Understanding Help as a Commons

The need for health literacy in the context of older adult healthcare has increased significantly with population aging. Employing innovative models of social service delivery will be necessary to effectively integrate academic, medical, and community resources to address diverse healthcare needs. The project of university social responsibility supported by Fooyin University is a comprehensive program that employs a time bank model and cultivates community. The Fooyin Time Bank leverages reciprocity to cultivate sustainable manpower to satisfy community needs. The five strategies of the Fooyin Time Bank include: 1) strengthen the awareness of the time bank in community volunteers, 2) cultivate seed members to initiate the time bank, 3) adapt the mutual help model to meet local individual needs, 4) promote the online platform system of the time banking infrastructure and diversities of resource exchange, and 5) emphasize the key role of community and supplementary role of university to enhance sustainability. The Fooyin Time Bank coordinates with government agencies, private companies, and academic institutions to bolster the sustainability of its networks. In addition, faculties and students participate in the community to create a social climate of mutual help, inter-generational aged care, and social welfare.

The aim of behavior analysis has always been to apply technologies rooted in basic behavioral principles to problems of societal importance (e.g., Skinner, 1948; 1953; 1987). One such problem is the Tragedy of the Commons - a phenomenon arising from systemic failures among a community, leading to the total collapse of a critical resource (Hardin, 1968). Elinor Ostrom's Eight Design Principles were developed to provide a framework for the self-management of common pool resources (CPRs; Ostrom, 1990/2015). When applied as an independently manipulated variable, Ostrom's design principles have shown strong effects in the management of CPRs within the context of a tabletop board game Catan® (Smith & Becker, 2023). This preparation included both rewards (i.e., positive reinforcement) and sanctions (i.e., positive punishment) as a feature of the independent variable. However, it has been well documented that punishing and coercive contingencies can lead to problematic outcomes for individuals and societies (e.g., Sidman, 2001; Skinner, 1976). This study evaluated the effects of utilizing only rewarding consequences in lieu of sanctions in an effort to produce the previously observed control over self-management of a CPR, utilizing the previously adapted rules of the Catan® board game.

PurposeThe European H2020 Families_Share project aims at offering a grass-root approach and a co-designed platform supporting families for sharing time and tasks related to childcare, parenting, after-school and leisure activities and other household tasks. To achieve this objective, the Families_Share project has been built on current practices which are already leveraging on mutual help and support among families, such as Time Banks, Social Streets and self-organizing networks of parents active at the neighbourhood level and seek to harness the potential of ICT networks and mobile technologies to increase the effectiveness of participatory innovation. The aim of this paper is to present and discuss the Families_Share methodology and platform, as well as the results obtained by several partecipating communities in different European countries.Design/methodology/approachThis paper discusses how the Families Share approach (CAPS project, Horizon 2020) is bringing the sharing economy to childcare. Families Share developed a co-caring approach and a co-designed digital welfare platform to support parents with sharing time and tasks related to childcare, after-school and leisure activities. Families Share conducted two iterative pilot experiments and related socio-economic evaluations in six European cities. More than 3,000 citizens were engaged in the co-design process through their local community organizations and more than 1,700 parents and children actively experimented with the approach by organizing collaborative childcare activities. The authors discuss the challenges and solutions of co-designing a socio-technical approach aimed at facilitating socially innovative childcare models, and how the Families Share approach, based on technology-supported co-production of childcare, may provide a new sustainable welfare model for municipalities and companies with respect to life––work balance.FindingsThe authors discuss the challenges and solutions of co-designing a technological tool aimed at facilitating socially innovative childcare models, and how the Families Share approach may provide a new sustainable welfare model for municipalities and companies with respect to work–life balance.Originality/valueAs a main difference with state-of-the-art proposals, Families_Share is aimed to provide support to networks of parents in the organization of self-managed activities, this way being orthogonal with respect either to social-network functionalities or to supply and demand services. Furthermore, Families_Share has been based on a participative approach for both the ICT platform and the overall structure.

