Understanding Teacher Authority

The author explores the resilience of the normative order in schools and attempts by reformers outside the classroom to alter that order. The core of the order is the notion of the teacher spending virtually all of his or her time interacting with students. Central to attempts to alter that order is failure of the reformers to understand and appreciate the place of the teacher's authority. For teachers, legitimate authority consented to by students is essential. Otherwise in their dealings with students, they must rely on coercion, threats, and punishment and engage in ways that defeat educational goals. Current reform attempts, by treating teachers as passive receivers of external advice, serve to undermine teachers' legitimate authority. Rather than reform, the result is teacher resistance and student disengagement.

.Cooperative behavior is important for well-functioning high school classrooms in which students trust their teachers and actively engage in academic tasks. Yet, discipline referrals for disruption and defiance are all too common and can result in lost instructional time and increased teacher stress. As such, more needs to be understood about trusting and cooperative interactions in classrooms. This study examined teachers' relational approach to discipline as a predictor of high school students' behavior and their trust in teacher authority. Findings from interviews and surveys with 32 teachers and 32 discipline-referred students supported a mediational model; the association between a relational approach to discipline and cooperative or defiant behavior was mediated by adolescents' perceptions of their teachers as trustworthy authority figures. Teachers may earn the trust and cooperation of students if they use relationship building to prevent discipline problems. Implications for school psychologists' consultation with teachers and the racial discipline gap are discussed.

New Zealand has a rich and diverse macroalgal flora that has been studied since James Cook’s first voyage to New Zealand in 1769. The New Zealand region ranges from cool temperate seas at southerly latitudes to subtropical waters in the north. Here we review the history of phycological research in New Zealand since 1900, and the current status of research in taxonomy, ecology, physiology and seaweed uses including aquaculture and seaweed extracts. Some 770 species of seaweed are known to New Zealand, of which 22 are alien. Few taxa have received monographic treatment and many remain to be described. Polysaccharides have been identified from over 80 New Zealand seaweeds and many of these compounds have commercial potential. In addition to urgent taxonomic work, future research should include a national program of longterm (> 5 years) monitoring of macroalgal communities, rates of growth and primary production, and the contribution of seaweed-based production to coastal food webs.

The article highlights some theoretical issues which are crucial for future teachers’ consistent professional growth. The paper touches upon the essence of the concept of «professional self-development» within the framework of teacher training. The research fundamental idea is traced back to its scientific origins an analysis is conducted to define the concept. It is stated that despite many published works that focus on or address a particular topic, there is ambiguity of approaches to the interpretation of «professional self-development» in scientific and pedagogical literature. The paper presents Ukrainian and foreign scientists’ understanding of the essence of professional self-development. The research reveals that in contemporary pedagogical science, professional self-development is viewed as a multifaceted concept. According to scientists, professional self-development of a teacher is regarded as a distinct activity that follows a particular structure, which includes elements such as motives, goals, content, subjects, objects, means, implementation conditions, approaches and outcomes. The concept and fundamental nature of «professional self-development» are analyzed and explored. According to the concepts of scholars, the author's definition of this phenomenon is explained, specifically within the context of the terminological field of training future teachers for their profession. Within the current scientific space, there exist multiple definitions of the term «professional self-development», each with their own distinct differences and variations determined by the researcher’s perspective, subject area of study, scientific beliefs and interests. Upon analyzing the conceptual and terminological framework of the research, it can be concluded that although there are numerous interpretations of the central concept in pedagogical discourse, professional self-development of future teachers is primarily regarded as a deliberate and innovative approach that involves improving one’s own personality and developing oneself into a professional. The author states that professional self-development is an essential aspect of pedagogical activity and a crucial element of contemporary teacher training. Key words: future teacher, professional self-development, teachers’ training, professional growth, self-education.

