Ukrainian-Lithuanian Linguo-Cultural Parallels and Differences in Ethnonymy and Related Lexical Units

The program article of Elbasy “Seven facets of the Great Steppe” opens up the opportunity to study in depth from a linguistic point of view the oral creativity of the Kazakh Zhyraus of the XV-XVIII centuries. Their works are known for original examples of creating an artistic image of oral speech, reflecting the spiritual and cultural nature of the Kazakh people. Until today, the works of Zhyrauov were mainly studied from the point of view of literary criticism, but the borrowed layer in the language of Zhyrauov remains one of the topical issues. In this regard, this article examines the functional use of lexical (Arabic, Persian) language units in the Zhyrau language of the XV-XVIII centuries. Based on the methods of comparative-historical, comparative-comparative, linguistic-statistical, functional-semantic analysis of the study, poetic “dominant words” and lexical units that form a semantic field in the Zhyrau language are determined. The study compares the use of lexical units with other ancient Turkic written monuments, the works of the peoples belonging to the Kipchak group of the Golden Horde era, the works of modern Akyns and Zhyrau, analyzes the functional (artistic system, stylistic features) use in poetic lines. Explicit and implicit lexical units in the Sufi meaning are also differentiated. This study determines the relations and features of borrowed words in the oral poetic and written language. The use of Arabic and Persian words as artistic and stylistic techniques (repetitions, metaphors, comparisons, parallels) is analyzed.

Objective. The objective of the article is to to identify and describe the means of transmitting emotionally expressive information in translation. Methods. The main scientific results are obtained applying a set of general scientific and special methods of research, namely: analysis and generalization of scientific literature on the problems of emotionally coloured lexical unit rendering; theoretical generalization, analysis and synthesis; holistic and integral approaches to the study of stylistic phenomena; comparative, descriptive and analytical methods. Results. On the basis of comparative analysis the authors investigate the problem of stylistically coloured lexical units rendering in translation process of the story «Matilda» by Roald Dahl. Having studied the available literature on this issue, the authors state that the term «emotionally coloured lexical unit» is considered as a lexical unit that carries an emotional assessment in relation to an object, containing a sensual background. A characteristic feature of this kind of lexical units is their connotative meanings, that is, the polysemy of their meaning and the presence of a certain emotional stress in them. It is highlighted that for a competent literary translation, it is necessary to pay attention to the following factors: semantics of the lexical unit, context, colouring, peculiarities of use. When translating emotionally coloured vocabulary, it is most expedient to use the principle of equivalent translation, i.e. to translate an emotionally-coloured lexical unit of the original with an emotionally-coloured lexical unit in the target language. In cases where this is impossible, it is necessary to compensate for the lost emotional colouring. The rendering of emotionally coloured lexical units of the original should be based not only on lexical and syntactic correspondences. More important in this light is the task of preserving the tropes and figures of speech, in order to convey the artistic stylistics of the work. The analysis made it possible to reveal the presence in the text of a large number of emotionally coloured lexical units. Also, cases of translation of neutral lexical units, which were transferred into Ukrainian with an emotional connotation were identified. In the overwhelming majority of cases, the translator has correctly conveyed the emotional colouring inherent in the original. Deviations from the original, in general, did not affect the overall picture of the translation.

The article deals with the category of informational entropy in the source text as a matter of translation psycholinguistics. The informational entropy of the lexical units on different levels in the source text refers to subjective factors that reduce the translation quality. Lexical units-carriers of the source text’s informational entropy cause informational deficits in the translator’s consciousness. The aim of the search is to consider the category of informational entropy from the standpoint of psycholinguistics and cognitive translation theory, identify the causes of informational entropy, establish linguistic and genre-stylistic markers of the lexical entropy units in the source text, identify ways to minimize entropy in the specialized translation. The research procedure involves a psycholinguistic experiment with the participation of 85 informants with semi-professional translation status. The participants produced a German-Ukrainian translation of a specialized text, in which the number of lexical units contained informational entropy as a percentage of the total words’ number was 17.9%. The results of the translation’s comparative analysis indicate similar psycholinguistic mechanisms for understanding lexical units with informational entropy, leading to false translation solutions in the target texts. Such mechanisms include an incorrect choice of the translation method and a lack of attention to the extralinguistic information in the source text. The conclusions of the psycholinguistic experiment confirm the universal nature of the informational entropy, resulting in translation quality degradation. The psycholinguistic factor for the false translation solutions is an automatic suppression the contextual meaning of the source text’s lexical item by its subject-logical meaning in the translator’s mind, realized in the incorrect choice of the translation method.