IntroductionEnvironmental problems are often compared to tragedy of the (Hardin 1968). This perspective has been expanded in the 50 years since Hardin cited shared pastures as an example of the commons. He was alarmed that if access to pasture were unregulated, the pasture would be over-exploited through each individual's intention of maximizing his or her own gains by putting more livestock out to graze; consequently, the shared pasture would go into ruin. According to Hardin, any with a limited carrying capacity that is always open to all, in which those who pursue rational economic activities utilize them to maximize their own gains, inevitably becomes devastated. The individuals' freedom to pursue their own egocentric interests leads to the tragedy of the commons. To prevent this situation, Hardin argued, mutual coercion mutually agreed upon is required in order to constrain each individual's freedom. Thus, the establishment of private property rights or the intervention and expansion of centralized state power over the has been proposed as a way to prevent the tragedy of the (Hardin 1968, 1994, 1998; Ostrom 2003).This argument regarding tragedy of the has been cited widely beyond the boundary of natural science including in ecological anthropology, demography, law, politics, ethics, geography, psychology, sociology, and public administration; the frequency of citation has increased (Burger and Gochfeld 1998). On the one hand, studies supporting Hardin's argument have been carried out by presenting cases about overexploitation of resources, destruction of habitats, and extinction of species resulting from population growth. On the other hand, some studies have criticized this approach, sought cases of successful management of a commons, and tried to find social conditions and mechanisms for it. The work of Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons opened the possibility of sustainable management of common pool resources (CPRs) through local people's autonomous institutions, rather than through privatization or state control.Is Ostrom's understanding of the sufficient and proper? If the design principles Ostrom suggested are maintained, do CPRs remain as they are? What characteristics make CPRs able to be managed sustainably? Is it because of the nature of the resources or due to other causes? If Ostrom's approach is taken, can natural resources be kept healthy as CPRs? While this paper begins with those questions, it seeks to figure out what CPR management is and explores how discussion about CPRs contributes to the reduction of environmental problems and achievement of sustainable conditions. Section 2 describes the achievements of and limits to Ostrom's approach, while comparing Ostrom's understanding of CPRs with previous scholars. Section 3 re-defines the concept of CPRs based on sociological imagination. Section 4 applies the redefined concept of CPRs, with increased focus on social aspects, to real on-going problems with CPRs. Finally, section 5 summarizes and concludes this study.Elinor Ostroms Understanding of CPRsOstrom was awarded the Nobel Prize for her study of CPRs because CPRs are at the center of an essential dispute in economics concerning the role of the market. The concept of CPRs was developed from the concept of public goods, which was conceptualized by Paul A. Samuelson in order to criticize market fundamentalism and libertarianism. Therefore, studies on CPRs incorporated critiques of market fundamentalism and libertarianism from the beginning.1) Discussions related to CPRs before Ostrom's studyBoth natural resources, such as land, water, sunshine, and air, and man-made facilities, including reservoirs and waterways, that are utilized together by a great number of people were traditionally called commons These have been commodified and privatized through the development of capitalism. …

Information is considered as a prerequisite for development in today’s world. This belief has led to several measures to make information freely available to the citizens. Use of ICTs for development is a step in that direction, as they are expected to make communication more democratic and easy, leading to developmental outcomes. It is estimated that 60% of all ICT projects in Asia are located in India. Many players - national and state governments, private business organizations and civil society groups are engaged in their implementation. Despite huge investments, studies indicate that the developmental use of such projects is very low. ICTs for development projects have been studied using diverse tools and theories. Failure has been attributed to several factors including various types of barriers, faulty institutions, and technology related issues. This paper places analysis on ICTD projects within the context of CPR (Common Pool Resources) studies. In recent years, the definition of CPR has been expanded to include information as “new commons” and robust institutions are deemed essential for survival of all CPRs. In this paper, ICT based development projects have been interpreted as CPR institutions and CPR design principles have been used to explain the functioning of two ICTD projects. Both these studies were carried out in the state of Uttarakahnd, India and analysis is confined to use of agricultural information by the farming community.KeywordsInformation commonsDesign principlesICT projects

