Twofold increase in sensitivity with a dual‐beam illumination arrangement for electronic speckle pattern interferometry

Experiments have been performed to determine the effects of appropriate sequential heat treatment steps on thin maraging steel rings shrink-fitted onto stainless steel shafts for use as magnetoelastic torque transducers. The transducer response was found to be linear and reproducible. Subsequent to heat treatment, the transducer function was remarkably improved, exhibiting a more than twofold increase in sensitivity. By measurements of the axial hysteresis, this enhanced sensitivity can be traced to a corresponding decrease in axial coercive force. Measurement of the circumferential hysteresis also showed a more than fourfold increase in circumferential coercive force, which contributes to improved sensor integrity.

The tube LAI assay measures accurately antitumor immunity in patients with early cancer but fails to detect up to 75% of patients with advanced cancer due to excess circulating organ-specific neoantigen (OSN). Substances such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) or aminophylline, which increase intracellular nucleotides in leukocytes of patients with advanced cancer reversed this nonreactivity and greatly increased the sensitivity of the assay without any loss of specificity. Antitumor immunity can now be detected in advanced cancer, and a combination of the two assays gives prognostic potential to the assay: a positive test with PGE2 and negative test without indicates the patient has a large tumor burden. The specificity of the assay for each cancer was high and in most instances was greater than or equal to 95%. The PGE2 stimulated assay retained the high specificity. The sensitivity of the regular tube assay was often low, 33-56% because of the many advanced cancer patients tested, whereas the PGE2 stimulated assay showed almost a two-fold increase in sensitivity, 67-93%. The diagnostic value of the assay was estimated by calculating the predictive value for different prevalences of cancer. It was found that at low prevalences of cancer as found in the general population, the assay had a low diagnostic value since few patients with a positive test would have the cancer tested for. With prevalences of cancer of 5% or greater as might be found in a tertiary care clinical setting, the assay would seem to have diagnostic value since one half or more patients with a positive test would have the cancer tested for. Most false positives, but not all, are found in patients who have lesions that are often considered to increase their risk for cancer: severe dysplasia of the breast, colon adenomas, chronic atrophic gastritis and chronic pancreatitis, suggesting that the assay predicts oncogenesis.

87] Reconstitution of mitochondrial nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase from beef heart with synthetic phospholipids

Surfacing and sinking reactions of minnows (Gambusia affinis) allow the determination of chlorpromazine in aqueous solutions down to concentrations of 0.1 μg/ml. In a given volume of solution, neither sex nor number of the fish per tube have any effect on their response to the low doses. A twenty-fold augmentation in volume causes a two-fold increase in sensitivity. The time elapsing, from the beginning of immersion until onset of surfacing, increases with decreasing drug concentration. Partial recovery from the drug is obtained after washing of fish with tap water. Adaptation occurs when the fish are immersed for more than 48 hrs.

In the current study, we used the method of electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) to measure polymerization shrinkage of composite resins. Standardized cavities were prepared and placed into the ESPI apparatus before the cavities were filled with composites (n=2) .The ESPI apparatus was constructed to measure the out-of-plane displacement of the resins surface during the polymerization. Experiments demonstrated that the ESPI technique was a viable method to measure the deformation of composite resins. It was responsive and sensitive to dimensional changes. We found that cavity shape, size and C- factor influenced the date of resins shrinkage. And the tooth deformation in response to polymerization of resins was measured by the ESPI too. We concluded that ESPI was a feasible method for assessing resins deformation induced by its polymerization shrinkage when it was bonded in tooth cavities. And the results were greatly influenced by the dimensions of cavities , or interface adhesive and so on. It could also measure the tooth deformation induced by shrinkage of bonded composite resins. We found that resins polymerization shrinkage date may overestimate shrinkage-induced tooth deformation.

A comprehensive ESPI based system for combined measurement of shape and deformation of electronic components

Video-based speckle interferometric methods such as electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) allow us to measure full-field surface deformation of a diffuse object. In this paper we show, in a first step, that the susceptibility of ESPI to noise can be substantially reduced [1] by synchronizing the optical interferometer and the object stressing system with the CCD image acquisition and processing system, and by performing what amounts to a repetitive sequence of rapid ESPI tests. In this manner, a stable fringe pattern can be obtained as long as the ambient noise is of sufficiently lower frequency than the video acquisition rate (typically 30 Hz). This scheme will be referred in this paper as reference-updating subtractive correlated ESPI to distinguish it from classical ESPI. We then take this issue further with a hybrid additive-subtractive decollated ESPI technique that will freeze out unwanted environmental noise of frequencies much higher than video rates [2], The basic principle of this proposed technique can be summed up as follows: (i) acquire speckle images containing information about the same two deformed object states in every frame of the image acquisition sequence, (ii) decorrelate the speckles between every frame, and (iii) compare every consecutive pair of speckle images to extract visible fringes corresponding to the two deformed states of the test object.