Introduction. The article deals with the lexical aspect as a linguistic prerequisite for the formation of intercultural foreign language communicative competence of pre-service German teachers. The attention is focused on the lexical and semantic diversity that constitutes the spiritual and material experience of German-speaking countries. Methods.The professional literature on the topic is analyzed in order to obtain an answer about the national and cultural labeling of lexical units. The regulatory concepts of German-speaking peoples are clarified. Purpose.The article emphasizes the grammatically correct use of lexical units in the discourse process. The article defines the identity of the people, primarily reflected in language at the level of lexis and phraseology. The author emphasizes the intercultural nature of the use of words, which appears where there are differences in its reproduction of the real-world picture by representatives of two foreign language cultures. The author emphasizes the importance of verbal and semantic means, enabling pre-service German teachers to develop their intercultural communication skills. The article introduces the verbal and semantic tools of German-speaking countries, whose national variants are the basis for the formation of intercultural communication. Results. Lexical and phraseological units are the first means of acquiring cultural knowledge about countries and forming linguistic and sociocultural competence. A number of examples of lexical units are given in accordance with the national variants of Austrian, Swiss and German. The author focuses on the use of normative literary German, which constitutes the educational and methodological basis for the formation of intercultural foreign language communicative competence, but recognizes the significance and spiritual heritage in the form of words. The article emphasizes the use of commonly used vocabulary, as it constitutes the lion’s share of the linguistic heritage of each nation. Examples of untranslated vocabulary and realia-words, realia-phrases that characterize the everyday life of German-speaking peoples are given. Conclusion. Thus, Teutonisms, Austricisms and Helvetisms as nationally labeled lexical units are described. The paremiological units of the German language, characterized by reproductivity and defining the traditions and customs of the everyday culture of the peoples of the language being taught, are singled out.

This thesis describes the making of the Kiriwina to English dictionary and its structure and content. The dictionary, which presently exists as a computer file containing some 20,000 entries, was compiled over several decades and is the most comprehensive for Kiriwina yet written. There are seven chapters. In the first chapter, after introducing the people's land, language and culture, I give an account of past research into their language. Chapter 2 sketches Kiriwina phonology, and sets out the orthography. Chapter 3 provides a fairly detailed grammar sketch, including an account of the various grammatical categories which appear in dictionary entries and which are integral to the organisation of entries and subentries. The balance of the thesis treats theoretical and especially practical problems encountered in the making of the dictionary. Chapter 4 outlines the history of the project, including my personal history and place in the Kiriwina community in the work of Bible translation. Particular attention is paid to the selection of the Kavataria dialect of Kiriwina as the language documented in the dictionary, and to the level of indigenous participation in this dialect choice. Expected main users of the dictionary are identified. The methods of fieldwork and data collection employed in compilation are detailed, together with the reasons for excluding certain classes of words, such as most proper nouns. Various technical problems encountered in making the dictionary are noted; many of these are elaborated on in later chapters. The remaining three chapters deal with the actual content and organisation of the dictionary. Chapter 5 describes the various types of entries and the ordering of data within entries. The concept of a family of lexemes, related by virtue of sharing one particular lexeme as a primary constituent, is an important feature of the organisation of this dictionary. Chapter 6 defines the key notion of 'lexical unit' or 'sense unit' as opposed to 'lexeme' (a headword which may consist of many sense units) and outlines the criteria used to identify lexicalised multi-morphemic words and multiword expressions. Finally, chapter 7 treats semantic relations between lexical units such as synonymy, antonymy, and inclusion, and the ways these relations are recorded in dictionary entries.