Various measures were undertaken to internalize the state-owned common pool resource (CPR) based public open space’s (POS) externalities which arisen from the perennial commons’ dilemmas, yet, to date, not a single adaptive governance strategy has been discovered. Thus, a review of trans-disciplinary analytic perspectives is required, which thereof, highlights the objective of the paper i.e., to propose Ostrom’s common-property-based self-organizing eight design principles by examining how can they be adaptably applied in governing the residential commons, POS (particularly landed property) in the Malaysian context. Two study areas: states of Sabah and Selangor, of different institutional POS governance, were a priori fleshed out. Succinctly, Ostrom’s principles are basic, insightful, well-defined, organized, and widely-applicable, which have enabled us to consent that there is certainly a void for both states to adapt her oeuvre as a dynamic panacea in POS governance. This paper infers that Ostrom’s principles are a means to improve the status quo of POS’ quality (as POS rejuvenation) which postulates stakeholders to reckon it as a new paradigm in the urban design and planning perspective

ABSTRACTThis study examines farmers’ perceptions of fairness regarding an agricultural water use policy change in Idaho: the 2015 settlement agreement, a compromise between ground- and surface water farmers in Idaho’s Eastern Snake Plain Aquifer (ESPA) that requires reductions in groundwater withdrawals of about 13% for all groundwater farmers. We characterize the agreement as an attempt to solve a common-pool resource social dilemma and draw on Elinor Ostrom’s seven ‘design principles’ as a conceptual framework. Using data from 43 interviews and 265 mail surveys, we find a split between farmers who grudgingly accept the agreement as necessary to keep the region’s agricultural productivity sustainable, and those who consider it unnecessary, unfair, or even illegal. A belief in the importance of protecting groundwater resources and support for local control was cited by farmers backing the agreement, whereas dissenting farmers believed outside interests had exerted too much influence throughout the negotiation process and generally mistrusted the state’s groundwater data. Given that residents of the American West are likely to continue having to address declining water availability in the future due to climate change, our findings can help policymakers design effective and equitable water policies in a way that advances rural environmental justice.

Communities across the world interact with common pool resources in distinct ways, including for economic as well as social and cultural purposes. The involvement of local communities in the conservation and management of these resources requires recognising and building upon their customary de facto governance arrangements. However, the absence of a comprehensive database around the customary governance arrangements hinders their recognition, also weakens these arrangements and the institutions around them. The absence of such a database weakens the trust of external stakeholders in these customary arrangements and in local communities’ abilities to act for sustainable management of resources. In an attempt to address this issue, this research was carried out for preparing such a database to record the customary governance arrangements around the common pool resources, namely the People’s Commons’ Register (PCR). This participatory action research was conducted at three locations in the central Indian states of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. This paper shares the methodology evolved as an outcome of the research. It also highlights some key insights into the complex relationships of different stakeholders around the common pool resources. The creation of a database such as PCR is an essential first step in creating awareness and collectivising local communities for the conservation and management of the common pool resources. PCR aims to become a people’s document by enabling them to access opportunities to secure their rights to use, protect, manage and establish claims on their resources.