International Journal of Computational Engineering ScienceVol. 04, No. 03, pp. 467-470 (2003) Testing and CharacterisationNo AccessSTATIC AND DYNAMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF MEMS VIA ESPIAndreas H. Foitzik, Wolfgang Kaese, Thomas Vogt, Michael Sommerer, and Serguei ArkhipovAndreas H. FoitzikUniversity of Applied Sciences Esslingen, Department for Mechatronics, Robert-Bosch-Str. 1, D-73037 Goeppingen, Germany Search for more papers by this author , Wolfgang KaeseUniversity of Applied Sciences Esslingen, Department for Mechatronics, Robert-Bosch-Str. 1, D-73037 Goeppingen, Germany Search for more papers by this author , Thomas VogtUniversity of Applied Sciences Esslingen, Department for Automotive Technology, Esslingen, Germany Search for more papers by this author , Michael SommererUniversity of Applied Sciences Esslingen, Department for Automotive Technology, Esslingen, Germany Search for more papers by this author , and Serguei ArkhipovMOSCOW AVIATION INSTITUTE (MAI), MOSCOW, Russia Search for more papers by this author https://doi.org/10.1142/S1465876303001538Cited by:2 PreviousNext AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsRecommend to Library ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail AbstractGenerally unaltered surfaces stemming from IC- or MEMS-production (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) cannot be investigated with ESPI (Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry) due to the lack of any interference from the extremely flat surfaces of devices made of silicon. In order to enable ESPI for such devices additional "rough" layers can be added to the MEMS surfaces, while these relatively "thick" layers alter the mechanical properties of such small devices considerably. Utilizing a new surface preparation technique (Goeppingen Procedure®) allows to create a nm-sized roughness onto the surfaces of MEMS, thus enabling interference originating from such altered surfaces and subsequently allowing ESPI.Static ESPI on commercially available micro-sized tilt-sensors as well as read-write head of a hard disk drive showed that elastic deformations can be determined with a lateral accuracy in the μm-range and an axial accuracy in the nm-range, respectively. The static investigations allowed the identification of defect sensors in terms of quality assurance. Dynamic ESPI on MEMS showed different normal modes as well as the dynamic behaviour at the occurence of the first and the second harmonic.Keywords:MEMSESPI - Electronic Speckle Pattern InterferometryGoeppingen Procedure References J. A. Leendertz, J. Phys. E (Sci. Instrum.) 3, 214 (1970). Crossref, Google Scholar H. Marwitz , Praxis Holographie ( Expert-Verlag , 1990 ) . Google ScholarP. Aswendt and R. Höfling, Measurement 23, S. 205 (1998). Crossref, Google ScholarD. Holsteinet al., Composite Structures 40, S. 257 (1998). Crossref, Google Scholar K. Hariri , Bruchmechanisches Verhalten jungen Betons: Laser-Speckle-Interferometrie und Modellierung der Rißprozeßzone ( Techn. Univ. Braunschweig , 2000 ) . Google ScholarZ. Yanget al., Optics and Lasers in Engineering 28(6), 443 (1997). Google Scholar Höfling, R.; Aswendt, P.; Liebig, V.; Brückner, H.: Synthesis of experiment and simulation in speckle interferometry: a medical application; Akademie Verlag Series in Optical Metrology, Vol. 2, S. 261-268, Berlin 1996 . Google Scholar Foitzik, A.H.; Kümmel, M.; Schmid, M.; Kaese, W.; Vogt, T.; Groth, P.; "ESPI on MEMS", 13.Intern. Wissenschaftlich-technische Konferenz SENSOR 2001, Sudak/Krim 2001 . Google Scholar FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited By 2An Experimental Study of the Vibrational Characteristics of a Diamond Circular Blade Using Electronic Speckle-Pattern Interferometry and FEMMykhaylo Tkach, Yurii Halynkin, Arkadii Proskurin, Irina Zhuk and Volodymyr Kluchnyk et al.15 May 2021 | Acta Mechanica et Automatica, Vol. 15, No. 1Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry for Vibrational Analysis of Cutting ToolsPiotr Mrozek, Ewa Mrozek and Andrzej Werner17 July 2018 | Acta Mechanica et Automatica, Vol. 12, No. 2 Recommended Vol. 04, No. 03 Metrics History KeywordsMEMSESPI - Electronic Speckle Pattern InterferometryGoeppingen ProcedurePDF download

Herein, a self-assembled hierarchical structure of hematite (α-Fe2O3) was synthesized via a one-pot hydrothermal method. Subsequently, the nanomaterial was doped to obtain MxFe2−xO3 (M = Mn–Co; x = 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1) at precise concentrations. An electrode was fabricated by coating the resulting nanocomposite onto a nickel foam (NF) substrate. Electrochemical characterization demonstrated the excellent performance of cobalt-doped α-Fe2O3, among which Co0.05Fe0.95O3 (CF5) exhibited a superior performance, showing a two-fold increase in sensitivity of 1364.2 μA mM−1 cm−2 (±0.03, n = 3) in 0.5 M KOH, a limit of detection (LOD) of ∼0.17 mM, and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of ∼0.58 mM. The Density Functional Theory (DFT) was performed to understand the doping prompting in the reduced bandgap. The fabricated electrode displayed a rapid response time of 2 s and demonstrated 95% stability, excellent reproducibility, and selectivity, as confirmed by tests with several interfering species. A comprehensive evaluation of the electrode's performance using human blood serum highlighted its robustness and reliability for cholesterol detection in clinical settings, making it a promising tool for clinical and pharmaceutical applications.

