Understanding Everyday Events: Predictive-Looking Errors Drive Memory Updating

We have developed a time-based visualization system and tested it in accordance with a well-developed theory of situation awareness during a simulation of an actual emergency. The client-server system is fed by a collaborative server, and uses linguistic parsing, suffix tree clustering, and multidimensional scaling to develop a changing picture of textual data related to an unfolding event. We provide a detailed account of situation awareness theory and use it to explain the effect of the visualization on perceptions of facts, comprehension of the situation, and projection of near term status. We developed a simulation of a tragic shooting at the University of Arizona, performing requirements elicitation of officials involved in the actual event, and preparing a repeatable scenario based on, but differing from, the event. We ran the simulation with about 200 management students, half of whom used the visualization system and half of whom used a competing text-based system, and found that the visualization system aided comprehension and projection, but had no effect on perception of facts.

Recent natural disasters and events of terrorism and war have heightened society's recognition of the need for emergency preparedness. In addition to the unique pediatric issues involved in general emergency preparedness, several additional issues related to terrorism preparedness must be considered, including the unique vulnerabilities of children to various agents as well as the limited availability of age- and weight-appropriate antidotes and treatments. Although children may respond more rapidly to therapeutic intervention, they are at the same time more susceptible to various agents and conditions and more likely to deteriorate if not monitored carefully. The challenge of dealing with the threat of terrorism, natural disasters, and public health emergencies in the United States is daunting not only for disaster planners but also for our medical system and health professionals of all types, including pediatricians. As part of the network of health responders, pediatricians need to be able to answer concerns of patients and families, recognize signs of possible exposure to a weapon of terror, understand first-line response to such attacks, and sufficiently participate in disaster planning to ensure that the unique needs of children are addressed satisfactorily in the overall process. Pediatricians play a central role in disaster and terrorism preparedness with families, children, and their communities. This applies not only to the general pediatrician but also to the pediatric medical subspecialist and pediatric surgical specialist. Families view pediatricians as their expert resource, and most of them expect the pediatrician to be knowledgeable in areas of concern. Providing expert guidance entails educating families in anticipation of events and responding to questions during and after actual events. It is essential that pediatricians educate themselves regarding these issues of emergency preparedness. For pediatricians, some information is currently available on virtually all of these issues in recently produced printed materials, at special conferences, in broadcasts of various types, and on the Internet. However, selecting appropriate, accurate sources of information and determining how much information is sufficient remain difficult challenges. Similarly, guidance is needed with respect to developing relevant curricula for medical students and postdoctoral clinical trainees.