Outcomes of participatory fisheries management: An example from co-management in Zambia's Mweru-Luapula fishery

This study investigates whether increased use of the Ostrom design principles could improve groundwater governance research. The principles relate to self-organizing governance systems of common-pool resources, which are more likely to be sustainable if all eight design principles—e.g. clear resource and user boundaries, collective-choice arrangements, monitoring, sanctions, conflict-resolution mechanisms—are present. Empirical studies have proven the relevance and effectiveness of the Ostrom design principles for a range of common-pool resources. However, the application of the design principles to groundwater has been limited. The South African institutional landscape was therefore chosen as a case study to investigate the relevance of the design principles. The case study involved (1) comparing the design principles with established global governance benchmarking criteria, (2) assessing how implementable the design principles would be in South Africa, and (3) comparing the aims of the design principles and the broad aims of groundwater governance in South Africa. It was found that the Ostrom design principles provide researchers with a common ‘language’ for learning about the specific issues of a particular setting, learning from experiments in that setting, and learning from the experience of others. The Ostrom design principles and associated adaptive management, social learning, use of the diagnostic approach, and more specific hydrogeological principles are not mutually exclusive and can be complimentary. The implementation of groundwater governance in South Africa has been poor and few Ostrom design principles have been adopted. More use of the Ostrom design principles could improve groundwater governance in South Africa and globally.

Under the assumption of rational people and limited common pool resources, individuals will extract as many common pool resources as possible in order to maximize their interests. Marine resources are typical common pool resources. As the number of marine catches increases year by year, the marine environment has been severely damaged. In order to protect marine biological resources and reduce the occurrence of excessive extraction, this paper employs the method of experimental economics to study the individual's extraction behavior of common pool resources by setting up a two-stage experiment in the selection of resources entering the common pool and the number of resources extracted. We also introduce two important factors, information and risk, in the experiment, and study the individual's common pool resource extraction behavior in the face of various risk changes. The experimental results show that the process of information disclosure and risk changes will affect the selection of individual resources and the number of resources extracted to a certain extent. The conclusion can provide policy enlightenment for public governance. For example, disclosing the information on the number of resource extractions can help individuals adjust the number of resource extractions, and formulating corresponding resource management policies according to weather changes can prevent individuals from misjudging risks and leading to irrational extraction behaviors.

This article compares Habraken's Open-Building framework to Ostrom's design principles. While both frameworks aim to create adaptable and self-governing environments, Ostrom focuses on long-lasting commons governance, while Habraken focuses on designing for change. Unlike Ostrom, Habraken focuses on excludability, implying that private spaces include private and club goods, and public spaces combine public goods and common-pool resources. For Habraken, space is public to people from lower levels who have the right to enter but is private to people from higher levels who can only enter as guests. Habraken also focuses on separating design tasks, such as putting utilities in public spaces accessible from apartment building corridors, to reduce maintenance and repair costs. Utility access from public areas also reduces the need for temporary management and access rights from neighbouring territories, changing many repair and maintenance decisions from collective to private choices. Separating the infill level from the base building gives agents on the lower levels greater ability to adapt and control their own environments. Habraken views the built environment as a self-organizing polycentric system, and an important part of self-organization is appropriately applying themes, patterns, types, and systems. Unlike Ostrom, Habraken doesn't think there are focal action situations.

A Design Framework for Personal Learning Environments

Security and usability have traditionally been at odds in the design process [1]. In spite of this, the usability of security is widely recognized as a key component of security effectiveness[2-4] Design principles for good security have been designed by security experts [5]. Similarly principles for designed usability have also been created by usability experts [6-8]. In both cases the design principles were defined for the traditional workstation environment, instead of the mobile environment. This study examines both security and usability design principles for conflict or convergence, specifically in relation to a mobile environment. The resulting framework of combined security-usability principles identifies which design principles are critical for success in the mobile environment.

This paper identifies the effects of small and medium-sized enterprises’ (SME) characteristics on the general design principles for maturity models in the information security domain. The purpose is to guide the research on information security maturity modelling for SMEs that will fit in form and function for their capability assessment and development purposes, and promote organizational learning and development. This study reviews the established frameworks of general design principles for maturity models and projects the design requirements of our envisioned information security maturity model for SMEs. Maturity models have different purposes of uses (descriptive, prescriptive and comparative) and design principles with respect to these purposes of uses. The mapping of SME characteristics and design principles facilitates the development of an information security maturity model that systematically integrates the desired qualities and components addressing SME characteristics and requirements.