This research identifies important features of mathematics learning from the accounts of early school leavers. These students were enrolled in a Youth Reconnected Program at a Technical and Further Education [TAFE] college. Specifically, it examines the relationship between their experiences of mathematics learning in two different social contexts, the program and secondary school classrooms, the discourses and associated discursive practices of these two contexts, and the forms of identities of participation that are constructed in them. Drawing on a social theory of learning and critical discourse theory, the research identifies the processes by which membership in communities of learning is achieved and identities discursively constructed. It draws on the accounts of forty-three early school leavers and six staff members located in a Youth Reconnected Program, a program designed to re-engage early school leavers in education and or training, about their prior experiences of secondary school and their current experiences of TAFE. From these accounts, the thesis seeks to explicate their experiences of learning mathematics in both contexts and to consider the implications of different student experiences of learning for mathematics education. Critical discourse analysis provides the means for applying this framework to examine the discourses, discursive practices, identities, and forms of participation constructed in the accounts. It views the accounts as constituted by their social context. It shows how the language of the accounts works to construct particular versions of reality and how relations of power construct particular identities. It allows a richer qualitative exploration of the reported practices of mathematics classrooms with particular regard to linking the theoretical and practical concerns of this study. It makes transparent the relations between the social (including relations of power and domination), discourse, and discursive practice, thus enabling a more in-depth reading of the participants‘ accounts. Discourses about two different experiences of mathematics learning were identified—one about mathematics learning in the Youth Reconnected Program (TAFE) and the other about mathematics learning in secondary schools. The discourses and their associated discursive practices—differing application of instructional style, communication and interaction, source of authority, pace of instruction, grouping of students and assessment— were found to contribute significantly to the construction of particular student identities and forms of participation. Student experiences emphasised the importance of four characteristics for membership in a community of learners—mutual engagement, joint enterprise, shared repertoire and access. These characteristics and practices were shown to contribute substantially to the construction of identities of participation in mathematics learning for most of the students who participated in this study. There was strong evidence to indicate that small class sizes impacted significantly on student engagement and participation in learning. A crucial factor here rests with the role of the teachers and tutors and how, given the opportunities for reduced class size, they implement, sustain and maintain interactions with the students for effective teaching and learning to occur. If in this context, consistent interactions are provided that also includes clear and explicit explanations, discussion, and negotiation, students are more likely to maintain their interest and actively participate in mathematics learning. This study‘s significance is twofold. It lies in the critical importance of the issue it addresses—student participation in mathematics learning—and the articulation of a social theory of learning with critical discourse theory to enable a different and more effective understanding of the significance of discourses, identities and communities of participation in mathematics learning. Although the study cannot claim generalisability across other populations of learners or across all mathematics and TAFE classrooms because of the small select sample of early school leavers drawn upon, by highlighting these accounts of students‘ learning experiences in some mathematics classrooms and the TAFE program, and their associated experiences of them, it draws attention to a different perspective on mathematics learning. In this alternative framing, learning as a social process is contingent on access to the discourse of mathematics learning and the discursive practices that support learning, participation, and membership in a community of mathematics learners. An attention to the social processes of mathematics learning infers a significant role for mathematics teachers in enabling student access to certain discourses and communities of learning. Such a role is often neglected in current contexts of accountability that specify a focus on achieving syllabus outcomes.

This paper is a critical analysis of the narrative construction of Seattle’s well-known and heavily touristed Pike Place Market. The analysed data come from both institutional and amateur sources, including travel guides and photographs taken by tourists at the market. Tourist literature provides narrative themes in the form of literary descriptions and photographic images, that emphasise and reveal only certain textual dimensions of a place. Tourists’ experiences and accounts are inevitably informed by such themes. In addition, studying tourist photography is an excellent way to understand how people actively use and resist modes of representation that are derived from institutional sources. Tourists are usually remarkably prolific photographers, while also being exposed to a great number and variety of institutional narratives of the sites they visit. Public space is not merely a geographical configuration, but also a verbal and visual narrative construction by means of technologies such as writing and photography. The construction of a narrative via the means of technology can be political both in the way that it is produced and in the way it is consumed. The authors examine the dynamic power relationship that exists between institutional and amateur texts about popular public spaces, such as a city’s public market.