The city as a peculiar form of social organization is interesting for the representatives of many trends of scientific research: economists, sociologists, culturologists, historians, linguists. The subject of our interest is the functioning of the Ukrainian language in the cities of Bukovyna and Galicia at the end of the 19th century — the first half of the 20th century, in the urban environment of the Ukrainian diaspora settlement. Historical and socio-political conditions of the formation of the Ukrainian city koinй as one of the preconditions for the development of Ukrainian literature (particularly in the territory of Western Ukraine) — are still one of largely unexplored problems of Ukrainian linguistics — in both theoretical and practical aspects, which predetermines the relevance of the topic of our study. The aim of this article is the analysis of Ukrainian advertising texts at the end of the 19th century — the first half of the 20th century and identification of such lexical and syntagmatic units that can be classified as elements of the city koine. To perform linguistic analysis we have involved over 80 language units (words, nominative word combinations, word variants) used for the nomination of over 30 items of commodity circulation belonging to the following lexical-semantic groups: names of clothing, footwear and other details of the wardrobe; names of household items of urban dwellers (personal use items). For every word of the aforementioned lexical-semantic groups we have provided illustrating contexts, commentaries concerning the meaning, use, origin, their record in different kinds of dictionaries, sometimes giving information from Polish lexicography, Polish and German electronic corpora. We have analyzed the names of urban life items, documented in the Ukrainian advertisement at the end of the 19thcentury — the first half of the 20th century, that certify that the majority of such names are borrowings adapted on the Ukrainian language background: from German, Polish, French, Italian, Spanish, etc. Mainly Polish and German played an intermediary role in the assimilation of these words. We believe that lexical units and nominative word combinations recorded in the advertising texts of the 19th century — the first half of the 20thcentury, may serve as a basis for the register of lexicographic works of a specialized type, for instance, the Dictionary of Ukrainian Advertisement; the Dictionary of Western Ukrainian Variants of Literary Language of the 19th century — the first half of the 20th century, etc.

Introduction. To date, in linguistics, the problem of separating figurative words from other expressive language units remains unresolved. The criteria according to which a given lexical unit is marked as figurative in an explanatory dictionary are unclear. The aim of the research is to identify and analyze the types of figurative words and expressions in the Khanty language. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted using texts in the Kazym dialect of the Khanty language, employing Wolfgang Steinitz’s “Dialektologisches und etymologisches Wörterbuch der Ostjakischen Sprache” (1966–1991). The author’s approach to the topic is based on an understanding of language as a complex, multi-level system, the individual elements of which are studied by linguists using various methods. The essence of the most important method for us lies in the systematization of concepts that describe units of the same nature and that stand in relations of variability to one another. In our case, figurative words and expressions are examined as expressive means, and their distinctive features are identified against the background of epithets, metaphors, and similes. In the course of textual analysis, all expressive means are first identified, followed by those linguistic units whose semantics contain an indication of the location of the source, the original. The semantics of words whose meanings imply the presence of a figurative component are verified using W. Steinitz’s dialectological and etymological dictionary. It is also assumed that many figurative words and expressions of the Khanty language are already recorded in this dictionary. Results and Discussion. The analysis of speech samples in the Khanty language has revealed the possibility of distinguishing figurative words and expressions from other expressive means and of deriving a specific typology of figurative units in the language. Lexical figurative units include the majority of figurative meanings of words, compound words (including those formed through the transference of meaning of one of their components), and figurative phrases (including those that are part of proverbs and sayings). Contextual figurative units are words and combinations whose figurative component arises within a given specific context. Conclusion. The practical significance of the study lies in the effectiveness of searching for figurative words and expressions in colloquial speech and literary works – that is, in those types of discourse where they are actively used. The prospects for further research are associated with accumulating sufficient material to compile a dictionary of figurative words and expressions in the Khanty language.

The article discusses one of the research areas of applied linguistics – legal linguistics, in particular, its hermeneutical aspect. Our focus is on the functioning of language units in the legal discourse, based on the fact that the latter includes not only merely legal but also linguistic aspects because the language is a means to express certain phenomena, and the criteria of accuracy, consistency, comprehensibility for a non-specialist are important aspects of law drafting methodology. The subject of linguistic study is the functioning of the lexical unit zavedomo in the Russian legal discourse. The article points at the nature of usage of the lexical unit zavedomo in the Family Code and in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Special attention is paid to the wordings of Article 174 of the Civil Code (“Consequences of failure by a representative or a body of a legal entity to meet the conditions regulating the discharge of authority or interests of the represented or of the legal entity”) and to potential changes in interpretation subject to this lexical unit presence / absence. The article analyses the viewpoints of law experts (V. A. Belov, O. V. Berg, K. A. Gorbatov, S. L. Budylin) as to how significant the presence / absence of this lexical unit in the text of the above-mentioned law is, and also as to the reasons behind the wording of Article 174 of the Civil Code, the rationale behind the wording, and whether the meaning of the law undergoes any material changes because of it, as to the semantics and the function of the word zavedomo in the Russian legal discourse, and what linguistic aspects of law drafting methodology should be taken into account in such cases, and also what external factors may have an impact on the language of laws. The article includes a detailed discussion of the semantics of the zavedomo lexical unit, and emphasises the fact that the zavedomo lexical unit has become juridified under the influence of Article 307 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (“Wilfully false testimony, expert / specialist opinion or mistranslation”). The analysis of contexts where the zavedomo lexical unit is used in the Russian legal discourse has showed that it is most frequently used as part of the structure znal ili dolzhen byl znat. Hence, we consider the legally binding type of obligation modality. In the case study of the zavedomo lexical unit and predicates of obligation (“must”) and possibility (“could”), we analyse challenges of copying English structures (“was aware or must have been aware”) into the Russian legal discourse, and also raise issues of linguistic examination of legal texts.

