Two Cheers for NCLB, and Questions for Professor Garrison

This review analyses the report Learning through Life from the point of view of the sustainable development theme and from a ‘South‘ perspective. The review recognises that the report is written to influence UK policy‐makers and practitioners; it has captured the results of a broad‐based inquiry, and it therefore has had to proceed within that remit. It introduces some refreshing and innovative ideas to shift the terms in which lifelong learning is considered to be more integrated across the lifespan in the UK. It has located the discussions broadly within the national and global financial and environmental crises and has offered suggestions for ways to encourage individual and collective engagement with lifelong learning as integral to a form of sustainable development. It has implicitly offered a ‘critique’ of the current provision of lifelong learning within the contemporary economic and political conditions rather than a ‘critical’ analysis that explicitly advocates radically different ways of being and doing business in the UK and globally. Given the extraordinary times within which we are living and the heightened awareness of the need for bold planetary responses to the economic, political and environmental conditions around the world, the report does not offer ‘a great leap forward’ but rather offers what have been referred to as ‘momentary palliatives for immediate pain’ that are not in themselves ‘steps towards creating the new successor system that we want’. However, these are not to be sneered at, but to be worked with alongside deep engagement in both debates and experimentation in the search for alternatives that can produce a more democratic, egalitarian learning planet, which can sustain life for centuries to come.

The airport is the entrance to an area, region, or country and is the primary means of air transportation. Sisingamangaraja XII International Airport is a State-Owned Enterprise (BUMN) under the auspices of PT Angkasa Pura II. Sisingamangaraja XII International Airport has a public service standard policy as a form of commitment to users. In implementing public service standards policies, there are several challenges in improving the quality of public services. This study aims to identify and describe the implementation of public service standards policies at Sisingamangaraja XII International Airport. This study uses descriptive research methods through a qualitative approach. In collecting data, the researcher used the method of interview, observation, documentation using the theory of Van Meter and Van Horn. The theory consists of variables that can determine the effectiveness of implementation, namely policy standards and objectives, relationships between organizations, resources, characteristics of implementing agents, social, political, and economic conditions, and disposition of implementers. This research shows that the orientation of the implementation of public service standard policies at Sisingamangaraja XII International Airport is public satisfaction. The airport manager makes some effort, such as the provision of digital-based facilities, service efficiency, availability of facilities that are orientated to standards, and accordance with the availability of resources, characteristics of implementer organization, economic, social, and political conditions. However, the airport management is still experiencing problems in several aspects, such as coordination with related organizations and partnerships that have not been effective and the political impact of refusing to change the airport's name by the local community.

This paper provides the first systematic analysis of the link between economic, political, and social conditions and the global phenomenon of ISIS foreign fighters. We find that poor economic conditions do not drive participation in ISIS. In contrast, the number of ISIS foreign fighters is positively correlated with a country's GDP per capita and Human Development Index (HDI). In fact, many foreign fighters originate from countries with high levels of economic development, low income inequality, and highly developed political institutions. Other factors that explain the number of ISIS foreign fighters are the size of a country's Muslim population and its ethnic homogeneity. Although we cannot directly determine why people join ISIS, our results suggest that the flow of foreign fighters to ISIS is driven not by economic or political conditions but rather by ideology and the difficulty of assimilation into homogeneous Western countries.

This article analyses two Venda ngano narratives that portray coming-of-age experiences. Viewed in juxtaposition, they express the radical shift from premodern modes of material and symbolic production to the reified consciousness of capitalist relations. This shift implicates the rootedness of local world views and global market forces within colonial and Western history, as well as contemporary political and economic conditions. The first narrative accordingly describes a classic rite of passage towards adulthood and citizenship within an ancient, precolonial world. Its protagonist is the culture hero whose society prioritises qualities and ideals like spirituality and social integration. In contrast, the second story is located in the colonial world. Its young hero migrates from his rural village to the city, and his adventure is an embryonic representation of the sociopolitical and racial dynamics of the colonial encounter. His actions evolve within a modernist world view, specifically a rational materialism driven by a teleology of progress that conceives economic organisation as the mediator of social relationships and personal fulfilment. The engagement of these diverse world views with history is explored from a perspective that aligns the ancient Venda concept of zwivhuya with Fromm’s notion of qualitative freedom, of actualisation in all realms of human experience and of transcendence in all forms. The resplendent materiality presented in the second narrative is accordingly argued to conceal a spectre of fear and incomplete selfawareness. This poses a dilemma that speaks to all humanity, namely the need to transform the actual poverty of reified materiality into the wealth of an integrated world.

