Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

The article analyzes the existing legal mechanisms for managing critical information infrastructure in Ukraine. The instruments for their improvement are proposing in this article. An important component of critical infrastructure is its information component – a critical information infrastructure. The sphere of protection of critical information infrastructure in Ukraine is at the initial stage of formation. The current legislation defines only certain objects of socio-economic sphere, in which extraordinary events can lead to socially dangerous consequences. In view of the fact, that the term “critical information infrastructure” does not having a consistent interpretation in different countries, we propose our opinion. “Critical information infrastructure is a system of information management of critical facilities and information and communication networks that provide defense capabilities and security of public and private institutions, whose operation may flow to the national security of Ukraine” (KII). In the KII we can identified information and network components. Information environment of KII is a system for information management of critical objects, including computing and information resources that form automated control systems (ACS). The network component of KII consists of a set of telecommunication devices, communication lines and network equipment, systems of open protocols for the exchange of information between elecommunication devices, global system of digital addresses and digital identifiers, software. The Internet network can be considered as a technological add-on over a telecommunication network that provides the provision of data transmission and processing services (e-mail, teleconferencing, file transfer, access to computing and information systems in local area networks). The main threat to the safety of ACS of critical information infrastructure objects is targeted actions on information systems, information and telecommunication networks by software and hardware. KII legal security include two main components – national and international. The national component may be forming by a set of principles, legal institutions and norms, which are enshrined in the national legislation regulating public relations in Ukraine in the area of counteracting the security threats of the ACS of critical objects. In order to protect the most important objects of KII, it is necessary to identify these objects. The current legislation defines such categories of objects, for which special conditions for ensuring their protection and functioning are established. Some of them, in whole or in part, may be classifying as objects of critical infrastructure. The specificity of providing information security was reflecting in such Ukraine laws like “On the Fundamentals of National Security of Ukraine”, “On the Concept of the National Program of Informatization”, “On the National Program of Informatization”. As well as the Concept of Development of the Security and Defense Sector of Ukraine, the National Security Strategy of Ukraine, the Strategy of Cybersecurity Of Ukraine. The National Security Strategy identifies actual threats to national security and sets priorities for information security, cyber security and security of information resources and critical infrastructure. At the same time, the implementation of the state policy in the field of security of KII requires the further development of legal principles and norms governing the relevant social relations, that is, the national component of the legal security of KII. Ukraine should ensure the establishment of a nationwide system for assessing risks and threats to critical infrastructure, and after the legislative definition of the main terms, the implementation of the Identification of Critical Information Infrastructure objects. Identification of objects of critical information infrastructure can be accomplishing by introducing the certification of objects of critical information infrastructure. Such passports must contain general data about the facility, data on the main sources of danger, data on hazardous natural conditions, technological processes and response to threats. The international component of the legal security of KII provides for the regulation of a set of principles and norms defined by international treaties and recognized by the state, regulating issues of international cooperation in this area. Ukraine has signed the Convention on Cybercrime together with the member states of the Council of Europe and other States. It is aiming at stopping actions against the confidentiality, integrity and availability of computer systems, networks and computer data, as well as abusing such systems, networks and data by installing the criminal responsibility for such behavior, the provision of powers sufficient to combat criminal offenses, and the conclusion of agreements on rapid and reliable international cooperation. In addition, the plan of measures for 2017 on implementation of the Cybersecurity Strategy of Ukraine provides for the implementation of Directive 2008/114/EC on the protection of critical infrastructure, in particular on cybersecurity and cyber defense of critical infrastructure objects. Development of the system of international information security, the following main groups of international relations that requirenormative legal regulation within the framework of the legal security of KII: definition of the boundaries of the national KII in the global information and communication infrastructure and fixing signs of computer incidents in the control system of critical objects information infrastructure. The absence of generally recognized borders of state sovereignty of States in this space is a significant obstacle to the application of international law to the actions of other states. In particular, this impedes the establishment of limits of responsibility of states for violating the security of the KII and organizing international cooperation in the field of countering computer crime. The urgency of the legislative consolidation of signs of computer incidents in the automated control system of critical information infrastructure objects suggests the widespread use of the concept of “incident” in international law. An incident in cyberspace usually associated with a violation of the functioning of the components of cyberspace – an electronic collection environment and automated processing of information that determines the processes of the implementation of these operations, as well as information systems and automated control systems. The essence of the general definition of the “international incident” in the field of KII will be determining, firstly, by the nature of international relations between states that are violating by the “incident”. This event may be the result of unforeseen actions of the state, including actions that harm the interests of public bodies of one or more states, or, conversely, be one of many intentional but minor provocations carried out by agents of one state against another state. Given that international relations in the field of incidents in the field of KII are not regulating by international treaties, the main and, in fact, the only source of international law in this case serves as an international custom, however, its application to the sphere of KII is accompanying by considerable difficulties. For Ukraine, it is possible to introduce the positive experience of other states in the security of the KII. In particular, the problem of security of information technologies has been enshrined in the international standard ISO / IEC 15408 “General criteria for assessing the safety of information technology”.