As an innovative dosage form, traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) dry powder inhalers have emerged as a focal point in the research and development of new preparations due to its high efficiency, safety, and bioavailability. This paper systematically reviewed the relevant literature and patents associated with TCM dry powder inhalers to analyze the origins and the current research and development status. Furthermore, this paper probed into the research and development ideas of TCM dry powder inhalers regarding clinical positioning, prescription screening, and druggability. Additionally, the paper thoroughly analyzed the technical barriers in druggability studies and elaborated on corresponding research techniques and coping measures. Furthermore, it emphasized the need for improved regulations and policies governing TCM dry powder inhalers, advocated for strengthened oversight, and called for the establishment of a scientific quality evaluation system. Measures such as promoting production-education-research collaboration, enhancing personnel training, and fostering international exchanges were proposed to provide a scientific and systematic reference for the future research, development, and application of TCM dry powder inhalers, thereby facilitating the rapid modernization of TCM.

Objective: To explore the current status, hotspots and trends of management intervention research on Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD for short) combined Hypertension (HTN for short) through bibliometric analysis, and to provide references for future research on COPD combined with HTN. Methods: Relevant literature on management intervention of COPD combined with HTN from the establishment of the databases to August 24, 2025 were retrieved from CNKI, Wanfang and VIP databases. COOC20.6 software was used to draw author, institution and keyword maps. Quantify the degree of association between keywords by using a mathematical model based on the strength of keyword correlation, and the current status, hotspots and trends of management intervention research on COPD combined with HTN were systematically analyzed. Results: A total of 644 articles were included. The number of articles on COPD combined with HTN showed an overall upward trend, especially a rapid increase after 2016. The emerging keywords in 2023 were "multidisciplinary collaborative care" and "nursing intervention", and the emerging keywords in 2025 were "elderly COPD" and "respiratory training". Conclusion: The attention to management intervention research on COPD combined with HTN is gradually increasing, and the research mainly focuses on elderly patients and nursing intervention. In the future, cross-disciplinary data fusion platforms and intelligent mathematical analysis models should be utilized to enhance communication and cooperation among scholars and research institutions. The research subjects should also be expanded to deeply explore management intervention measures to improve patients' medication compliance.

Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) is a bush that grows well at special cultural environments such as acid soil, high organic matter content, and a good drainage and aeration compared to other general crops. Blueberries are well known to contain high amounts of anthocyanins and phenolic compounds, resulting in high antioxidant activity that provides health benefits, and expanding the cultivation areas and consumer's demand in the worldwide. However, the full genome of blueberry has not been announced until now. Furthermore, the genomic analysis and transcriptome approaches are not so popular compare to major crops such as orange, apple, and grape. The aim of the review about blueberry genomic research is to establish the platform for setting blueberry breeding target, increasing proficiency of blueberry research, and making the practical cultivation techniques in Korea. The main topics in the blueberry genomic research including transcriptome, genetic mapping, and various markers are related with cold hardiness, chilling requirement, hot tolerance, anthocyanin content, and flavonoid synthesis pathway on various tissues like flower bud, leaf bud, shoot, root, and berry fruit. The review of the current status of blueberry genomic research will provide basic information to the breeders and researchers and will contribute to development of blueberry industry with sustainable productions and increase of blueberry consumption as new profitable crops in Korea.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially small EVs (sEVs) derived from liver cells, have been the focus of much attention in the normal physiology and pathogenesis of various diseases affecting the liver. sEVs are approximately 100 nm in size, enclosed within lipid bilayers, and are very stable. The lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, including miRNAs, contained within these vesicles are known to play important roles in intercellular communication. This mini-review summarizes the application of sEVs. First, liver diseases and the related diagnostic markers are described, and the current active status of miRNA research in diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is reported. Second, the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of sEVs are described, and the liver is highlighted as the organ with the highest accumulation of sEVs. Third, the relationship between sEVs and the pathogenesis of liver disorders is described with emphesis on the current active status of miRNA research in HCC recurrence and survival. Finally, the possibility of future therapy using sEVs from mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells for cirrhosis and other diseases is described.

