UML-based tool support for separating application and architectural evolution

Acting on a software system developed by someone else may be difficult. Performing any kind of maintenance task requires knowledge about many parts of the system. Therefore, program comprehension plays a lead role in software maintenance, above all when new resources are added to a project. At the same time, acquiring full knowledge about big codebases can be utopian, because it requires a big effort if no sufficient documentation is provided. In this paper I present Tiresias, an approach able to suggest a subset of important software artifacts which are good entry points for newcomers. The suggested artifacts can be used in order to acquire knowledge about the system in an initial stage. Tiresias uses a knowledge graph to model the references among source code artifacts and to find (i) the artifacts that lead to acquire the widest knowledge about the system and (ii) the most important artifacts that are worth keeping in mind. The approach is validated through a case study conducted on a software system and three professional software developers.

With increasing demands and changing environment on software systems, a major challenge for those systems is to evolve themselves to adapt to these variations, especially during their running, where dynamic evolution of software architectures has been a key issue of software dynamic evolution research. Most current research in this direction focuses on describing dynamic evolution process of software architectures, and lack consistency analysis of dynamic evolution of software architectures. In this paper, we propose to represent software architectures with constraint hypergraphs, model dynamic evolution of software architectures with constraint hypergraph grammars, and discuss the consistency condition and corresponding consistency decision method of dynamic evolution of software architectures. Our approach provides a formal theoretical basis and a user-friendly graphical representation for consistency analysis of dynamic evolution of software architectures.

After a period of relative calm in the construction and design of thin-walled large-span shells and network multilayer shell structures, which, according to the world's leading architects, began in the 1980 s, the time has come for the expanded use of spatial structures in the architecture of public and industrial buildings. Less commonly, shells are used in small-sized housing construction: ecological villages, noospheric and bionic architecture. The entire 20th century did not stop research on the development of analytical and numerical methods for analyzing shells for strength and stability, for the creation of new building materials. Geometers have created and studied more than 600 analytical surfaces that can be mistaken for the mid-surfaces of civil and mechanical engineering shells. As a result, by the beginning of the 21st century, architects and engineers had all the necessary tools to continue the traditions of the "golden age of shells". The analysis of problems with the use of new forms in parametric architecture, carried out in the article, showed that more than ten classes of surfaces from their classification have not yet found application in architecture and mechanical engineering. It is assumed that the number of applied classes of surfaces will not expand, and new ideas for the shaping of shells will be based on the use of already well-known surfaces, namely, surfaces of revolution, transfer, umbrella, minimal, ruled and wavy surfaces. Mainly, shell structures will be designed taking into account environmental, energy-saving requirements and transforming structures.

The topic of historical units of measurement, as well as geometric and proportional relationships in architecture, has not yet been systematically addressed in historiography or in cultural heritage restoration, neither in Slovakia nor in the wider European context. Although historical units and proportional principles played a fundamental role in architectural design, they are still not consistently integrated into the current methodology of research and restoration of historical buildings. This paper argues that deeper knowledge of these topics has the potential to contribute to a comprehensive understanding of authorial creative practices, architectural form and design principles of historical buildings. The paper presents a brief historical overview of historical units of length, their application in architecture and reflections on their use in architectural practice. This is complemented by an exploration of their current relevance for research in the field of architectural history and heritage conservation. Special attention is devoted to selected case studies from Slovakia – a territory shaped by European influences – illustrating the importance of historical principles of scale and proportion in architectural design. The first case study analyses a Neoclassicist manor house in Blatnica, in which proportional schemes based on classical principles were identified. The second case study focuses on selected works by Michal Milan Harminc (1869–1964), an exceptional architect from the Central European region, whose works oscillate between historicism, modernism and functionalism across the former Austro-Hungarian Empire and its successor states: Serbia, Hungary, Ukraine, and Slovakia. His relationship to historical architecture, its proportions and scale is evident in his designs and renovations of buildings of various typologies, including religious architecture and cultural buildings with national content. His knowledge of historical measurement systems is applied to the reconstruction of the Church of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary in the village of Rabča in the Orava region. The functionalist reconstruction of the church from the 1930s was based on the original architecture of the Baroque church. It took place after the Metre Convention, which introduced the metre as the only official unit of measurement. Although Harminc no longer used historical units when designing the reconstruction, he incorporated the geometric and proportional principles of Baroque aesthetics into his design. The final case study analyses three of Harminc's buildings for the Slovak National Museum, which reflect classical design principles. These buildings exhibit an evolution – from the subsiding neoclassical language in Martin, through the distinctive formation of official monumentality in Bratislava, to the definitive adoption of rational functionalist forms once again in Martin. The paper underscores the need for further research into historical units and proportions as a prerequisite for the future development of more sophisticated methodological approaches in the study and restoration of historical buildings. It also highlights the importance of this knowledge for preserving architectural authenticity and deepening our understanding of its historical context in the regional setting. Finally, it offers new insights into the background of the work of architect and builder M. M. Harminc, an important personality for the wider European territory.

