Understanding structured text documents by a model based document analysis system

Knowledge Representation Methods for Dairy Decision Support Systems

Object-Process Methodology (OPM) calls for integrated system development, supported by Object-Process CASE Tool - OPCAT - a Computer Aided Software Engineering tool, which supports development and standard representation of industrial systems. OPCAT is designed to provide an Integrated System Engineering Environment (ISEE). Due to their generic nature and comprehensiveness, OPM and OPCAT are suitable for both developing Document Analysis Systems (DAS's) and representing them in a clear and standard way. We present the principles of OPM and show how it can be used as an ISEE for generic DAS development.

A framework for evaluating the performance of a document analysis system is presented. This framework takes into account the task definition for the document analysis system, a data base on which that system is evaluated, the metrics used to evaluate performance, and the generalization of the results achieved beyond the confines of the test. Several recent significant efforts in evaluating document analysis systems are surveyed. How these efforts fit the general framework is discussed. The specific task that was evaluated, the data base used for the evaluation, and the generalization of the derived performance is presented. Most of these projects were designed for limited applications in which the translation of images of text into ASCII was the primary consideration. However, this is only part of what a document analysis system must often calculate. Other, less easily measured tasks, such as the subdivision of a document image into zones that represent regions of graphics, photographs, and text, must also be performed. Generally accepted solutions for measuring the performance of such tasks often do not exist. Several of them are mentioned as areas for future research. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

It is the pleasure of the organizing committee to welcome all participants to the 2010 IAPR Workshop on Document Analysis Systems (DAS). This year's workshop is being held June 9-11th in Boston, Massachusetts, a location situated in the heart of beautiful New England in the northeastern United States. Boston has a rich history that dates back to the 1600's and was a major focal point in the history of the American Revolution and America's fight for independence. Over the years, Boston has developed into a center for industrial, academic and cultural excellence and draws millions of visitors each year. DAS 2010 is the ninth workshop in a series. The first DAS was held in Kaiserslautern, Germany in 1994, and was followed by Malvern, PA (1996); Nagano, Japan (1998); Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2000); Princeton, NJ (2002); Florence, Italy (2004); Nelson, New Zealand (2006) and Nara, Japan (2008). The DAS tradition is to bring together industry, academic and government researchers interested in many aspects of document analysis systems and to provide opportunities for fruitful interaction and collaboration. This year's workshop is organized as a three-day, single track event, with oral and poster presentations, as well as working group discussions on the second and third afternoons. Special sessions on contributed datasets and a keynote talk on this same topic provide a compelling theme, and we hope this focus will help push the field toward greater sharing of data and accepted standards for evaluation. This year, we received 91 submissions from 25 countries on six continents. The papers were reviewed by 45 members of our research community and an international program committee representing 16 different countries. The overall quality was excellent and we have chosen 28 full papers for oral presentation and 37 as poster papers, as well as 15 short papers that will be presented either as posters or in a special short oral format. In addition, six groups are scheduled to present live demos during the poster sessions. Full papers underwent the standard peer review process and will appear in the official workshop proceedings to be published in the ACM International Conference Proceedings Series, available online as part of the ACM Digital Library. The short papers are included in the unofficial hardcopy proceedings distributed at the event as well as on the DAS 2010 website.

Expert Systems for Image Processing, Analysis, and Recognition: Declarative Knowledge Representation for Computer Vision

The paper presents expert systems as a new generation of information storage and retrieval systems which may consider ably improve the processes of scientific and technical informa tion exchange and dissemination. Essential features of the expert systems with databases containing scientific or technical information have been specified. For databases in which a semantic network is used as a knowledge representation scheme, an idea of database organization has been described with some attention paid to the problem of extracting factual information from the texts of scientific and technical publications. The process of information retrieval from the database of a scien tific or technical information expert system has also been briefly described.

Concept mapping is a mindtool (cognitive tool) that can enhance the interdependence of declarative and procedural knowledge to produce yet another form of knowledge representation known as structural knowledge (Jonassen, 1996). Structural knowledge is best described as knowing why something is the case. It helps learners integrate and interrelate declarative and procedural knowledge by activating the perceived static nature of declarative knowledge and by increasing the awareness of why one knows how to do something. By using computer-based concept mapping tools as a cognitive or learning strategy, learners can sharpen inference-making and critical thinking skills and can avoid the acquisition and accumulation of inert (unusable) knowledge. This article discusses the use and application of two computer-based concept mapping tools, Inspiration® and Semnet®, in educational contexts to foster meaningful learning and understanding. Inspiration® and Semnet® are visual thinking environments that allow users to create concept maps, semantic networks, outlines, graphic organizers and other comprehension monitoring activities. The article addresses the use of computer-based concept mapping as a learning strategy, an instructional strategy, and as a collaborative thinking tool, offering guidelines for educators on how to implement these uses in the classroom.