Objectives This study aims to identify changes in fashion marketing research and suggest a direction to move forward by analyzing the current status of fashion marketing research by academic journal overall.
 Methods This study focuses on research related to fashion marketing among 6,452 papers published in a total of seven academic journals in the field of textiles and clothing from 2010 to 2022. The contents of study are analyzed based on the ratio published in related papers by textiles and clothing related academic journals, trends and ratios by academic journals according to research topics, comparison of research methodologies, and gender ratio of the study subjects.
 Results The important points in this study are as follows. First, current fashion marketing related research is expanding its scope to various journals dealing with convergence studies as well as textile and clothing related journals. In addition, since various studies are being conducted in the category of fashion marketing, it seems necessary to consider to what extent fashion marketing should be categorized in terms of the perspective and area of research.
 Conclusions This study analyzed the current status of fashion marketing research by academic journal, resulting in meaningful findings that suggest the direction not only of future research but also of the fashion industry. There is a limit to expanding and interpreting the research results of an integrated analysis of seven academic journals to the entire research of marketing studies. There have been no studies that have conducted an integrated analysis of a number of journals with regard to fashion marketing topics; in this respect, this study is very meaningful. Fashion marketing is a latecomer among textiles and clothing, and its history is shorter than other fields. However, as shown in this study, the pace of academic change is becoming more mature. Therefore, future oriented in-depth fashion marketing research focusing on the current fashion industry structure is continuously needed.

Allergen specific immunotherapy（AIT）, as an effective treatment for allergic rhinitis, asthma, and other allergic diseases, has received widespread attention in the field of health economic evaluation in recent years. This article reviews the current status and progress of economic research on AIT, mainly discussing the socioeconomic burden of allergic rhinitis, the results of health economic studies from different countries, and the primary methods used in health economic research on allergic rhinitis. Existing studies indicate that, although AIT involves high initial costs, it offers significant long-term economic benefits by reducing healthcare resource utilization, improving patient quality of life, and decreasing medication dependence. Moreover, reducing initial costs, applying standardized assessment tools, and conducting cross-national comparative analyses have become key directions for future research. Overall, AIT demonstrates strong potential in terms of long-term health benefits and cost savings, providing solid economic evidence for the management of allergic diseases.

Respiratory rare diseases are a category of conditions related to the respiratory system that have a low incidence rate. Patients with these diseases are at high risk of misdiagnosis or missed or delayed diagnosis during diagnosis and treatment, and the lack of effective treatment options can lead to a significant deterioration in their quality of life and increased risk of mortality. Conducting registry research on respiratory rare diseases can help outline the natural history of these diseases, evaluate the effectiveness and safety of clinical treatments, and assess the quality of healthcare. This makes registry research a critical measure for improving the prognosis of rare disease patients. This paper examines the current status of registry research on respiratory rare diseases, discusses the challenges encountered during its implementation, and offers relevant suggestions for further advancing this research.

The fourth chapter analyses the airtime sellers’ and delivery riders’ relations to managers and dispatchers. In this way, the chapter decentres from the state as ‘rule-maker’ and monopoly of symbolic and physical violence, to overcome dichotomous views on (in)formal spheres of work. Rather, the chapter looks at regulatory practices. Law-like arrangements combine with personalized trust relations to organize relations of domination at work, which can put workers at risk of precarity. The comparative analysis points to the relevance of ‘ideas of the state’, i.e. how actors perceive and think of the state as a set of political practices (Abrams 1988). In Berlin, standardized rules represent official – or state – enunciations of authority. As such, actors share the belief in them as a legitimate reference against which work cooperation is organized. In Abidjan, the legitimacy of authority on the basis of personalized bonds reflects wider institutional normalcies in which actors see state institutions as institutions that utilize personal relations of domination as sources of authority.