Software architecture (SA) is the blueprint of the software system and considered as one of the most important artifacts in component based development. The design and analysis of SA can be very complex. Under the inspiration of Model-Driven Development, the design of SA has been no more constrained in one stage. It is a trend to construct multiple SA models in multiple stages during the software life cycle. Thus, the traceability between these SA models becomes a new challenge. The information between these SA models in deferent stages is usually not recorded well and easy to be lost lately, which makes the maintenance and evolution difficult and error-prone. In this paper, we present an approach to recording the information between SA models via a traceability model for reducing the loss of design decisions and helping developers understand the software system well.

The emergence of irregularities within the Catholic Church began to surface primarily after the Second Vatican Council, coinciding with the rapid development of churches that deviated from the liturgical provisions set forth by the Catholic Church. This trend has led to a diminishing sense of sacredness within these places of worship. It is crucial to recognize the interplay between form, function, and meaning in the evolution of the Catholic Church architecture. This study delves into the architectural form, function, and meaning of cathedral churches, with a specific focus on the Ijen Cathedral Church in Malang, Indonesia. The church underwent renovations in 2002 for maintenance, resulting in several alterations. The methodology employed in this research includes research preparation, implementation, data analysis, and the documentation of research findings. The findings indicate that within the Ijen Cathedral Church, the interplay between form, function, and meaning illustrates that these elements complement each other to form a harmonious unity. The sacredness of this church can be felt through the attention to the three aspects. Therefore, it can be concluded the Ijen Cathedral Church exemplifies the interconnected relationship between form, function, and meaning in Catholic architecture. It plays a crucial role in creating sacred and meaningful spaces for its congregation. Keywords : architecture, form, function, meaning, Ijen Cathedral Church. https://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.51.5.16

In order to solve the problem of the complexity of software system and the efficiency of large-scale collaboration, software architecture design methods have gradually developed. In the process of software architecture evolution, users and concurrency are increasing day by day, and software technology is constantly evolving and improving accordingly. Although there are many researches and technical discussions on software architecture methodology, there are few papers that fully discuss the development of technology in terms of the evolution of the architecture. This paper takes the evolution of software architecture as the research object, discusses problems, solutions and related technologies involved in the evolution of software architecture, and comprehensively explains how the system gradually evolves from a single architecture to a complex high-concurrency architecture. KeywordsArchitecture designArchitecture evolutionHigh concurrency

Convolutional neural network (CNN) is a core component of deep learning, especially in image classification. In terms of results, it can completely transform the face of computer vision. Over time, the architecture of CNN has evolved from a basic shallow design to an increasingly deep and complex one. Against this backdrop, the integration of the Transformer architecture has pushed visual information processing into a more theoretically and mathematically rigorous framework. This article mainly reviews the latest progress of CNN in image classification from multiple aspects: Firstly, the evolution of cnn from basic models such as LeNet and AlexNet to complex networks including VGG and ResNet, while introducing supplementary components such as the attention mechanism; Secondly, the wider application of various CNN-based models was explored; Finally, it is worth noting that the Vision Transformer (ViT) proposed by Dosovitskiy et al. (2020, ICLR) achieved a Top-1 accuracy of $88.5 \%$ on ImageNet after large-scale pre-training. It has demonstrated the great potential of Transformer-based methods in visual tasks.

Currently, the interest in Ambient Intelligence (or AmI) has increased exponentially due to the widespread use of portable devices. Users demand more and more functionality from these devices, especially in order to perform collaborative tasks and interchange information. As a result, this technology proposes new challenges that must be addressed by both the hardware manufacturers and Software Engineers. The first challenge is to provide a middleware platform providing specific AmI services like communication or device discovery and able to cope with several challenges posed by AmI applications. One of these challenges is to manage heterogeneity of devices that are present in AmI environments in a transparent way, and in particular to manage the evolution of such devices without breaking the code of already developed applications. Moreover, an AmI middleware platform has to support the evolution of the software architecture of AmI applications over time, making it possible to add new functionalities, to adapt applications to any technological changes, and to produce a product line of AmI platforms to be executed in different devices. A final challenge is that the middleware platform has to support the adaptation of AmI applications to unexpected and dynamic changes in AmI environments. Aspect Oriented Programming (AOP) provides good and advanced solutions to the evolution management problem at different levels, so our work focuses on applying AOP to develop an AmI platform. In this paper, we will discuss these problems, propose solutions and present how these problems are handled in our AmI aspect-oriented platform named AOPAmI. This paper describes the internal platform structure and how it provides support to AmI devices. We will focus on the dynamic nature of AmI applications and on how to solve the above mentioned problems.