Thes paper is a contribution to the development of evaluation methods in general and in particular of the evaluation of document analysis systems (DAS). We give a general concept of benchmarking DAS and present a method to benchmark single modules of a DAS where we focus on the definition and generation of ground truth (GT), especially of the image processing modules of a DAS. The proposed method describes how to build a database with specific ground truth for the output of each module of interest. Another method to build a database for benchmarking more generally is to use synthetic data.

414 LANGUAGE, VOLUME 67, NUMBER 2 (1991) Brixhe & Lejeune's 1984 Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes. Since Phrygian is both closely related to Greek and preserved in part through Greek testimony, N has chosen to present his account as a history of PhrygianGreek linguistic contact. This procedure may explain his vagueness in discussing shared features of the two languages: although he calls them 'common innovations' (10), he seems elsewhere to regard them as the result of borrowing during a hypothesized period of close contact among Greek, Phrygian, and several other IE languages in the south Balkans (5-6). Some of these shared features are quite striking—e.g. factitives in *-oyô like Gk. orthöö 'straighten'. Phr. kakoioi (11, 13), and laryngeal vocalization followed by umlaut in Gk. ónoma, Phr. onoman = [b] not [bh], this development is trivial and proves only that Phrygian did not share the Greek change to [ph] etc.). Pp. 6-10: Common retentions of Greek and Phrygian (e.g. the augment and the thirdperson present middle ending -toi). Pp. 10-13: Common innovations of Greek and Phrygian (e.g. agent nouns in -tä, Gk. autos 'self = Phr. autos 'particular'). Pp. 13-16: Inherited lexical material of Phrygian which is lost or only marginally preserved in Greek. Pp. 16-18: Sometime after the hypothesized period of south Balkan close contact with Greek, the Phrygians migrated to Anatolia, where they are attested in historical times. Contact with speakers ofAnatolian languages led to borrowings into Phrygian (mainly names, e.g. Midas). Pp. 18-19: Greek expansion in the first millennium led to contact and hence Greek loans into Phrygian. Pp. 19-22: Direct attestation of Phrygian lost from the third century B.C.E. through the first century CE. Pp. 22-23: Neo-Phrygian attested in grave inscriptions, still in part uninterpretable . Although Phrygian is unlikely ever to play a significant role in IE historical linguistics, it does, as N remarks in conclusion (23), repay time spent applying to it our knowledge of IE. N's essay is a valuable contribution to the project of understanding Phrygian. [Andrew Garrett, University of Texas, Austin.] Natural language processing technologies in Artificial Intelligence: The science and industry perspective. By Klaus K. Obermeier. Chichester : Ellis Horwood, 1989. Pp. 263. Natural language processing (NLP) is the area of research concerned with the many aspects of 'natural' language communication with computers . In this book Obermeier provides an introduction to NLP from both commercial and academic perspectives, primarily aimed at businessmen and data-processing professionals. His presentation is nontechnical, though very comprehensive . Linguists will find the book an accessible introduction to the practical issues in NLP, which may help to clarify the direction and emphasis in this area of language research. The book's organization is excellent, making it very easy to read, although the typographic and editorial quality are not the best. The twelve chapters are divided into three sections: 'NLP in perspective' (17-92). which provides an introduction to the structure of NLP systems and the approaches and formalisms used to implement them; 'Applications' (93-185), in which six major applications of NLP are described: and 'Bottom line' (187-232), where O presents his own evaluation of the state of NLP research and current systems. A good list of references (239-59) is also included. Much of the material in the first section will be familiar to linguists, since the design of NLP systems is largely based on formal linguistic analyses in the areas ofphonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. In addition, methods for knowledge representation and reasoning drawn from Artificial Intelligence are explained in relation to their relevance to NLP development. This nontechnical overview of the techniques used in NLP is up-to-date. It includes a discussion of parsing methods ranging from contextfree parsing, unification-based parsing, and ATNs to such knowledge-representation schemes from AI as production rules, semantic networks, and frames, to the new connectionist models. BOOK NOTICES 415 The second section comprises the largest part of the book, with one chapter devoted to each of the applications addressed: natural-language interfaces, machine translation, text processing/ understanding, text generation, speech processing , and writing aids. For each application there is a brief...

