TXT-tool 0.081-1.1: Landslide Dynamics for Risk Assessment

Abstract. A big challenge in terms or landslide risk mitigation is represented by increasing the resiliency of society exposed to the risk. Among the possible strategies with which to reach this goal, there is the implementation of early warning systems. This paper describes a procedure to improve early warning activities in areas affected by high landslide risk, such as those classified as critical infrastructures for their central role in society. This research is part of the project LEWIS (Landslides Early Warning Integrated System): An Integrated System for Landslide Monitoring, Early Warning and Risk Mitigation along Lifelines. LEWIS is composed of a susceptibility assessment methodology providing information for single points and areal monitoring systems, a data transmission network and a data collecting and processing center (DCPC), where readings from all monitoring systems and mathematical models converge and which sets the basis for warning and intervention activities. The aim of this paper is to show how logistic issues linked to advanced monitoring techniques, such as big data transfer and storing, can be dealt with compatibly with an early warning system. Therefore, we focus on the interaction between an areal monitoring tool (a ground-based interferometric radar) and the DCPC. By converting complex data into ASCII strings and through appropriate data cropping and average, and by implementing an algorithm for line-of-sight correction, we managed to reduce the data daily output without compromising the capability for performing.

Economics is the science of wealth, the main objective of which is to satisfy human needs within the constraint of limited available resources. The production and consumption patterns of economic agents are examined in order to identify the most efficient and optimal ways of meeting needs. At the same time, redistribution problems have an important place in economic science, and they lead to questions of development and economic growth. Since the 1990s, officially declared by the United Nations as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR), the relatively frequent occurrence of devastating disasters, induced mainly by natural hazards but also by human activities, development efforts and economic growth have been seriously threatened. Poverty alleviation efforts undertaken by nations in the Global South and supported by international donors, as well as development outcomes worldwide, are suffering from disasters. The international community has become more and more aware of the need to systematically mainstream disaster risk reduction in development policy and strategy. Therefore, disaster risk reduction economics is becoming a priority and part of economics as a science. For more than three decades, based on risk assessment, risk prevention and mitigation strategies, including structural and nonstructural measures, such as but not limited to, risk retention and transfer, preparedness as well as ex-post activities such as response, recovery and reconstruction are using economic variables and tools since mid-2000s to become more efficient. Furthermore, protecting economic growth and development benefits is possible only if enough attention is given to risk science. From this perspective, risk science is becoming part of economics, as evidenced by the new branch called risk reduction economics, which is essential to the attainment of sustainable development goals and resilient societies.

Long-runout landslides and the long-lasting effects of early water activity on Mars: COMMENT

Long-runout landslides usually cause a significant loss of life and property because of their hypermobility and immense energy to travel long distances at high velocities, attracting a global focus on the dynamics and mechanism of long-runout landslides. In the past few decades, a great number of past studies on long-runout landslides have seen a surge in a range of innovative ideas and vigorous debates contributing to the advancement of understanding the dynamics and mechanism of the hypermobility of long-runout landslides. As a consequence, a review of the dynamics of long-runout landslides has been conducted by comprehensively and systematically summarizing the data and achievements of long-runout landslides over the past few decades in terms of the phenomenon and characteristics, mobility, dynamic process, dynamic mechanism, and models of long-runout landslides. This review would be of great significance in providing a comprehensive reference in understanding the dynamics of long-runout landslides.

<em>Located on a hilly topography with a steep slope, highlighted the importance of settlement arrangement based on a landslide risk assessment in Girirejo village, Imogiri, Bantul, Yogyakarta. This study aims to map landslides risk, identify houses in the landslide risk zone, and provide recommendations for settlement arrangements. The research begins with observation, interviews, and focus group discussion. Disaster risk mapping and analysis were carried out through weighting method based on Perka BNPB No.2 of 2012 concerning General Guidelines for Disaster Risk Assessment and a formula with parameters of hazard, vulnerability, and capacity. Results showed the medium to a high-level of landslide risk was dominated by northern and eastern parts of Girirejo (21 families in red-zone, 23 families in yellow-zone), while western and southern regions had a low landslide risk level. This research also provided a formulation of settlements concept for medium and high-risk areas by considering landslides risk analysis study.</em>

In a study of landslide risk assessment, one of the main problems is to define a univocal methodology for evaluating this risk and mapping it. Starting from the available data about this topic and, in particular, from the report of Varnes and IAEG ( 1984) edited by UNESCO and synthesised in Italy by Canuti and Casagli (1994), Crescenti (1998) published a critical review of the definitions related to landslide risk evaluation. In fact, treating " hazard " and " the probability of landslide occurrence" as synonymous, does not seem correct, since the term "hazard" corresponds to the real danger situation in a site for the advancing phenomenon . Instead, the probability does not show the real danger state, because not all the landslide phenomena are dangerous for the elements at risk. Furthermore, among the field experts (consultants and decision-makers) the term "hazard" is instinctively connected with the real danger, which is related not only to the probability of occurrence of a landslide phenomenon, but also to its intensity. It is therefore more reasonable to define landslide hazard on the basis of both aspects. With this hazard definition, the way to evaluate the landslide risk has to be reconsidered as well as a new definition of vulnerability is required.
 In this paper, we applied this methodology for the study of landslides at the Guardiagrele Village, a historical site of Central Italy. The village may be considered to be a representative of other similar villages situated in this part of the Apennines.

