforming relationships of patronage. With an aim to show the importance of the transformation of patronage in the formation of the modernization movements in Turkish literary history, the first part of the study provides the background of artistic patronage through a theoretical framework. Then the function of the patronage mechanism in the context of artistic production throughout the historical development of Turkish literature is outlined. The second part discusses the reflections of the changing patronage on the artworks of Tanzimat artists. It is also shown that the radical transformation in the discourse and understanding of the literary works of this era is a direct result of the alternative financial sources that demolish the suppression of the writer. The third part focuses on how the pressure groups against the sovereign political and economic authority of the court became new patronage centers safeguarding opposing intellectuals and artists in the 19th century Ottoman Empire, and how they affected the processes of modernization movements in Turkish literature. When the data is analyzed in a holistic manner, it can be understood that the modernization movements in Turkish literature which started in the Tanzimat era cannot be comprehended independently from the results of the decline of patronage.

This article discusses the stages of urban development that have occurred throughout our country’s history and their unique characteristics. The stages of development are examined from a historical perspective, with insights provided on their advantages and potential applications in the present day. Additionally, the urbanization stages are analyzed from a philosophical and historical viewpoint, with new stages being proposed.

Turkish literature in Armenian script comprises a large corpus of manuscripts dating from the 14th century together with printed material published between the 18th and 20th centuries. Books were printed in a wide geographical area and their contents were produced by mono- and bilingual Turkish- (and Armenian)-speaking Ottoman Armenians. Therefore, Armeno-Turkish text production represents the textual output enabled through Armenian and Turkish cross-cultural interactions, including various genres and different types of text. Although the scope of Armeno-Turkish text production is extensive, scholarly engagement with Armeno-Turkish texts at universities has only been markedly evident since the 2000s. The most significant reason for this late and limited engagement may lie in the obstacle of the hybrid nature of the script and the language, whereby Armeno-Turkish literature has a place neither in Turkish nor in Armenian literary studies. The aims of this article are therefore (1) to give a short overview of hitherto scholarly work with Armeno-Turkish text corpora and (2) to propose a standard for the transcription of Turkish texts in Armenian script. In a longue durée perspective, we aim to conduct inclusive literary studies and examine Armeno-Turkish literature within the greater framework of (Ottoman) Turkish literature.

Eleştiri bugün çok tartışılan bir kavram olarak durmaktadır. Herkes tarafından kullanılan standart bir yöntem olmamasına rağmen, eleştiri kavramına farklı yaklaşımlar mevcuttur. Bu çalışmada Türk eleştirisi, Osmanlı ve modern Türkiye Cumhuriyeti devirleri olmak üzere temelde iki dönemde incelenmiştir. Bu dönemlerde eleştiri yöntemlerinin farklı olduğu görülmektedir. Osmanlı döneminde eleştiri genellikle saray şairleri tarafından yapılmıştır. Bu dönemde, batı eleştirisinden farklı ve tamamen Osmanlı kültür ve medeniyetine dayanan bir eleştiri yöntemi vardır. 19. yüzyılın sonlarında ve 20. yüzyılın başlarında Modern Batı ile tanışan Türk edebiyatı, eskisinden çok farklı bir şekilde gelişir ve ilerler. Türk eleştirisi de bu süreçte değişir. Bu çalışmada Türk kültür ve edebiyatında uygulanan eleştiriler ve yeni yaklaşımlar sıralanmıştır. Kültürden kültüre değişen eleştiri yöntemleri ve bunların Türk edebiyatına yansımaları bu makalede ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca eleştirinin tarih bilimiyle ilişkisi üzerinde durulmuştur. Bununla birlikte çalışmada eleştiriye ilişkin tartışmalara da yer verilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Eleştiri, Türk edebiyatında eleştiri türleri, eleştiride yeni yaklaşımlar