Our daily life is supported by powerful information networks which are composed of computers and communication equipments. If they do not work correctly or completely, our daily life would be surely confused. Under some circumstances safety could not be kept. Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) systems are commonly equipped to supply stable power to the critical loads, for example, large computer center telephone and telecomnication center, aviation control system and so on. Several kinds of UPS systems are now used in many important fields as the above mentioned. But they almost do not have been evaluated numerically based on system reliability.This paper evaluates MTBF of parallel redundant UPS systems, and reports MTBF of 2 sets of parallel redundant UPS system is lower than that of 3 sets of parallel redundant UPS system under some circumstances. Continuous power supply reliability of the UPS system with bypass and uninterruptible transfer switch is much higher than any other UPS system without bypass circuit and uninterruptible transfer switch. And then the last some highly reliable parallel operation technology are shown.

In industrialized countries, such facilities are organized into an interconnected system — critical infrastructure in various fields of activity of states, and the information systems and telecommunications networks that support them into a critical information infrastructure. Purpose: The article examines the changing requirements for information security: from the requirements of maximum security to the more "lenient" requirements of the acceptable risk concept. The expediency of returning to the concept of maximizing security for critical information infrastructures is substantiated. Methods: As a model of the objective function of the protection system, the asymptotic information security management is considered, which makes it possible to gradually bring the required security values closer to the "ideal" ones during the operation of the control system. Results: The possibilities of implementing an asymptotic approach to information security management for various management system models developed in different countries are considered. The article analyzes the features of the implementation of the object and subject model of information security management systems in different operating conditions of the CII. The principal difference between the properties of these two models is the possibility of external control, which is typical for strict regulatory management (object model). Another (subject-based) model allows for flexibility and responsiveness in security management. In particular, the ability of the CI subject to promptly make independent decisions and take into account interactions with other CI (the subject model) reduces the response time of the management system to external influences. .When analyzing the prospects for the development of information security requirements, it is proposed to take into account not only national, but also international mechanisms for improving security. It is proposed to take into account for such mechanisms the threats and conditions that arise during hostilities or in the case of a terrorist threat. Practical relevance: The transition to the subject model when changing the target management paradigm within the framework of asymptotic management meets the requirements not only to reduce the hierarchy of management, but also to accelerate responses and. e their duplication.

Relevance. All healthcare institutions, including ophthalmology, belong to critical information infrastructure, which is described in law on «the security of critical information infrastructure of the Russian Federation» 26.07.2017 No. 187-FL. It is mandatory to carry out the compliance of critical information infrastructure objects with the established criteria and indicators of significance for these institutions. The article deals with the issues of information security risk assessment and categorization in relation to organizations working in the field of ophthalmology. The research was carried out as part of the implementation of the federal project «Information Security» of the national program «Digital Economy of the Russian Federation». Purpose. Analysis of the features of the categorization process for ophthalmology organizations, designing decision-making algorithm for assigning a category of significance. Material and methods. The article deals with the issues of information security risk assessment and categorization in relation to ophthalmology organizations. The study was carried out as part of the implementation of the federal project «Information Security» (the national program «Digital Economy of the Russian Federation»). Results. The consequences of the implementation of attacks on information systems that are significant for specific types of critical information infrastructure objects in the healthcare sector (in the field of ophthalmology) were considered. The choice of significance criteria was substantiated. An algorithm for making a decision on assigning a category of significance was developed. Conclusion. An analysis of current threats to critical information infrastructure facilities in the healthcare sector was explored. It was found that in the proposed methodologies, the detection of the possibility of detecting an object under the first detection is not wide enough, which may seem to be based on unreasonable costs to ensure the necessary level of security for healthcare and ophthalmology facilities. Keywords: critical information infrastructure, healthcare institution, ophthalmology, information security threats, intruder model, actual threats, computer incidents