Government authorities and development agencies use road construction as a tool to support socioeconomic development in remote areas worldwide. In mountain regions, roads are closely connected with landslide risk. They destabilize slopes and often lead to the expansion of settlements into hazard zones. Weighing increased landslide risk against economic opportunities, inhabitants of adjacent areas acquire land along road corridors and build shops and houses. This article presents a case study from western Nepal, where an internationally supported road construction project triggered the establishment of a new bazaar in a landslide-prone area. Based on data gathered from qualitative interviews and a quantitative household survey, it discusses people's rationales for moving to the hazard zone, placing special emphasis on risk perception and economic reasoning from a livelihood perspective. The article also considers the extent to which the approach to rural road construction presently used in Nepal influences such developments. The study provides insights into the links between risk perceptions, livelihood strategies, and road-related development interventions and provides suggestions for a risk-sensitive adaptation of current approaches.

The international agenda on disaster risk reduction (DRR) advanced significantly in the last two decades. In the late 1980s, increasing losses in development gains from disasters prompted a global movement toward DRR. The United Nations declared the 1990s as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) to contribute to technical and scientific buy-in and to make DRR agenda imperative. The "Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action" adopted at the first United Nations World Conference on Disaster Reduction (WCDR) in 1994 through the mid-review of IDNDR provided the first blueprint for disaster reduction policy guidance focusing on social and community orientation. At the end of the IDNDR in 1999, the United Nations General Assembly established International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) as the successor mechanism of IDNDR within the United Nations to promote increased commitment to DRR and strong linkages to sustainable development.

The Sahelian droughts of 1968–73 and 1982–84 and their disastrous consequences compelled the people of Africa to focus on the problem of drought menace. Drought cannot be prevented, but there are possibilities of predicting it to provide the necessary information for early warning and prepardness. Individual countries also need a drought policy which expresses the criteria forming the foundation of governmental actions in drought mitigation and relief. As an offshoot of policy objectives, well‐articulated plans for drought prevention, preparedness and management are also needed by African nations, possibly within the framework provided by the current International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR).

Landslide disaster risk assessment model has been proposed for Soppeng Regency which is located in the central part of South Sulawesi Province. Some areas in this regency are classified as landslide prone area based on its geological condition. This study is aimed to assess the landslide vulnerability level and produce a landslide vulnerability map by using mapping method as a basis to model the risk reduction assessment. The component of disaster risk assessment consists of threats, vulnerabilities, and capacities. These components are used to obtain the level of disaster risk in an area by calculating the potential for exposed lives, loss of property and environmental damage. The result shows that Soppeng Regency region has some areas that are prone to landslides with low-high levels. The Vulnerability Assessment is classified as medium level whereas the result of landslide disaster capacity assessment is also shown as medium level. Based on these analyses, it was concluded that Soppeng Regency had a high landslide threat index, with a medium exposed population index and a medium capacity index. The study of landslide disaster risk assessment in Soppeng Regency has shown that Soppeng Regency has been classified as landslide prone area with the medium risk level, especially in mountainous and river bank area. It is recommended that disaster risk assessment model should be used as one of the references for providing disaster risk mitigation plan in disaster risk reduction program.

During the in situ leaching process of ion-adsorption rare earths, leaching solution needs to be constantly injected to the mine slopes. As a consequence, landslides are highly likely to occur due to the increasing water level of soil mass. To solve this problem, we conducted a mechanical analysis on the rising water level after solution injection, which shed light on the mechanical principle of slope instability brought about by rising water level. With water level variation as the major factor, we established an early warning system for landslide risks on the basis of the real-time monitoring of water level. Within the system, a self-designed landslide early warning model is embedded. In addition to monitoring the water level variation in slopes, this system can be employed for real-time data processing. With the integration of early warning model algorithm, the real-time graded early warning of slope landslide risks is achieved within the mining process of ion-adsorption rare earths. By discussing the real-time monitoring method, framework of landslide early warning system, FIFC landslide early warning model, optimization method of water level, and selection of landslide-inducing factors, this research provides an effective solution to the landslide early warning within the mining process of ion-adsorption rare earth minerals. Thus, it can be employed as a favorable reference for other types of early warning systems.