Lexical Access in Chinese Speech Comprehension and Production

The article analyses the latest changes in the lexical-semantic system of the Ukrainian language within clearly defined period – the year of 2020. It has been proved that the appearance of a new lexeme is associated with some intra- and extra-lingual factors. These lexical units are the carriers of information about what is happening in the society, and how the representatives of various social strata are involved in a particular event. It has been established that the most used words in the defined are connected with medicine; the dominant position occupies such nouns as covid, coronavirus. The article underlines that the spread of the COVID-19 in Ukraine influenced the formation of the phraseological system, e.g. folk poetic rhymes, which are usually variants of widely used paremic constructions. The motivational basis of lexical coinages has been analysed. This refers to the lexical units based on the surname of the current president; the dynamics of this process has been traced for the period 2004–2020. The author determined the mechanism of coining new lexemes based on the surnames of the prominent Ukrainian politicians close to President. The article clarifies the onomasiological basis of new lexical units of proprietary and non-proprietary origins of previously coined and newly coined or renamed political forces. An important way to expand the lexicon is to change the meaning of words. This is due to the fact that the lexical unit enters the innovative linguistic sphere determined by extra-lingual factors, when it acquires a new meaning or becomes a creative resource for other lexemes. The nouns vodomor (water starving) and Velur (the name of the restaurant notorious for breaking quarantine restrictions) have been carefully analysed, the constitutive possibilities of the latter, which relate to its lexical-semantic, syntagmatic nature, have been clarified. Exceptional attention is paid to the precedent expression “what is the difference” in the focus of its semantization (acquisition of ambiguity), grammaticalization (existence in the role of noun-adjective phrase or its functional equivalent – a complex occasional word), phraseological, semantic, syntax, axiology (attributive, object, subjective functions), word-forming possibilities (becoming on its basis a way of composing and suffixing nouns “kakaiaraznik” (What-is-the-differenter), “kakayaraznitstvo” (What-is-the-differentment)). The subject of the study was also the innovative structures that were formed on the model of lexical phrases with social meaning which are on the stage of forming.

The article discusses the semantic and stylistic status of the English language words and word combinations nominating a representative of the Negroid race. The authors also searched for functional analogs of these designations in the modern Russian language. The research is based on the English-language and Russian-language explanatory dictionaries. The decision to study this semantic group is due to its direct relation to the first politically correct euphemisms. The relevance of the work is associated with researchers' increased interest in politically correct vocabulary and insufficient attention to the specifics of its use in scientific discourse. The authors attempt to provide a preliminary classification of lexical units with regard to the scientific discourse, considering their presence or absence in the selected explanatory dictionaries, as well as stylistic notes and comments. It is recommended to assign each studied designation to one of three categories in view of its supposed compatibility with the scientific discourse: 1) lexical units that can be used as common words and word combinations; 2) lexical units which need to be clarified or justified within the given work; 3) lexical units not recommended for such texts. Further research assumes a more detailed justification and possible refinement of the presented classification within a separate scientific paper.

This paper demonstrates that the mind map is a uniquely well-suited correlation of lexical units. The various functions of lexical items are correlated by cognitive analogies between various domains of thoughts, namely: the spatial and temporal correlates of mental states during communicative interaction. The aim of this paper is to analyze the cognitive capabilities of translators to perceive the lexical correlations between lexical units in both English and Arabic. The first point of contact between lexical units and the mind is related to the domains in which correlations can be used by the translators. The main hypothesis put forward is that the use of lexical concatenation in the epistemic domain involves the lexical relationships between premises of concepts and mental capabilities. This comes from the specific meaning of some connectives that require the manipulation of conceptual structures. The paper concluded that translators may vary with respect to the degree of the mental capacity to create lexical correlations between units of both English and Arabic. This is due to the different cognitive capacities of translators to create correlations of using lexical items during the translation process