Since the 1960s, researchers have looked at the correlation between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and bottom-line results. Within the European Union’s (EU’s) trade territory, CSR became a legal obligation. Canadian businesses interested in international expansion would benefit from learning more about the income opportunities presented by investments in strategic, sustainable business models. A quantitative longitudinal correlational strategy was used for the exploratory investigation. Sustainalytics, a prominent environmental, social, and governance (ESG) research agency in the sector, compiled the CSR rankings. The rankings were based on the following four criteria: Overall score, governance, social justice, and environment. All Canadian corporations’ financial data were stored in the System for Electronic Document Analysis and Retrieval (SEDAR). To conduct multiple linear regressions on 61 observations spanning fiscal years 2009–2017, secondary data were collected and imported into Microsoft Excel 2013. The designs illustrate the interplay between the Toronto Stock Exchange’s (TSX’s) fundamental industries and how CSR relates to revenues from markets outside of Canada. The results showed a strong correlation between adopting CSR strategies and income from markets outside the country. The research found that their financial performance improved when companies adopted CSR practices. Policymakers and business executives in Canada who are considering the possibility of a free trade agreement with the EU may find this helpful report.

In more and more companies knowledge-based systems are being considered an adequate means for building systems to support office work in order to increase its quality and efficiency. Such systems need various kinds of knowledge, like knowledge about the terminology underlying the corresponding domain of discourse, and knowledge about what kinds of events and actions can occur in the office work and what changes they cause. As many office tasks underlie organizational regulations as well as federal law, the value of systems for supporting office work is drastically increased if they know about these regulations, thus becoming able to ensure their obedience, or to explain them to the user (this insight already motivated the early LEGOL project [18]). One of the key problems of building such systems is how to properly integrate the various kinds of knowledge: On the one hand, we need a resulting system with adequate efficiency, and on the other hand we want to keep the representation of the various knowledge sources completely independent of each other, mainly due to the following reasons: Having one big, monolithic knowledge base would make construction and maintenance of the knowledge base extremely difficult and error-prone, if not impossible at all. The various knowledge sources (esp. knowledge about law and organizational regulations) will typically be employed by more than one application system and should therefore be reusable. Thus, it is extremely desirable to represent the knowledge sources only once and just “plug” them in wherever they are needed. As a consequence, they must not be tailored to the needs of the specific application system, but the knowledge represented therein must be kept in a neutral form (without sacrificing efficiency). The issue of knowledge reuse and sharing we are addressing in this paper has been recognized an important topic in the area of knowledge-based systems [12]. Law and regulations should be represented isomorphically [1]. This means that there is a one-to-one mapping between the textual structure of the law and the structure of its formal representation. An isomorphic representation is a prerequisite to generate comprehensible explanations for a user and helps to maintain the knowledge base. A representation of the legal knowledge which is adapted to fit into the representation of the other kinds of knowledge clearly cannot be isomorphic.

Data-driven design is a process to reuse data sources and provide valuable information to provoke creative ideas in the stages of design. However, existing semantic networks for design creativity are built on data sources restricted to technological and scientific information. Existing studies build the edges of a semantic network on statistical or semantic relationships, which are less likely to make full use of the benefits from both types of relationships and discover implicit knowledge for design creativity. Therefore, to overcome the gaps, we constructed WikiLink, a semantic network based on Wikipedia, which is an integrated source of general knowledge and specific knowledge, with broad coverage of disciplines. The weight in WikiLink fuses both the statistic and semantic weights between concepts instead of simply one type of weight, and four algorithms are developed for inspiring new ideas. Evaluation experiments are undertaken, and the results show that the network is characterised by high coverage of terms, relationships and disciplines, which demonstrates and supports the network's effectiveness and usefulness. A demonstration and case study results indicate that WikiLink can serve as an idea generation tool for creativity in conceptual design. The source code of WikiLink and the backend data are provided open-source for more users to explore and develop.

Acquisition and validation of software requirements

article Share on In-context peer-to-peer information filtering on the Web Author: Aris M. Ouksel The University of lllinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL The University of lllinois at Chicago, Chicago, ILView Profile Authors Info & Claims ACM SIGMOD RecordVolume 32Issue 3September 2003pp 65–70https://doi.org/10.1145/945721.945735Published:01 September 2003Publication History 18citation479DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations18Total Downloads479Last 12 Months2Last 6 weeks1 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteGet Access

The aim of the work is to create an algorithm for automatic graphological analysis of employees’ handwriting. The basis of the algorithm is parallel processing of the employees’ handwritten text. Implementing the presented algorithm will allow creating a modular automated system of graphological analysis. The article presents the architecture of an automated system of graphological analysis. The novelty of the work is the proposed creative concept of using automatic graphological analysis for timely detection of attempts of unfavourable external psychological influence on employees. The result of the study is recommendations for using the algorithm for graphological analysis of employees’ handwriting in automated information security systems.