The research aims to find out and describe the Implementation of the Family Hope Program (PKH) policy in improving family welfare in Huangobotu Village, Kabila Bone Subdistrict, Bone Bolango Regency, viewed from aspects such as standards and targets, resources, inter-organizational communication, social, economic, and political conditions, characteristics of implementing organizations, and the attitudes of implementers. This research uses a descriptive approach with qualitative data analysis. Data collection techniques include observation, interviews, and documentation. Based on the research findings, it was found that the implementation of the Family Hope Program (PKH) policy in improving family welfare in Huangobotu Village, Kabila Bone Subdistrict, Bone Bolango Regency has been implemented following Minister of Social Affairs Regulation Number 1 Of 2018 regarding the Family Hope Program (PKH), viewed from aspects such as standards and targets, resources, inter-organizational communication, social, economic, and political conditions, characteristics of implementing organizations, and the attitudes of implementers. However, several issues were encountered during is implementation, including insufficient coordination between policy implementers and all relevant parties, lack of updating of beneficiary data resulting in ineffective implementation, and misallocating aid recipients. Thus, it can be concluded that implementing the Family Hope Program (PKH) policy to improve community welfare in Huangobotu Village, Kabila Bone Subdistrict, and Bone Bolango Regency has not been optimally executed. There are still aspects such as standards and targets, inter-organizational communication, and social, economic, and political conditions that need to be improved.

School Health program is imperative to provide basic health care to school population throughout the country. Such program focuses on health concerns of target population and determinants of health like sanitation, hygiene, nutrition, safe drinking water, gender and social concern. Effective implementation school health increases the efficacy of other investments in child development, ensures good current and future health, better educational outcomes and improves social equity and all the services are provided for in a cost effective manner. Of the several components of school health, the following are the core. Screening of general health, assessment of anemia/nutritional status, visual problems, hearing problems, dental check-up, common skin conditions, heart diseases, physical disabilities, learning disorders, behavior problems, etc. Treatment of common morbidities among children Preventive and promotive activities on common childhood problems Adolescent and behavioral health The World Health Organization promotes school health programs as a strategic means to prevent important health risks among youth and to engage the education sector in efforts to change the educational, social, economic and political conditions that affect risk. The WHO emphasizes that an effective school health program can be one of the most cost effective investments a nation can make to simultaneously improve education and health. Many of current and future leading causes of death, disease and disability (cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic lung diseases, depression, violence, substance abuse, injuries, nutritional deficiencies, sexually transmitted diseases and helminth infections) can be significantly reduced by implementing thorough school health program. Accordingly many countries introduced school health program by which they have brought satisfactory impact on children's health and school performance. In Ethiopia, in the last twenty years several schools are constructed in every corner of the country giving opportunity for majority of the school age children to attend school. Additionally promotive works are done to avoid missed opportunities. As a result, nearly allof school agechildren are now on regular education.Several communicable, nutritional and congenital health problems are prevalent among school children. As an example, one of the studies in this issue of EJHS showed that over a quarter of school children had active trachoma. School health program helpaddress these basic health needs of these children. The two ministries-Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health need to discuss and agree on the necessity and some basic issues. A national level guideline and implementation plan is required so that uniformity and equity is maintained. If started, the School Health Program will reach over 30,000 public and private schools covering over 25,000,000 students all over the country. The current issue of EJHS contains sevendiverse (origin and topic) original articles, three of them dealing on communicable/transmittable diseases, two dealing on newborn and child health, one on adverse drug reaction and the other on systems. Additionally, it contains a review on importance of exercise during pregnancy and three case reports discussing some rare and unusual manifestation. I invite readers to go through them as they contain new evidence to our day to day practice. Abraham Haileamlak (MD) Editor-in-Chief

There can be no doubt that the particular political, economic and social conditions which pertain in a given society will substantially affect the nature of the managerial task, the way organisations are structured and the extent to which participation and consultation are used in work organisations. Within a single society such as Britain it is often difficult to fully understand the peculiarities of that society and the way they provide opportunities or constraints on managerial and organisational behaviour. Adopting a wider perspective and studying these phenomena in a variety of different national contexts can often make obvious such implications. On this basis a number of researchers in the Department of Business Administration and Accountancy at the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology have carried out research on these phenomena in a variety of different countries. Although many of the individual projects have been located solely in individual countries, in combination they allow a broad comparative perspective to be utilised to aid in our understanding of such factors as the implications of decentralised decision‐making, implications of joint consultation and the efficacy of management development programmes. Research has now been carried out in a substantial number of developed and developing countries and is currently being extended to a range of others differing in terms of culture, economic and political conditions, ideological beliefs etc.