The relevance of forming a distinct scientific identity for the Ukrainian soil science school is increasingly important. Ukrainian soil science must achieve autonomy, separating itself from soviet legacies. The aim of this study is a historical analysis of the development of the modern Ukrainian soil science school, based on the examination of historical-geographical descriptions, scientific works, reports of soil surveys, and cartographic materials. The article addresses the key issue of soil science development, its main stages of evolution, and the historical context of the formation of this science. Scientific views on the periodization of soil science from the perspectives of both Ukrainian and foreign researchers are analyzed. Based on the obtained data, a new periodization of the Ukrainian soil science school’s development is presented. Understanding the historical features of this periodization is a crucial part of soil science historiography. The analysis of scientific works, historical-geographical descriptions, archival and cartographic materials shows that the development of soil science is closely related to practical issues in agriculture and soil management. The modern Ukrainian soil science school has undergone a long and complex process of formation: from empiricism, the era of feudalism (where it developed in global trends), through the genetic paradigm that dominated in the 19th century to the present day. The genetic paradigm became the foundation of modern soil science and made a significant contribution to the development of the Ukrainian school, as it had substantial input from domestic scientists. The genetic period of development of the Ukrainian soil science school, which laid the foundation for further scientific thought, is not entirely dependent on the research of “imperial” scientists alone, but also includes significant contributions from domestic soil scientists, a fact that is often overlooked. The modern Ukrainian soil science school, represented by various regional institutions, is based on the principles of genetic soil science, focusing on theoretical directions that are relevant (ecological, informational, social soil science, etc.). The formation of the modern Ukrainian school of soil science went through a long and complex stage of formation: from empiricism, the era of feudalism (where it developed in global trends), through the genetic paradigm that dominated in the 19th century. to the present day. It was the genetic paradigm that became the basis for modern soil science and left a significant contribution to its further development. The Ukrainian school is no exception, because its future scientific foundations were also formed during this period: the development of fundamental concepts and approaches to the study of soils (genesis, properties, geography and classification of soils) took place. The genetic period of the development of the Ukrainian school of soil science became fundamental for the formation of further scientific thought. It is important to note that this stage does not depend entirely on the achievements of only "imperial" scientists, and domestic soil scientists also made a significant contribution to this period, which is not paid enough attention to in the modern world. The modern Ukrainian school of soil science in global trends has evolved from genetic to ecological and anthropogenic soil science. This is a natural development, because in the modern world the ecological functions of soils are gaining special importance due to the increased anthropogenic impact on the natural environment, as well as the need to develop sustainable approaches to managing soil resources, preserving their fertility and preventing soil erosion and degradation. According to the authors, the modern Ukrainian soil science school is represented by various regional institutions engaged in research in relevant areas (agronomic, ecological, information, social soil science, etc.). The limited material and technical base encourages modern science to deepen theoretical foundations and principles. That is why Ukrainian soil science is at a crossroads in its further development: theorization or development of practical areas, which is difficult in today's conditions. But historical analysis shows that, having a solid scientific foundation and connections with other European centers of soil science, the Ukrainian school of soil science has a chance to become a regional leader of scientific thought. Keywords: Ukrainian soil science school, genetic soil science, historical analysis, periodization, soil science evolution, scientific identity, soil science research.

Art and evolution

The personal computer-aided basin modelling system (MAT 98) was applied to predict maturation and oil generation history of formations in areas at early stage of exploration in Dolna Kamchija region – Paleogene sequence in the Black Sea shelf zone and Mesozoic sequence offshore (borehole R-64, Longoza). The sequences represent different stages in development of the basin, providing good examples to show the importance of temperature history for the prediction of hydrocarbon generation history. Ten alternative burial histories, thermal histories and oil generation histories models are also demonstrated in order to evaluate the influence of possible errors on the predictions. Results suggest that Jurassic – Valanginian formations onshore had attained sufficient maturation during Early Cretaceous time with corresponding paleotemperatures of 130 to 180° C. The possible primary migration from these formations is also discussed. Present day oil generation zone onshore is evaluated to be located in a depth interval 2250 to 3250 m, including a part of Malm – Valanginian complex and Upper Cretaceous formation. In the offshore area of Dolna Kamchija depression, present day maturity levels of Paleogene formations are evaluated to be in the range 0.5 to 0.8 % Ro corresponding to an initial stage of oil generation. The present day oil generation zone offshore is suggested to be located at depths more than 3000 to 4000 m and mainly to comprise Cretaceous sequence. The Mesozoic formations onshore and offshore in Dolna Kamchija region are the most important petroleum source rocks which have sufficiently matured to generate hydrocarbons.