The article discusses the first objects of dynamic architecture: from mobile, collapsible elementary mobile housing units of nomadic peoples to the first simplest mechanisms of sliding bridges of medieval castles, which served as an impetus for the emergence of a new style of architecture of the future - dynamic architecture. The origins of dynamic architecture originated at the time of the birth of the first civilizations. With the passage of time and the development of technology, the objects of dynamic architecture have undergone a functional purpose, appearance and element of dynamics. The possibilities of practical application of dynamic architecture have increased in the modern world, thanks to scientific and technological progress and dynamic lifestyle, which has led to changes in all spheres of human activity, including architecture.

The increasing interest in collaborative robotics applications is mainly due to the flexibility of these robots and to the possibility of saving space on the production shopfloor. On the other hand, physical collaboration is way far from being a commonly adopted practice, and most of the applications only entails a reduced level of interaction. This work addresses the problem of synchronising human and robot activities and proposes a formal control architecture to govern the execution of collaborative application requiring some degree of coordination between the human and the robot. The control architecture is then validated in a realistic collaborative assembly demonstration.

The monograph presents the results of research into the architectural solutions and characteristics of these facilities, in the context of medical developments and technology. The intensive development of medicine and, as a result, the emergence of medical specialties and the first specialist hospitals provide the research background. The 21st century, characterised by rapid technological development, affects all aspects of our lives, including medicine and hospitals. Diseases within civilisation are a growing problem in modern society. These factors and the change in attitude towards patients over recent decades are leading to changes in hospitals. Increasingly innovative solutions and the flexibility of new buildings that can evolve and adapt to future changes are also required. Analysing the history of medicine, it is important to note that the origins of most medical specialties and specialised hospitals as we know them today date back to the 19th and 20th centuries. They are relatively young, with the intensive development of many of them occurring in the 2nd half of the 20th century. For this reason, there are few publications on the architectural aspects of specialist hospitals. A total of 80 sites from 18 European countries were surveyed. They represented 10 different medical specialties. The architectural, urban planning, environmental and design solutions used in the hospitals were examined in the hospitals concerned. The aim of the research was to determine how modernity is expressed in the design of contemporary specialist hospitals, to present European trends in their design, and to demonstrate the relationship of their form and function to a particular specialty. The monograph shows that the development of medical specialties and the spread of certain diseases of civilization have led to the need to build specialized hospitals with a new architectural form. Based on the research, a typology of modern specialised hospitals was created. Differences in the design of hospitals depending on the specialty carried out were also shown, as well as common features of the facilities surveyed regardless of the profile of services provided regardless of the profile of services provided. It was also noted that Evidence-Based Design plays a major role in contemporary hospital design. The work showed that the evolution of hospital architecture is an emanation of the development of medicine sensu stricto.

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Oxygen Separation and Collection Background for Selection of Materials for Oxygen Separation and Collection Membrane Materials Concepts Membrane Architecture Concepts Summary of Oxygen Separation Materials and Architecture Syngas Production and Combustion Applications Background for Selection of Materials for Syngas Production and Combustion Applications Membrane Materials Concepts Membrane Architecture Concepts Summary of Syngas and Combustion Applications Materials and Architecture

A software product line (SPL) usually involves a shared set of core assets and a series of application products. To ensure consistency, the evolution of the core assets and all the application products should be coordinated and synchronized under a unified evolution process. Therefore, SPL evolution often involves cross-product propagation and synchronization besides application derivation based on core assets, presenting quite different characteristic from the evolution of individual software products. As software architectures, including the product line architecture (PLA) and application architectures, play a central role in SPL engineering and evolution, architecture-based evolution analysis is a natural way for analyzing and managing SPL evolution. In this paper, we explore common practices of architecture evolution and the rationale behind in industrial SPL development. To this end, we conduct a case study with Wingsoft examination system product line (WES-PL), an industrial product line with an evolution history of eight years and more than 10 application products. In the case study, we reviewed the evolution history of WES-PL architecture and analyzed several typical evolution cases. Based on the historical analysis, we identify some special problems in industrial SPL practice from the aspect of architecture evolution and summarize some useful experiences about SPL evolution decisions to complement classical SPL methodology. On the other hand, we also propose some possible improvements for the evolution management in WES-PL.

The software industry increasingly needs to consider architecture evolution in the context of industrial ecosystem platforms. These environments feature a large number third-party offerings with a high variety and complexity of design and technology options. The software architects working on platform migration and in-platform evolution scenarios in such environments require support to find and utilize optimal offerings, ensure design compatibility with various technical and non-technical constraints, and optimize architectures. Based on a multi-case study of three industrial cases, we have derived an architecture knowledge model that provides a basis for supporting software architects in platform migration and in-platform evolution scenarios.