The results of scientific work for updating of the polythematic Information and Search Thesaurus on Agriculture and Foods (IST) developed in the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Central Scientific Agricultural Library» (FSNSI CSAL) are presented. The work is carried out to accurately represent the content of documents in the process of indexing, providing the unified data presentation, adequately describing subject domains and increasing the searching possibilities of the thesaurus. The
 main functions of the IST, which is a complex terminological
 system with different kinds of semantic relationships between its elements (lexical units (LU)), are considered. The role of the IST as a branch reference of scientific vocabulary is particularly noted. During the investigation the IST content has been essentially enriched with new lexis in the following subject domains: plant protection, zoology, microbiology, botany, forest husbandry, agronomy The result of the research work on updating is a new version of the IST containing 62682 LU. More than 27 600 LU are scientific (Latin) names of organisms (of which 1 782 are new). In total, nearly 2 700 LU have been corrected (added, changed,
 deleted). More than 2 800 links between terms (hierarchic,
 synonymic and associative) have been added. The updated
 version of the thesaurus, which includes new terminology,
 enables adequate description of the subject areas, accurate
 disclosure of the content of a document during its scientific
 processing. It is an effective tool for indexing and thematic
 search. The creation and development of IST of the FSNSI CSAL is in line with the current level of thesaurus development. The scope of the IST, the development of its vocabulary items and the semantic relationships of the terms represented in it make it possible to describe the subject areas related to agriculture, the food industry and related disciplines quite comprehensively.

Introduction. The article presents the results of a study of slang neologisms that appeared in the Ukrainian communicative field of social networks Facebook, YouTube, and Telegram during the full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war. Purpose. The purpose of the proposed article is to analyze word-formation models of slang neologisms. Methods. The research methods constituted a complete system, which combined in sequential application the interpretative and analytical method (at the stage of processing scientific sources in the direction of the selected linguistic problem), contextual analysis (at the stage of delineating the semantic volume of new lexical units in the colloquial and everyday speech of Ukrainians), word-formation analysis (at the stage of determining the derivational models of the investigated lexemes), statistical method (at the stage of structuring the analyzed lexical group in a quantitative dimension), descriptive method (at the stage of systematization of the obtained research results), theoretical generalization method (at the stage of formulating conclusions and research perspectives). Results. The proposed study analyzed lexical innovations within the scope of lexical- semantic, morpheme, lexical-syntactic and abbreviation derivation. Attention is paid to such a type of lexical-syntactic word formation as holophrase, which became active in Ukrainian colloquial speech during the period under study. Their semantics was clarified in all cases of discovered new lexical units. Originality. The empirical material covered by the study most fully represents slang neologisms that were recorded in the Ukrainian segment of Facebook, YouTube, Telegram from 2022 to 2023. Conclusion. In the space of web resources, new phenomena of the Ukrainian language of the future are being formed today. The lack of censorship and linguistic correction contribute to the emergence of lexical neologisms, which objectify not only the conceptual essence of the national worldview, but also its emotional plane. The activation of word-forming resources affirms the vital energy of the Ukrainian language, its inner strength and invincible desire for development.

article discusses the linguistic forms of representation of the concept of light in a work of religious content XII-XIII centuries. The Lives of Theodosius of the Caves. Under the influence of the Christian worldview, the concept of light is enriched and saturated with new meanings, the idea of the positive properties of which has developed in mythological consciousness. method of conceptual analysis of lexical units used in the research process allows us to draw conclusions about the linguistic picture of the world of the medieval man, his spiritual and moral values, and the methods of component and contextual analysis allow us to characterize the semantic content of the lexemes of the studied field. juxtaposition of light and darkness is a significant conceptual opposition with an axiological orientation. For the consciousness of a medieval man, light is understood as a phenomenon of the physical plane associated with the divine plan. Representatives of the lexical and semantic group 'light' are examined in contexts and not only the frequency of their use is shown, but also a place in the religious picture of the world, since it is the concept of 'light' that occupies one of the key places in it, entering the field of the concept of 'holiness' '. Light is one of the most significant attributes of God, and its distribution to a person testifies to the chosenness and holiness. use of a large number of lexemes with light meaning in characterizing Theodosius reflects the religious picture of the world of the Middle Ages. Along with the lexeme light, the monument analyzes both the derivatives of the given basis of the form with various word-formation meanings: personal, abstract, tool, and other LSG 'light' lexical units. adjective light, which has a wide range of meanings and is used to characterize the most significant church events, plays a special role in the text of the The Lives. Functionally, the lexemes of this group perform not only a nominative, but also an expressive function, have a pronounced appreciation, and are part of stable formulas that perform text-forming functions in works of church subjects. results of the study can be applied in the practice of linguistic and ethnolinguistic analysis of the basic concepts of Russian culture, they refine the data on the evolution of a person’s views on the idea of light in Russian culture, thereby are important for the development of ethnolinguistics, linguoculturology, cognitive science.