Power systems have been undergoing radical changes in recent years, and their planning and operation will be surely undertaken according to the Smart Grid (SG) vision in the near future. The SG initiatives aim at introducing new technologies and services in power systems, to make the electrical networks more reliable, efficient, secure and environmentally-friendly. In particular, it is expected that communication technologies, computational intelligence and distributed energy sources will be widely used for the whole power system in an integrated fashion. In particular, nowadays, unprecedented challenges like as stringent regulations, environmental concerns, growing demand for high quality, reliable electricity and rising customer expectations are forcing utilities to rethink about electricity generation and delivery from the bottom up. Moreover, the availability of low cost computing and telecommunications technologies, new generation options, and scalable, modular automation systems push utilities to be dynamic, innovative and ambitious enough to take advantage of them. Driven by the dynamics of the new energy environment, leading utilities, technology vendors and government organizations have created a vision of the next generation of energy delivery systems: the Smart Grid. Operational changes of the grid, caused by restructuring of the electric utility industry and electricity storage technology advancements, have created an opportunity for storage systems to provide unique services to the evolving grid. Especially Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs), thanks to the large number and variety of services they can provide, are powerful tools for the solution of some challenges that future grids will face. This consideration makes BESSs critical components of the future grids. The BESS can be applied for different services into the different levels of power system chain to satisfy technical challenges and provide financial benefits. In the context of the application of BESSs in SGs, there are two main problems that need to be addressed in a way that exploits the BESS potential, that are linked to their operation and sizing. This thesis focuses on both these aspects, proposing new strategies that allow optimizing the BESS adoption. When dealing with BESSs, sizing and operation are strictly linked. The correct sizing of a BESS, in fact, needs to take into account its operation which in turn will be effected with the aim of optimizing the whole system where it is included. In the first part of this research study, advanced optimal operating strategies were proposed for BESSs by considering both the distribution system operator perspective and the end user. Thus, the proposed operating strategies were performed with the aim of (i) leveling the active power requested by the loads connected to a distribution system (distribution system operator service), (ii) reducing the electricity costs sustained by an end-use costumer that provides demand response (DR) (end user service) and (iii) scheduling a microgrid (µG) with DR resources such as Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) and Data Centers (DCs) (both the two section service). The proposed strategies also satisfied technical constraints of BESSs and other components of the µG. The second part of the thesis presented the optimal sizing of BESSs aimed at maximizing the benefits related to their use. In the thesis, the sizing, which is performed by considering the end user point of view with reference to both the industrial and residential customers, is effected by adopting both deterministic and probabilistic approaches. With reference to the deterministic approach, a simple and quick closed form procedure for the sizing of BESSs in residential and industrial applications was proposed. In case of probabilistic approach, the case of a BESS installed in an industrial facility was considered and the sizing was performed based on the decision theory. Technical improvements and economic benefits of optimal operation and optimal sizing of BESSs in SG are demonstrated by the obtained results which are reported in the numerical applications. More specifically, it was clearly determined that BESSs can offer technical supports into the distribution operator section of the grid in terms of load management and security challenges. Moreover optimal integration of BESSs into the grid was also appealing for end users thanks to valuable amounts of electricity bill cost reduction. Regarding the original contribution of the thesis, the following considerations can be done. With reference to the load leveling service, an innovative two-step procedure (day-ahead scheduling and very short time predictive control) was proposed which optimally controls a BESS connected to a distribution substation in order to perform load leveling. In case of DR, a proper control of the BESS was proposed in order to perform DR under different price schemes, such as Real Time Pricing (RTP) and Time of Use (TOU) without modifying the daily work cycle of the industrial loads. The control procedure allows achieving contemporaneously two important goals that are the reduction of the bill costs and the prolonging the battery's lifetime so further reducing the costs sustained by the customer. With reference to the scheduling of microgrids, the original contribution of the thesis is focused on the proposal of optimization strategies aimed at managing and coordinating, simultaneously, batteries on board of vehicles or equipping data centers' Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) and Distributed Generation (DG) units. Also comparisons among different single-objective based strategies are made in order to highlight the most convenient. With reference to the sizing based on deterministic approach, unlike the other relating literature, the innovative contribution is that the closed form procedure takes into account both the technical constraints of the battery and contractual agreements between the customer and the utility. Moreover, in the economical analysis performed for the sizing, which is applied with reference to both residential and small industrial customers and is based on actual TOU tariffs, a wide sensitivity analysis to consider different perspectives in terms of life span and future costs was performed. Some aspects that affect the profitability of the battery, such as technological limitations (e.g. the battery and converter efficiency), economic barriers (e.g. capital cost and the rate of change of the cost) and variation of the load profile along the years were deeply analyzed. In case of sizing based on probabilistic approach, the original contributions of the thesis are mainly referred to the proposal of a new method that uses a decision theory-based process to obtain the best sizing alternative considering the various uncertainties affecting the sizing procedure. The thesis is organized in three chapters which are dealing with integration of BESSs in SGs. The first chapter reports basic concepts and characteristics of BESSs, fundamental components and features of SGs and different services that BESSs can provide. The optimal operation strategies of BESS are considered in second chapter which includes their problem formulation, solving procedures and results. The third chapter deals with the optimal sizing problem of BESSs for which the problem formulation, solving procedures and results are reported. Finally, the conclusions are presented in the last part of thesis.