Investigating the impacts of globalization on vulnerable employment with a focus on sub‐Saharan African (SSA) women's job experience is in line with efforts towards achieving Sustainable Development Goal 8. We examined the impacts of social, economic, and political globalization, as well as de facto and de jure conditions, in explaining the proportion of women working in vulnerable jobs in SSA. Using the instrumental variable generalized method of moment approach with panel data from 37 SSA countries for the period 2000–2016, we found de facto/de jure globalization conditions to have positive/negative impacts on the proportion of women in vulnerable employment in SSA. Furthermore, estimates from disaggregated globalization indices indicate that both economic de facto and social de facto globalization conditions had negative impacts whereas political globalization had positive impacts on our subject matter. Developing inclusive socioeconomic policies that promote women's welfare in SSA would therefore necessitate political reforms as well as policies that support improvements in women's economic and social conditions.

A common theme in much recent work on managerial practice is that, if organizations are to survive the challenges of contemporary economic, technological and social conditions, they need to take on a particular form. The well-structured, bureaucratic corporation, is criticised as rigid, dehumanising and incapable of adapting to the rapid changes of the business environment. The style of thinking that it embodies, mechanistic philosophy or scientific management, is held to be less appropriate than an approach which emphasises decentralization, autonomy and flexibility. Such principles are seen as resting in an organizational form variously characterised as ‘new’ (Drucker, 1988), ‘knowledge-based’ (Quinn, 1992), ‘informated’ (Zuboff, 1988), ‘virtual’ (Harrington, 1991) and even ‘postmodern’ (Bergquist, 1993). Beneath these labels lies a common perception of the adaptable, decentralised organizations which recapitulates Burns’ (1971) idea of the organic type of structure. This, in turn, can be related to the wider organismic metaphor for social activity (Morgan, 1986).

This study aims to determine the influence of parents' social and economic conditions on children's motivation to continue their education to college. The study used a quantitative approach with a survey method of 36 high school graduate respondents. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using multiple linear regression with the help of SPSS. The results showed that parents' social conditions had a positive and significant effect on children's motivation with a regression coefficient value of 1.213 and a significance of 0.005. Parents' economic conditions also had a positive and significant effect with a regression coefficient value of 2.136 and a significance of 0.000. Simultaneously, parents' social and economic conditions had a significant effect on children's motivation to continue their education to college with an F count of 249.901 and a significance of 0.000. The coefficient of determination (R²) value of 0.938 indicates that 93.8% of the variation in children's motivation was influenced by parents' socioeconomic conditions. Thus, it can be concluded that social and economic conditions have an important role in increasing children's motivation to continue their education to college in Sinar Rejo Village, Kalirejo District, Central Lampung.

Climate change plays an important role in the future of the Sahel. Temperatures, particularly in the northern-central Sahel, could rise 1.5 times faster than the global average. Climate shocks and extreme events such as droughts and heavy rains are projected to become more frequent and severe. These changes are accompanied by other challenges: accelerated population growth, low economic productivity and production diversity, political conflicts and crises, inter-communal violence and violent extremism. However, the severity of climate impacts on livelihoods, food security, mobility and conflict in the Sahel will depend largely on the future evolution of socio-economic and political conditions in the region. These will ultimately determine the vulnerability and resilience of Sahelian communities to climate impacts. The evolution of these conditions is uncertain, but we can consider different scenarios to help Sahelian communities and decision-makers prepare for the possible challenges (and opportunities) ahead. Looking ahead to 2050, this paper presents three scenarios for the part of the Sahel comprising Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger. Each scenario is characterised by a different level of vulnerability and resilience to the future effects of climate change, depending on the social, political and economic parameters that characterise it. Thus, each scenario presents different challenges and opportunities for the security and development of the region. The main purpose of the scenarios is to describe and assess these challenges in order to facilitate anticipatory action. The scenarios presented in this document were developed jointly with 19 experts from the region, working in the fields of climate change adaptation, natural resource management, conflict prevention and other relevant sectors, in order to obtain a multidisciplinary perspective on the main challenges and solutions. The methodological approach is described in the annex. The scenarios presented here are not exhaustive. Rather, they are intended to provide an overview of different possible futures, to provide a basis for adaptation strategies, and to raise awareness among decision-makers and stakeholders in the EU and the Sahel more generally. In particular, the scenarios can be used as tools to identify relevant policy options in the face of uncertain climatic, social, political and economic conditions in the Sahel.