Hydrologically‐induced landslides are ubiquitous natural hazards in the Himalayas, posing severe threat to human life and infrastructure. Yet, landslide assessment in the Himalayas is extremely challenging partly due to complex and drastically changing climate conditions. Here we establish a mechanistic hydromechanical landslide modeling framework that incorporates the impacts of key water fluxes and stocks on landslide triggering and risk evolution in mountain systems, accounting for potential climate change conditions for the period 1991–2100. In the drainage basin of the largest river in the northern Himalayas– the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin (YZRB), we estimate that rainfall, glacier/snow melt and permafrost thaw contribute ∼38.4%, 28.8%, and 32.8% to landslides, respectively, for the period 1991–2019. Future climate change will likely exacerbate landslide triggering primarily due to increasing rainfall, whereas the contribution of glacier/snow melt decreases owing to deglaciation and snow cover loss. The total Gross Domestic Productivity risk is projected to increase continuously throughout the 21st century, while the risk to population shows a general declining trend. The results yield novel insights into the climatic controls on landslide evolution and provide useful guidance for disaster risk management and resilience building under future climate change in the Himalayas.

This study aims to identify landslide-prone areas in Nusaniwe District using the Slope Morphology Method (SMORPH), which is based on slope and slope shape analysis. The research method uses the Slope Morphology Method (SMORPH) to assess landslide potential in Nusaniwe District. The analysis was carried out by mapping the slope gradient and slope shape in the area to determine areas at high risk of landslides. Topographic and geological data were collected and analyzed to identify factors that contribute to landslide risk. The results of the analysis show that complex geological and topographic conditions in Nusaniwe District increase the risk of landslides. Areas with high slope gradients and steep slope shapes are identified as the most landslide-prone areas. This assessment revealed a significant relationship between slope gradient, slope shape, and landslide potential in the area. The conclusion is that the analysis of slope and slope shape using the Slope Morphology Method (SMORPH) is effective in identifying landslide-prone areas in Nusaniwe District. To reduce landslide risk, interdisciplinary collaboration, community education, and development of effective mitigation strategies are needed. These findings provide a basis for planning and implementing landslide prevention measures in areas with similar conditions. Keywords: Landslide, Nusaniwe, Slope Morphology

This study reports on the development and evaluation of a microcontroller-based early warning system aimed at strengthening flood and landslide monitoring in vulnerable communities. Addressing operational gaps in current disaster preparedness practices, the research adopted a descriptive-evaluative design to examine the protocols, challenges, and technical capacities of Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils (PDRRMCs). The system integrates environmental sensors to monitor water levels, soil moisture, temperature, and ground displacement, and features automated SMS alerts alongside a web–mobile dashboard for real-time data access and visualization. Quantitative data were gathered through structured surveys, while qualitative insights were drawn from participant feedback and IT expert assessments. Findings indicated strong institutional engagement in preparedness activities, such as simulation drills and early warning dissemination. Nonetheless, persistent challenges were noted, including limited equipment availability, inadequate training, and incomplete geographic coverage. To address these gaps, the system was assessed using the ISO 25010:2011 software quality model. Results showed high compliance across eight quality attributes, particularly in functional suitability, reliability, and maintainability. Expert and user evaluations affirmed its usability and practical value, recommending wider deployment and the integration of additional sensor technologies. Overall, the system shows strong potential as a scalable, user-centered tool for enhancing early warning capabilities and disaster resilience in high-risk areas.

The 2015 Mw7.8 Gorkha earthquake triggered thousands of landslides of various types scattered over a large area. In the current study, we utilized pre- and post-earthquake high-resolution satellite imagery to compile two landslide inventories before and after earthquake and prepared three landslide susceptibility maps within 404 km(2) area using frequency ratio (FR) model. From the study, we could map about 519 landslides including 178 pre-earthquake slides and 341 coseismic slides were identified. This study investigated the relationship between landslide occurrence and landslide causative factors, i.e., slope, aspect, altitude, plan curvature, lithology, land use, distance from streams, distance from road, distance from faults, and peak ground acceleration. The analysis showed that the majority of landslides both pre-earthquake and coseismic occurred at slope >30 degrees, preferably in S, SE, and SW directions and within altitude ranging from 1000 to 1500 m and 1500 to 3500 m. Scatter plots between number of landslides per km(-2) (LN) and percentage of landslide area (LA) and causative factors indicate that slope is the most influencing factor followed by lithology and PGA for the landslide formation. Higher landslide susceptibility before earthquake is observed along the road and rivers, whereas landslides after earthquake are triggered at steeper slopes and at higher altitudes. Combined susceptibility map indicates the effect of topography, geology, and land cover in the triggering of landslides in the entire basin. The resultant landslide susceptibility maps are verified through AUC showing success rates of 78, 81, and 77%, respectively. These susceptibility maps are helpful for engineers and planners for future development work in the landslide prone area.