The Government and industry are currently using information and communication technology a lot. The Government and companies in Indonesia have regulations on operational standards and management procedures for information and communication systems security at Government regarding implementing information system security. Information security is essential because there are many threats to information security. Information security in this era of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is fundamental. Information Exchange Environment (IEE) vulnerabilities have increased as threats become more widespread and complex; therefore, information security has become a fundamental problem for businesses, organizations, and governments. So, in this paper, we will explain the review of the impact of Information Security For Government and companies in terms of threats and types of information security. Some security system methods are analyzed, among others—application Security, cloud security, Cryptography, security infrastructure, Incident response, and vulnerability management. The results of this review analysis, it known threat has several solutions, each depending on the type of threat for both the Government and the Company. Furthermore, Information Security is considered very important, especially for data stored in Government and companies.

The goal of this communication is to examine the implementation of defense in depth strategy to secure the industrial control systems (ICS) from threats, hackers, vandals and other ones that can damage the critical infrastructures (gas transportation network, power transmission network, power generation, power distribution grids, air traffic, petrochemical industries, rail traffic, military industries) and others big infrastructures that affect large number of persons and security of nations [1]. The defense in depth concept ensures the physical access protection of the infrastructure, using network access control system (NAC) and traditional security measures, and implements policies and procedures that deal training and cybersecurity awareness programs, risk assessment (analyzing and documenting), and the plan of security. The philosophy of defense in depth uses also the IT technologies in order to ensure separation and segmentations of the networks to the VLANs, demilitarized zones, VPN, using firewalls, switch and routers. The hardening of different systems installed like routers, firewalls, switches and other devices on the network such as SCADA servers is a very sensitive operation of defense in depth. The last important operations are monitoring and maintenance, the monitoring serve to detect and stop intrusions attempts before they can damage the control system with using detection and protection system (IDS/IPS), and the maintenance operations control system (soft and hard), schedule updating of anti-virus software on different devices installed in the network like (computers, SCADA servers, routers, switch and other devices). The defense-in-depth recommendations described in this document can decrease the risk of attacks can target industrial network architectures, like VLAN hopping, SQL injection on SCADA, IP spoofing and DoS (denies of service) and others ones. The risk of attacks can use a common point of access as point of failures (RTU, corporate VPNs, database links, wireless communication, and IT controlled communication equipment). The implementation strict of the defense in depth concept can avoid important damage of critical infrastructures such as loss of production, damage to plant, impact on reputation, impact of health, impact of safety, impact of environment and impact on nation’s security.

Proton Motor in German deal for hydrogen fuel cell UPS

Standard uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems for radio base stations use lead acid batteries stacks as energy storage device; the fairly short life cycle of such systems, not more than 3 years, together with the presence of highly polluting components make it costly in terms of money and environmental aspects. From these considerations originate the idea to develop an alternative UPS system based on compressed air storage able to replace the battery stacks and to satisfy more restrictive environmental requirements. This work is developed within the European project PNEUMA (PNEumatic Uninterruptible Machine - LIFE 04 ENV/IT/00595) with the final aim to develop some UPS demonstrators for an on site experimentation. In this paper it is described the way followed to set up an air turboalternator with a maximum power of 10.0 kW. Starting from the selection of the turbine, we decided to extract it from an ICE turbocharger because its size and its low cost matches our requirements. First of all, an experimental survey has been realized to test two turbines of different size: expansion ratio, corrected mass flow and efficiency have been measured varying inlet pressure and temperature. This activity led us to select the smaller turbine to develop the first pilot demonstrator; the turbine has been coupled to an high speed alternator (max. 60’000 rpm) by means of an elastic coupling. Some shakedown testing have been performed to verify the mechanical resistance and to test the power conversion system and the control system.