As the previous chapters suggested, in order to understand why particular psychological intergroup repertoires evolve, it is necessary to unveil the macrocontext of a particular society. Macrocontext is formed by the social, political, economic, and cultural characteristics and conditions of a specific society. They include collective memory, ethos, values, societal beliefs, norms, economic conditions, political system, economic conditions, societal structure, intragroup relations, and intergroup relations – in sum, all the macrofactors that can have a bearing on how beliefs, attitudes, and emotions toward other groups develop in particular time, space, and conditions. Some of these contextual factors, such as intergroup relations, societal structure, and economic conditions, provide the basis for experiences that foster the development of particular stereotypes, attitudes, or emotions toward specific outgroups. Other contextual factors of a more societal or cultural nature such as norms, values, collective memory, and societal beliefs (e.g., ethnocentric beliefs) constitute the sociocognitive emotional basis from which particular contents (i.e., ideas) may be drawn and/or which can support or discourage the evolvement of a particular repertoire. The sociocultural context is of special importance because it contains the building blocks with which a group constructs the content of its stereotypes and the rationale for this content.

Poor people in Indonesia finds difficulties in fulfilling their nutritional food needs. The Ministry of Social Affairs has implemented “sembako” program aimed at reducing the burden of the poor and vulnerable people in fulfilling some main food items. This research aims to describe the implementation of “sembako” program in Lebak Regency, Banten Province. This research regarding the implementation of “sembako” program is based on theory of policy implementation that emphasizes six dimensions, namely standards and objectives, resources, characteristics of implementing agencies, disposition of implementors, interorganizational commu-nication, and economic, social and political conditions. This research uses descriptive-qualitative method. Samples of this research are drawn on purposive and snowball sampling. The collection of data uses interview, observation, literature study, and documentation. The collected data are qualitatively described. Results of this research indicate that the implementation of “sembako” program in Lebak Regency, Banten Province, is not optimally conducted on dimensions of standards and objectives, resources, characteristics of implementing agencies, disposition of implementors, interorganizational communication, and economic, social and political conditions. Some causes are related to the lack of discipline of the local government apparatus, the lack of people’s awareness in completing assistance administration, the lack of inter-implementor coordination and communication, the occurrence of social jealousy because of poor people that do not obtain assistance yet, and the presence of political motives in selecting e-Warong and poor people that obtain assistance.

Internal audits play an important role in monitoring the achievement of organizational objectives. However, research on the factors influencing the success of internal audits remains limited. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of BPK’s Itama (The Inspectorate General of the Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia) functions, hypothesized to be influenced by risk management policy implementation. This study employs quantitative methods; data were collected via surveys and analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) to test theory-based hypotheses. Results reveal a significant positive correlation between risk management policy implementation and the effective functioning of Itama. Additionally, the study identifies key factors determining the success of risk management policy implementation: economic, social, and political conditions. Therefore, internal auditors of supreme audit institutions must consider these external factors when implementing risk management policies. This study contributes to understanding internal audit effectiveness by highlighting the impact of external economic, social, and political conditions.

An American political geographer and noted specialist in the electoral geography of the post-Soviet states explores the extent to which underlying social, political, and economic conditions in North African countries experiencing regime change prompted by mass political unrest (Egypt, Tunisia) resemble those prevailing in the five Central Asian states. The author compares the countries' rankings on a number of relevant indicators (e.g., Human Development Index, Corruption Perceptions Index, Freedom House indices of political rights and civil liberties) before undertaking a more qualitative assessment of human rights, institutional control, and external support for current Central Asian regimes. Although Uzbekistan, the most populous state with the most repressive regime in the region, is a focus of attention, the same abuses and challenges are evident, albeit in varying degrees, in other vulnerable post-Soviet countries of Central Asia.