Turkish nation, who has a long-standing oral and written literary tradition, has produced many works in the context of its tradition. Having been influenced and shaped by various cultural streams in a quite large geography, Turkish literature has flourished and developed with different literary genres. One of those literary genres that had emerged, had produced different identities and continued its development by means of Islamic impact which is mevlit. Mevlit which had been written by 15th century, have been the works that comprise the components of Turkish folk culture and Islamic values. In addition, having been one of the works that combine classical Turkish literature and spiritual sufi Turkish folk literature, mevlit are important as they reflect the richness of Turkish language proverb and idiom thesaurus. Proverbs and idioms, which are the products of long lasting social experience and common memory of Turkish nation, have been effective in adaption of works like mevlit by large mass of people. With this study, proverbs and idioms written in verse and that took place in works such as mevlit in the 15th century, which is the beginning of this tradition, are defined

One of the mirrors that best reflects the definition, meaning, feeling, course, change, and transformation of the image of women, which is hidden and censored in the subconscious of social memory, is literary literature. In pend-nāmas, one of the genres that show the view of classical Turkish literature on things, women, and society, the ideal society is imagined, and what the individual should do for this is explained in a simple and understandable style. This study aims to determine the perspective of the poet, the commentator, and thus the society on women, to try to read the place of women in society and to identify the masculine language used in these texts based on the commentaries made by the commentators of the classical Turkish literature period on Pend-nāme-i Attâr, one of the essential works of Persian literature. Although feminist research and gender studies have developed since the 1970s-1980s, it is possible to trace women in texts written in much earlier periods, considering that women are the mothers of society and the generation begins with her. Thus, it will be easier to follow the development of the centuries-long story of women and the changing perspective over time. In this study, in which the document analysis method, one of the qualitative research methods, was used, the largest Pend-nāme-i Attâr commentaries written in the 18th and 19th centuries in Turkish literature were preferred. The commentaries of the commentators on the source couplets in which women are in question were determined, and the intention was read. As a result, based on these commentaries, it was understood that it was not "women" but "women with bad morals" who were criticized. It has been concluded that the view that women with bad morals are beings who cause men to fall into heedlessness and, therefore, should be avoided has gained weight. The reason for the heavy criticism is that women have a high transformative and transformative effect on men and, thus, on society. In short, a woman is a man's weakness, and resisting her requires a strong will. Being aware of this, the masculine mentality actually appeals to its own ego by giving her advice. This emphasizes the fact that men and women are complementary beings and that the degradation of one inevitably leads to the degradation of the other. It is scientifically unsatisfactory to draw general conclusions from a few texts. For this reason, other texts of classical Turkish literature, which has a wide range of genres, should be analyzed one by one, and different perspectives, if any, should be identified. Subsequently, the reasons for the exclusion of women, their being regarded as half-witted, and their being regarded as passive being who must be constantly taken care of and managed will be explained with more concrete and realistic justifications.

Anthologies are sources created by collecting works of the same genre. Selected poems within the range of Classical Turkish Literature are collected in books called mecmua which meaning is “collected and accumulated”. The first example of this type of work is Ömer Bin Mezid's work named Mecmuatü'n-Nezâir. And this tradition continued with examples such as Câmi‘ü'n-Nezâ'ir, Mecma‘u'n-Nezâir and Pervâne Bey Mecmûası. The tradition, which continued until the 19th century, left its place in anthologies. The development of anthologies gained speed after the second half of the 19th century, and many works of this genre were created. Anthologies including Turkish literature products are compiled not only in Turkish but also in languages such as English, French and German. Gibb's A History of Ottoman Poetry was one of the most important sources of this study. Although this work, written in English, is a comprehensive history of poetry, it has an anthology feature in one aspect. In this study, Turkish poetry anthologies which compiled in English were determined, and their composition characteristics were examined. A comparative study has been conducted by evaluating anthologies in terms of the poets, poems and translations they contain. The criteria for choosing poetry were examined.