Modern society cannot evolve and operate without critical infrastructures, most of which have become dependent of internet connectivity for a variety of information management, communications, and control functions. In many cases, information and communications technology has become all-embracing, connecting other infrastructures referred to as critical information infrastructure. The increased interdependency has made critical infrastructure particularly vulnerable to natural hazards, technical problems, cyber-attacks, and terrorism. The topic of critical information infrastructure protection thus is attracting increasing attention and is progressively considered to be an integral part of national sustainability strategies. This publication delivers best practices on this topic derived from case studies and the status quo in the region and proposes recommendations for the further development of a delineated framework.

HOW MUCH ICT SECURITY HAS IMPROVED DURING THE LAST DECADE

Objetive: Display console is the software and hardware platform of warship and submarine control system. It's very important to strengthen the performance and improve the life of the Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) in display console . The residual capacity of UPS is a nonlinear function of voltage, discharge current, temperature and other variables. At present, there are some problems such as large measurement error and poor state prediction, what influence the battery power management system's management effectiveness. Therefore, this paper studies the estimation method of battery residual capacity based on BP Algorithm according to the principle of neural network, so as to improve the estimation accuracy of UPS residual capacity. Method: Firstly, we establish the BP neural network model consists of three layers, secondly gather UPS experimental data set, then build, train and test BP network model with LM algorithm by Matlab program language, finally gather the state of charge(SOC) training results. Result: Experimental results indicate that the method in this paper can estimate UPS SOC accurately and efficiently. Conclusion: It can satisfy the system requirements of uninterruptible power supply SOC estimation.

Previous terrorist attacks, system failures and natural disasters have revealed the problems that many States face in preparing for national civil contingencies. The diversity of critical infrastructures and the interconnections between different systems makes it difficult for planners to 'think of everything'. For example, the loss of power distribution networks can disrupt rail and road transportation systems. Knock-on effects can also be felt across telecommunications infrastructures as the uninterruptible power supplies (UPS') that protect Internet routers and mobile phone base stations fail over time. Domestic water supplies are affected when pumping and treatment centres lose power. These interconnections make it hard to anticipate the many different safety-related systems that might be affected by particular contingencies. This paper introduces a Geographic Information System that is intended to help government agencies plan for the knock-on effects that propagate between major infrastructures. The intention is to provide a flexible system, which can easily be configured and updated. This is important given that technical innovation and routine maintenance continually introduce changes across national infrastructures. (6 pages)

Smart cities are the expected result of the intensive use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in our daily life. They are the culmination of the great progress that has been made in ICT in the last few years. Smart cities aim to efficiently, sustainably, securely, and reliably manage critical infrastructures such as power systems, transportation, water systems, etc., for the sake of mankind prosperity, comfort and security. However, the critical infrastructures of future smart cities are expected to be large complex critical infrastructures (LCCIs) that need to be autonomous or self-adaptive to be able to survive in critical unpredictable situations. This chapter presents a new approach based on self-organizing multi-agent systems (So-MAS) for modeling and engineering future self-adaptive LCCIs. So-MAS are MAS that have the capability to dynamically and autonomously reorganize themselves to adapt the dynamic changes of work environment. Further, the proposed approach adopts a novel MAS organizational model (called as NOSHAPE) provided in [1, 2] designed to enable large-scale MAS to adaptively self-organize. Based on a simulation environment, a performance evaluation has been conducted that shows how the proposed approach is able to deal with the dynamic unanticipated work environment behaviors. Up to 47% of performance improvement has been achieved with the proposed approach compared to conventional organizational techniques in MAS (i.e. federation). Further future research is still required to address important issues of future smart cities and their associated LCCIs such as security, and resiliency.

Li-Ion Battery (LB) stack with bi-directional DC-DC converter is used as an energy storage module in Super Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS). In this paper, the operating mode of the LB module with bi-directional converter is analyzed. The control scheme of the bi-directional DC-DC converter for LB Stack is introduced. A power management strategy for the LB module in super UPS is investigated. The LB module is used to co-ordinate with Gas Turbine (GT) or Fuel Cell (FC) source under grid fault, and co-ordinate with the photovoltaic (PV) unit to achieve maximal energy harvest. Experimental results on a 30kW parallel Buck/Boost converter is represented to verify the effectiveness of the power management strategy.