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Background: </strong>Many patients with Covid-19 have underlying cardiovascular disease or develop acute cardiac injury during the course of the illness. Adequate understanding of the interplay between Covid-19 and Cardiovascular disease is required for optimum management of these patients. The study analyzed and evaluated the global publication output on &ldquo;Covid-19 and Heart Diseases&rdquo; to find out the current trends and present status of research, by identifing important countries, organizations, authors and journals and important topics and keywords from the global publications, using bibliometric methods. <strong>Methods:</strong> Relevant published literature from December 2019 to August 2021 were identified and analyzed on the topic &ldquo;Covid-19 and Heart Diseases&rdquo; using a well-defined search strategy in Scopus database. A list of keywords were identified for Covid-19 (&ldquo;Covid 19&rdquo; or &ldquo;2019 novel Coronavirus&rdquo; or &ldquo;Coronavirus 2019&rdquo; or &ldquo;Coronavirus disease 2019&rdquo; or &ldquo;2019-novel CoV&rdquo; OR &ldquo;2019 ncov&rdquo; or &ldquo;Covid 2019&rdquo; or &ldquo;Covid19&rdquo; or &ldquo;Corona virus 2019&rdquo; or &ldquo;ncov-2019&rdquo; or &ldquo;ncov2019&rdquo; or &ldquo;nCoV 2019&rdquo; or &ldquo;2019-ncov&rdquo; or &ldquo;covid-19&rdquo; or &ldquo;Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2&rdquo; or &ldquo;SARS-CoV-2&rdquo;) and Heart Diseases (cardi* or arrhythmia or myocardial* or heart*) and these keywords are used for search in &ldquo;Keywords&rdquo; and Title&rdquo; tags of Scopus database, yielding 5298 records. <strong>Results: </strong>A total of 5298 relevant publications indexed in Scopus database were obtained on &ldquo;Covid-19 and Heart Disease&rdquo;, which received 62459 citations, averaging 11.79 citations per paper. The total publications witnessed the participation of 123 countries, with USA, Italy, U.K. and China leading in global publication productivity (with 1757, 707, 551 and 413 papers) and China (35.31 and 2.99), France (23.01 and 1.95), Germany (23.0 and 1.95) and Italy (20.43 and 1.73) leading in citation impact per publication and relative citation index. The 1761 organizations and 2499 authors participated in these 5298 publications. Harvard Medical School, USA, Brigham and Women&rsquo;s Hospital, USA and Massachsetts General Hospital leads in publications productivity (with 178, 92 and 92 publications each) and New York Presbyterian Hospital, USA (121.53 and 10.31), Tongji Medical College, China (65.65 and 5.57) and Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China (65.41 and 5.55) leads in citations impact per paper and relative citation index. M. Metra, A. Harky and M.K. Chung leads in publications productivity (with 23, 22 and 153 papers each) and G.Y.H. Lip (U.K.)(114.67 and 9.73), A.J. Kirtane (USA)(109.67 and 9.3) and M. Metra (Italy)(87.04 and 7.38) leads in citations impact per publication and relative citation index. <em>European Heart Journal, Circulation</em> and<em> Stroke leads </em>in publication productivity (with 85, 81 and 73 publications) and <em>JAMA Cardiology </em>(154.23), <em>Journal of the American College of Cardiology </em>(54.99) and Circulation (43.54) leads in citation impact per paper. Major keywords appearing along with &ldquo;Covid-19 and &ldquo;Heart Diseases&rdquo; in co-occurnces were &ldquo;Cardiovascular Disease&rdquo; (1176), &ldquo;Heart Failure&rdquo; (802), &ldquo;Hypertension&rdquo; (664), &ldquo;Cerebrovascular Accidents&rdquo; (659), &ldquo;Stroke&rdquo; (608), &ldquo;Mycarditis&rdquo; (511), &ldquo;Heart Arrhytthrmia&rdquo;(464), etc. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study presents the current trends and status of research in the field and indicate the important keywords where research is focused in global literature on cardiovascular manifestations in Covid-19 patients. Such a analysis tmay be useful to the research community and decision-makers to prioritize research needs and identify leading Covid-19 researchers, countries, institutes and authors.