The design of the primary transducer with an H-shaped yoke for a differential magnetic structuroscope (DMS-5) has been optimized for non-destructive testing of residual austenite (RA) content in ferromagnetic steels. Numerical simulation using the finite element method was performed to analyze the magnetic flux distribution in the H-shaped magnetic core, and the optimal gap dimensions for mounting a Hall-effect sensor as the sensing element were determined. Experimental results confirmed a twofold increase in sensitivity of the new transducer design compared to the previous version, enhancing the reliability of non-destructive phase composition analysis in ferromagnetic steels. A linear relationship was established between the output signal of the DMS-5 transducer and RA content in the range of 9—18 % in the tested samples.

We developed a short-echo-time (TE) sequence for proton localized spectroscopy by combining a 1D add-subtract scheme with a doubly slice-selective spin-echo (SE) sequence. The sequence preserves the full magnetization available from the selected volume of interest (VOI). By reducing the number of radiofrequency (RF) pulses acting on transverse magnetization, we were able to minimize the TE to the level that is achievable with the stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) technique, and also gained a twofold increase in sensitivity. The use of an adiabatic pulse in the add-subtract localization improved the efficiency of excitation in spatially inhomogeneous RF fields, which are frequently encountered at high magnetic fields. The localization performance and sensitivity gains of this method, which is termed SPin ECho, full Intensity Acquired Localized (SPECIAL) spectroscopy, were demonstrated in vivo in rat brains. In conjunction with spectroscopic imaging, a 2-microl spatial resolution was accomplished with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) above 30, which is usually sufficient for reliable quantification of a large number of metabolites (neurochemical profile).

The high resolution technique of electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) can be very useful in determining deformation of laboratory specimens and identifying initiation of failure. The in-plane ESPI theory is described and the fringe pattern of the processed ESPI image is analyzed to determine deformation and crack opening displacement. Fringes on the ESPI image represent lines of equal intensity, which relate to surface displacement. An ESPI system was constructed and calibrated for measuring uni-directional displacements. Several types of the experiments, such as uniaxial compression and fracture testing, were conducted to demonstrate the utility of ESPI.

High-resolution deformation measurement method, which requires only two speckle patterns in electronic speckle pattern interferometry, is proposed by using fringe analysis based on specklegram. In fringe analysis using the proposed optical system, a pair of real- and imaginary-part components concerning the deformation information is extracted from one speckle pattern by Fourier transform in the same manner as the off-axis digital holography processing. A specklegram is calculated as a fringe image by multiplying the components of the real and imaginary part of speckle patterns in order to perform a high-resolution deformation analysis. Then, the phase map concerning deformation is detected from the specklegram, and the influence of speckle noise is also reduced by shifting the component on frequency domain. Furthermore, the amplitude of the intensity distribution of speckle pattern is normalized in order to reduce the influence by speckle noise much more. It is confirmed that the accuracy of the deformation measurement is efficiently improved by the proposed noise reduction methods.

Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) is an attractive method for non-destructive testing. There are two ESPI working modes: addition ESPI mode and subtraction ESPI mode. Overcoming the disadvantage of the subtraction ESPI mode, which strictly requires that there is no movement among the optical parts in an ESPI system, in the addition ESPI mode, the movement of a measured material is 'frozen' with a short-pulsed laser. As a result, the addition ESPI mode is believed to be feasible in adverse conditions where the subtraction ESPI mode is inapplicable. Based on the theory of double-pulsed laser ESPI, the interference fringe contrast and a simulation method are introduced in this paper. In the simulation, a compound material with a flaw is interrogated. Due to the fact that a result can only be obtained when the interference fringe passes through a special electronic filter, the filter applied to the experiment needs delicate fabrication. Its quality and central frequency influence the final interference fringe result. Therefore, a series of the filters are designed such as band-pass and high-pass filters, with a specific method applied. Subsequently, the result of the simulation for NDT with double-pulsed ESPI method is acquired and analysed.

The amplitude range for vibration measurement by time-average recording in electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) has been extended by sinusoidal phase modulation of the reference wave. The technique is, in part, similar to the reference wave modulation technique known from holography. The low resolution of the ESPI system results in a greater need for an extension of the measuring range. In addition, the technique is more convenient to use combined with ESPI, because of the instantaneous presentation of interferograms by this system. The modulation technique also provides information about the vibration phase. Fringe patterns illustrating applications of this technique are presented.