Recent public health initiatives have promoted accumulating 10,000 steps per day. Little previous research has evaluated its effects in young adults. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of taking 10,000 steps per day on fitness and cardiovascular risk factors in sedentary university students. Healthy, sedentary students (mean age 21.16 ± SD 6.17) were randomly allocated to take 10,000 steps per day or to a control group who maintained their habitual activity. Members of the 10,000 step group wore a pedometer and reported daily step count in a diary. Outcome measurements (20-meter multistage shuttle run, BMI, and blood pressure) were measured before and after 6 weeks. There were no significant differences between the groups at baseline. After 6 weeks, the 10,000 steps group were taking significantly more steps (8824.1 ± SD 5379.3 vs. 12635.9 ± SD 6851.3; P = .03).No changes were observed in fitness, or BMI (P > .05). Significant reductions in blood pressure (P = .04) in the 10,000 step group. A daily target of 10,000 steps may be an appropriate intervention in sedentary university students to increase their physical activity levels. The positive health benefits of simple everyday physical activity should be promoted among health professionals.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common form of neurodegeneration that entails a progressive breakdown of cognitive functions. Cognitive impairments commonly begin with noticeable difficulties in remembering recent events (Gold & Budson, 2008; Ally, Gold & Budson, 2009), as well as spatial disorientation (Duffy, Cushman & Kavcic, 2004) and semantic memory impairments (Milberg, McGlinchey-Berroth, Duncan & Higgins, 1999). As the disease progresses, AD also entails impairments to visual cognition, which encompasses processes that help us to understand what we see (Cronin-Golomb, 1995). The purpose of this chapter is to review recent progress towards understanding aspects of visual cognition in AD, including visual memory and visual attention, and then explore how this research can be applied to assist in the daily living of AD patients. Humans normally rely tremendously on vision for interacting with the world. Therefore, there is a profound impact on everyday activities when visual impairments develop. For example, Perry and Hodges (2000) showed that measures of visuospatial functions, semantic memory, and attention correlated significantly with measures of daily living in patients with AD, but measures of episodic and verbal short-term memory did not. Further, impairments to visual attention and memory in patients with mild-to-moderate AD lead to poor performance in complex situations like driving (Rizzo, Sparks, McEvoy, Viamonte, Kellison & Vecera, 2009) and measures of financial responsibility (Sherod, Griffith, Copeland, Belue, Krzywanski et al., 2009). Finally, certain visual abilities, like assembling an image from its parts, deteriorate as AD progresses, providing a reliable means of tracking the progress of AD in a given patient (Paxton, Peavy, Jenkins, Rice, Heindel & Salmon, 2007). Changes in everyday visual abilities can be observed very early in the disease, even in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which is thought to be a precursor to AD (Farias, Mungas, Reed, Harvey et al., 2006). Together, these studies suggest that measurable visual impairments in AD are strongly related to deterioration in everyday activities. Since the decline of visual abilities can have a very profound effect on daily living, a better understanding of AD-related changes to visual cognition, and the development of subsequent interventional strategies, promise to lead to improvements in patients’ quality of life. This chapter will place an emphasis on visual short-term memory (VSTM) in patients with AD, which has only recently been investigated. We will first describe the basic process of VSTM and then review the changes known to occur in AD. Then, we will review the interaction between visual attention and VSTM in AD patients and indicate how these two

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate perceived stressors and coping behaviours in student nurses on a pre-registration programme of study. Stress in student nurses has been identified with decreased emotional well-being and poor academic achievement. The significance of stress and coping behaviours in students during training has implications for education and practice.Design/methodology/approachThe present study recruited 87 pre-registration student nurses in a cross-sectional design. Bivariate and multivariate analyses assessed the differences in field and year of study and the students’ perceived stress and coping behaviours.FindingsThe findings showed that stress is a significant issue in nurse training. Fifty-three per cent of the participants had levels higher than the mean. Interestingly, the present study found that high-perceived stress was associated with avoidance behaviours. The most common type of perceived stress and ranked by highest factor were from written assignments and a lack of professional skills and knowledge. Their peer group and everyday life activities were shown as potential ways of coping with stressors. Thus, it seems reasonable to focus support on decreasing avoidant and enhancing stress-reducing behaviours.Practical implicationsPsychological stress and coping behaviours must be considered together, as perceived stress is bound by the ability to ameliorate stress by managing helpful and unhelpful behaviours.Originality/valueThe findings may suggest that a potential benefit could come from the provision of helpful strategies such as peer group support and reduction of avoidant behaviours. Also, there seems to be a need for greater mental health literacy in dealing with stress during training.

This research examines perception and motivation on public accountant influenced the interest of S1 Accounting students toward the profession in Indonesia due to Act No. 5 Year 2011 about Public Accountant. Population in this research are S1 Accounting students who are taking Auditing II subject in University of Indonesia (245 students) as representative of state university and Trisakti University (426 students) as representative of private university in Indonesia. Total sample students per university determined by using Slovin Formula with 5% significant (error) level. Qualitatif data type that used in this research is primary data which is collected using survey method by distributing the quesioner. Independent variables (perception and motivation) also dependent variabel (interest) which are interval scale are measured using Likert scale. The validity test with product moment correlation formula and the realibility test with Spearman Brown formula are used for examining data quality. The classic assumption tests which are consist of normality test, multicolinearity test, autocorrelation test and heteroscedastisity test are used for testing all hypothesis. Hypothesis also tested by using regression with double regression analysis equation. Results show that perception and motivation on public accountant, simultaneously and partially, influenced the interest of S1Accounting students in University of Indonesia and Trisakti University toward public accountant.Keywords: Perception, Motivation, Interest, Public Accountant, Act No. 5 Year 2011 about Public Accountant

3 - Working in safety

Seroepidemiology of human toxocariasis in selected population groups in Slovakia: A cross-sectional study

The authors collected the cases of job-hunting by female university students and analyzed their thinking process. The findings obtained is that reviewing the job-hunting log is sometimes effective in prompting self-discovery. Many previous studies have already shown that inspiration via interaction plays an important role in creative thinking process such as learning and problem solving. The cases presented in this study suggest that creative thinking process is observed also in job-hunting as an everyday activity. Therefore, the framework of creativity support studies can be applied to the support for job-hunters’ thinking process as well.