Although men have been accepted as the superior and dominant force in many patrirachal societies, due to the changes after the wars and the Industrial Revolution in the western culture, gender roles shifted as women began to participate in public spheres for labor force. Moreover, with the emergence of the ‘New Woman’ concept, women became active, social and independent in the western societies during the 20th century. After the impacts of westernization and Tanzimat Reforms, in Turkish culture, similar changes in regards to gender polarity and the changing status of women were experienced. Many male authors have tended to reflect the clashes between the old values and the new modern life to criticize the changing status of women both in the western and Turkish literatures. The Turkish author, Peyami Safa and the British writer David Herbert Lawrence could be considered not only as the authors, who focused on the essentiality of the balance between men and women, but also, they were accepted as the most controversial literary names because of their ideas on gender. Therefore, this study aims at a comparative investigation of the ideas of Safa and Lawrence in regards to gender shifts and roles of women. Within this scope, Fatih-Harbiye by Peyami Safa and “Two Blue Birds” by D. H. Lawrence were analyzed. Finally, it was concluded that although written in different cultures, the above mentioned texts involve the similar messages by Safa and Lawrence: for a harmonious society, there should be a balance between men and women, women should submit the superiority of men and gender role shifts should be avoided.

Vehbi-i Yemanî’nin Kitâb-ı Rûhânî Fî Şerh-i Mesnevî-i Muhtasar-ı Nûrânî adlı eseri, Mevlana’nın Mesnevi-i Manevi’si üzerine XVII. yüzyılda yazılmış manzum-mensur karışık yapıda bir şerhtir. Eser, “Padişah ve Hasta Cariye” hikâyesinin de bir bölümünü kapsayan, Mesnevi’nin ilk 143 beytinin şerhini içermektedir. Bu yönüyle şerh tasnifleri sınıfında Mesnevi’nin bir bölümüne yapılan Türkçe şerhler arasına dâhil edilebilmektedir. Fakat şimdiye kadar bu alanda yapılan çalışmaların neredeyse tamamında ne müellifine ne de Mesnevi şerhine, ilgili literatürde yer verilmiştir. Bu sebepten yapılacak olan çalışmayla hem müellifin hem de eserinin gündeme getirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Vehbi-i Yemanî bu eserini kendinden “ãoñra gelen ve gencÿr u künÿz-ı kemÀl olan iòvÀn-ı nihÀna maømÿn-ı kitÀb ve melfÿô-ı òitÀbı tÀrìò olsun” ve “lemèa-i bÀriúa-i duèÀlarına vÀsıùa-i tevessül bulunsun” şeklinde ifade ettiği bir niyet ve temenniyle kaleme almıştır. Şarih, bu niyetine hizmet edercesine, Mesnevi’yi en iyi şekilde şerh etmeye çalışmış; beyitlerin şerhinde Arap, Fars ve Türk edebiyatından çok çeşitli ve zengin bir atıf ve iktibas kaynağı kullanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, şerhin mahiyetini anlayabilmek için şerh edilen metne ve metnin kaynaklarına vakıf olmanın öneminden dolayı, Mesnevi’nin kaynaklarına değinilecek; Mesnevi üzerine yazılmış şerhler mevzu bahis edilerek söz konusu şerhlerin kaynak yelpazesi hakkında bilgi verilecektir. Makalenin asıl yazılış amacına binaen Vehbi-i Yemanî’nin “Mesnevi Şerhleri” literatüründe yer edinecek olan Kitâb-ı Rûhânî Fî Şerh-i Mesnevî-i Muhtasar-ı Nûrânî’si hakkında, yapılan ayrıntılı inceleme notları paylaşılıp şerhi destekleyen kaynak ağı hakkında bilgi verilecek ve bu kaynaklardan tasavvuf ilmi çerçevesinde olanlar ayrıntılı bir şekilde ele alınacaktır.

Twitch namah, also known as ihtilâc-namah; from the head to the feet, respectively, of the body based on the slight movement of various organs and organ parts the desire for the future is the common name given to the works made in the forecasts and provisions. These works are considered a kind of fortune telling and comment books. The number of copies at home and abroad that we can determine is more than eighty. In this study, a new text of twitch namah, whose author and the date of spelling is unknown, will be introduced. Prose twitch namah titled Hazâ Kitâb-ı İhtilâc-nâme Budur, the head and the last leaves are in a missing magazine. The text contains comments on 161 organs, with this aspect, it is one of the most voluminous examples in Turkish literature. In the work that we thought might have been written in the 17th century, the language and spelling characteristics of Old Anatolian Turkish period are also outstanding. In our study; introducing and examining the twitch namah, its comparison with the other twitch namahs and its transcriptional transfer will be done. The original text of the text will also be included in the last section. It is expected to contribute to new studies to be made in the future by revealing and examining this twitch namah registered in our personal library.