In 25 male and 31 female university student and staff volunteers, the interrelationships between the following measures were studied: hypnotic susceptibility (Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Forms A and C), imagery vividness (Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire; VVIQ), involvement in everyday activities (Tellegen Absorption Scale; TAS), and daydreaming styles (28 scales of Singer & Antrobus's Imaginal Processes Inventory). Factor analysis produced a factor characterized as a positively vivid and absorptive imagination style. Hypnotic susceptibility, VVIQ, TAS, and positive-affect daydreaming styles all loaded on this factor. Two other factors were a dysphoric daydreaming style and a lack-of-attentional-control style. Stepwise multiple regressions suggested that males and females, at least within this sample, exhibit different relationships between hypnotic susceptibility and predictor variables. Similar differences were found for the VVIQ and the TAS and their daydreaming-scale predictor variables.

<p>Recent events in Thailand in reference to the teaching of phonics for better comprehension of English vocabulary have highlighted the overuse of identifying letter-sound relationships in English by utilizing the familiar Thai orthography to assist developing Thai EFL learners. This paper investigated the long-term effects of using such pedagogy on recognizing regular and irregular Grapheme-Phoneme Correspondences (GPC) in English by Thai undergraduate students. To address this matter, the study used a convenience sampling of 373 first-year university students from 11 general education English classes at a mid-sized private university near Bangkok, Thailand. The familiar English poem <em>I Take It You Already Know</em> was employed for data collection, for it consists of a practical ratio of frequent and infrequent English grapheme-phoneme correspondences. Extensive lists of recognized grapheme-phoneme correspondences were used to identify the frequent or regular, and the infrequent or irregular main phoneme present in each of the 60 most frequently queried content words of the poem. Point-Biserial Correlation was employed to measure the strength of association between the frequency occurrence of the most queried content words from the data set, and the examined weighted word frequency data. The findings suggest that, in general, the Thai undergraduate students demonstrated an overall lack of recognition of regular and irregular Grapheme-Phoneme Correspondences of English. </p>

Abstract. Recent dramatic events have allowed significant progress to be achieved in coastal flood modelling over recent years. Classical approaches generally estimate wave overtopping by means of empirical formulas or 1-D simulations, and the flood is simulated on a DTM (digital terrain model), using soil roughness to characterize land use. The limits of these methods are typically linked to the accuracy of overtopping estimation (spatial and temporal distribution) and to the reliability of the results in urban areas, which are places where the assets are the most crucial. This paper intends to propose and apply a methodology to simulate simultaneously wave overtopping and the resulting flood in an urban area at a very high resolution. This type of 2-D simulation presents the advantage of allowing both the chronology of the storm and the particular effect of urban areas on the flows to be integrated. This methodology is based on a downscaling approach, from regional to local scales, using hydrodynamic simulations to characterize the sea level and the wave spectra. A time series is then generated including the evolutions of these two parameters, and imposed upon a time-dependent phase-resolving model to simulate the overtopping over the dike. The flood is dynamically simulated directly by this model: if the model uses adapted schemes (well balanced, shock capturing), the calculation can be led on a DEM (digital elevation model) that includes buildings and walls, thereby achieving a realistic representation of the urban areas. This methodology has been applied to an actual event, the Johanna storm (10 March 2008) in Gâvres (South Brittany, in western France). The use of the SURF-WB model, a very stable time-dependent phase-resolving model using non-linear shallow water equations and well-balanced shock-capturing schemes, allowed simulating both the dynamics of the overtopping and the flooding in the urban area, taking into account buildings and streets thanks to a very high resolution (1 m). The results obtained proved to be very coherent with the available reports in terms of overtopping sectors, flooded area, water depths and chronology. This method makes it possible to estimate very precisely not only the overtopping flows, but also the main characteristics of flooding in a complex topography like an urban area, and indeed the hazard at a very high resolution (water depths and vertically integrated current speeds). The comparison with a similar flooding simulation using a more classical approach (a digital terrain model with no buildings, and a representation of the urban area by an increased soil roughness) has allowed the advantages of an explicit representation of the buildings and the streets to be identified: if, in the studied case, the impact of the urbanization representation on water levels does indeed remain negligible, the flood dynamics and the current speeds can be considerably underestimated when no explicit representation of the buildings is provided, especially along the main streets. Moreover, on the seaside, recourse to a time-dependent phase-resolving model using non-stationary conditions allows a better representation of the flows caused by overtopping. Finally, this type of simulation is shown to be of value for hazard studies, thanks to the high level of accuracy of the results in urban areas where assets are concentrated. This methodology, although it is currently still quite difficult to implement and costly in terms of calculation time, can expect to be increasingly resorted to in years to come, thanks to the recent developments in wave models and to the increasing availability of LiDAR data.

CO2 geological storage will be one of the cost-effective options for global warming mitigation, and this technology is under development widely in the world. However, the technology may face the challenge of public acceptance before its implementation. In order to evaluate the public acceptance, questionnaire surveys were conducted among Japanese university students. A cognitive map of geological storage, together with other major global warming mitigation options, everyday life activities, etc., was constructed by means of a statistical analysis of the responses to the questionnaire. The risk-benefit cognitive map consists of the following factors: “risk perception,” “benefit perception,” and “public acceptance.” The risk perception is further disaggregated into “dread risk” and “unknown risk.” Additionally, a second survey was conducted after providing the students with additional information on global warming and CO2 geological storage, and the effects of the information on their perceptions were evaluated. The effects of risk and benefit perceptions on public acceptance were evaluated and discussed based on the cognitive maps representing the perceptions before and after providing the information. The analyses revealed that the benefit perception was more influential than the risk perception on the public acceptance of CO2 geological storage. The benefit perception increased greatly after providing the information; however, the unknown risk remained considerably large. Further, RD&D relating unknown risk, for example, the monitoring technology for stored CO2 and the risk assessment of CO2 leakage, and the supply of related information to the public would be beneficial for increasing the public acceptance.

SummaryThe primary goal of the present research was to examine associations between sleep quality and the subjective experience of autobiographical events. In an online study, 141 university students reported on past events that varied by valence (positive or negative) and temporality (most significant or from the previous 2 weeks); they also completed measures of sleep quality and depression. Relative to participants with good sleep quality, participants with poor sleep quality thought more about their negative experiences, reported negative events that occurred more frequently, and used more negative emotion words when describing recent negative events. In some instances, depressive symptoms mediated the relation between sleep quality and elements of autobiographical reports. Future experimental work should examine the directionality of these effects, with the ultimate goal of improving sleep quality, mental health, and the manner in which individuals discuss and make meaning of their negative life events. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Behind this study are our (1) classroom observations suggesting a decline in the cartographic and general knowledge of Finnish geography students; (2) interest in developing the content and method of geographical education; and (3) belief that intellectual challenge is not incompatible with entertainment. A total of 257 university and high school geography students responded to a survey about US society and geography. The survey explored (1) the students’ interests and level of general geographic and cartographic knowledge; and (2) how the findings could contribute to the teaching of geography. What and how much the respondents knew varied substantially according to educational background, age, and gender. Women were weaker in their knowledge than men, and a strong link was found between television watching preferences and cartographic knowledge. Women’s poor performance suggests a problem with geography education in Finnish schools, as many future teachers of geography are female. The implications are that (1) geo-educators should seek fresh ways to engage themes that connect with their students’ preferred everyday activities and (2) cartographic knowledge needs special attention in female-dominated geography teacher education. We suggest that (1) there are several rather simple ways to begin this work and (2) the idea of ‘graphicacy’ should be revisited to support them.