UNIX in Internet and Computer Networking

Early data networks were based on point-to-point or multipoint topologies. They were often of a star structure with a central processing unit (CPU) at the star's hub. Terminals in this network were “dumb” terminals and relied on the CPU's processing power for nearly all network activity. When the personal computer (PC) gained wide acceptance, distributed processing became the rule. As a result, data networks and data networking became much more complex. We now see complex multiple star, mesh, and tree like networks where many of the nodes have multiple inlets and outlets. Data rates were based on the limitations of the analog network. In the period of the 2nd edition of this book, this roughly equated to 9600 bps. Today, it is common to have 56-kbps access lines to a larger network where the basic channel data rate is 64 kbps. We can bring together these basic building blocks of 64 kbps to form aggregate channels of 128, 256, and 384 kbps up to 1.536 Mbps or 1.984 Mbps. Data protocols instilled order out of contentious chaos in data network operation. These protocols, applying to wide area networks (WANs), are the principal thrust of the chapter. Most are based on shipping user data in packets or frames. We discuss the transport of user data in cells in Chapter 28. Most packet networks are based on CCITT Rec. X.25. If we widen the definition of packet networks to include the transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP), certainly X.25 will have a competitor. Both TCP/IP and X.25 have a comparatively high latency (latency is the time it takes from initiation to completion of a data transaction). Frame relay was introduced in the same period. This is a comparatively low latency system. This section provides design data and brief descriptions of wide area data networking as a whole with hypothetical reference circuits, the archetypical data link layer protocol, high-level data link control (HDLC), X.25 and its companion, link access protocol B-layer (LAPB), TCP/IP family of protocols, frame relay family of protocols, and a brief description of SMDS (switched multimegabit data service). Variants of LAPD are discussed in the frame relay section of this chapter. Keywords: enterprise networks; universal application; high-level data-link control; packet-switched; virtual connections; transmission control protocol; internet protocol; ISO transport protocol; frame relay; switched multimegabit data service; internetworking; ITU-T rec X.75; data network management

Chapter 11 - Managing Windows 2000 Network Services Fast Track

Early data networks were based on point‐to‐point or multipoint topologies. They were often of a star structure with a central processing unit (CPU) at the star's hub. Terminals in this network were “dumb” terminals and relied on the CPU's processing power for nearly all network activity.When the personal computer (PC) gained wide acceptance, distributed processing became the rule. As a result, data networks and data networking became much more complex. We now see complex multiple star, mesh, and tree like networks where many of the nodes have multiple inlets and outlets.Data rates were based on the limitations of the analog network. In the period of the 2nd edition of this book, this roughly equated to 9600 bps. Today, it is common to have 56‐kbps access lines to a larger network where the basic channel data rate is 64 kbps. We can bring together these basic building blocks of 64 kbps to form aggregate channels of 128, 256, and 384 kbps up to 1.536 Mbps or 1.984 Mbps.Data protocols instilled order out of contentious chaos in data network operation. These protocols, applying to wide area networks (WANs), are the principal thrust of the chapter. Most are based on shipping user data in packets or frames. We discuss the transport of user data in cells in Chapter 28.Most packet networks are based on CCITT Rec.X.25. If we widen the definition of packet networks to include the transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP), certainly X.25 will have a competitor. Both TCP/IP and X.25 have a comparatively high latency (latencyis the time it takes from initiation to completion of a data transaction). Frame relay was introduced in the same period. This is a comparatively low latency system.This section provides design data and brief descriptions of wide area data networking as a whole with hypothetical reference circuits, the archetypical data link layer protocol, high‐level data link control (HDLC), X.25 and its companion, link access protocol B‐layer (LAPB), TCP/IP family of protocols, frame relay family of protocols, and a brief description of SMDS (switched multimegabit data service). Variants of LAPD are discussed in the frame relay section of this chapter.

11 - FTP Software TCP/IP Internetworking Products

Chapter 3 - The Internet and TCP/IP

In this paper, Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) over Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)/IP parallel transmission system is proposed to realize large TCP/IP throughput. The proposed system enables SCTP/IP connection between switches by protocol stacking. The proposed system is implemented on a software switch to evaluate its performance. The evaluation result indicates that proposed system can achieve 90% throughput compared with serial transmission when the delay difference among parallel routes is 20msec.

Many current implementations of protocols such as the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) are inefficient because data are often accessed more frequently than necessary. Three techniques that reduce the need for memory bandwidth are proposed. The techniques are copy-on-write, page remapping, and single-copy. Afterburner, a network-independent card that provides the services that are necessary for a single-copy protocol stack, is described. The card has 1 MByte of local buffers and provides a simple interface to a variety of network link adapters, including HIPPI and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM). Afterburner can support transfers to and from the link adapter card at rates up to 1 Gbit/s. An implementation of TCP/IP that uses the features provided by Afterburner to reduce the movement of data to a single copy is discussed. Measurements of the end-to-end performance of Afterburner and the single-copy implementation of TCP/IP are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

The authors describe a connection-oriented transport-level protocol (local network transport protocol, LNTP) specifically designed for use on LANs (local area networks). The fundamental philosophy in the design of LNTP is simplicity. Features irrelevant to the LAN environment are not included, resulting in a simpler and more efficient protocol. LNTP uses a simple but effective two-region flow control mechanism which is activated only when the traffic intensity exceeds some value. This eliminates control packets during normal operation and increases concurrency between sender and receiver. LNTP runs under 4.2 BSD UNIX in place of TCP/IP (transmission control protocol/internet protocol). Detailed comparisons between LNTP and TCP/IP show that LNTP is several times faster, although end-to-end throughput rates are only 30% faster because of the overhead attributed to Ethernet and UNIX layers. However, the reduced CPU cycles as well as the increased network throughput indicate that LNTP is a viable replacement for TCP/IP. >

Given the current expansion of cloud computing, the expected advent of the Internet of Things, and the requirements of future fifth‐generation network infrastructures, significantly larger pools of computational and storage resources will soon be required. This emphasizes the need for more scalable data centers that are capable of providing such an amount of resources in a cost‐effective way. A quick look into today's commercial data centers shows that they tend to rely on variations of well‐defined leaf‐spine/Clos data center network (DCN) topologies, offering low latency, ultrahigh bisectional bandwidth, and enhanced reliability against concurrent failures. However, DCNs are typically restricted by the use of the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite, thus suffering limited routing scalability. In this work, we study the benefits that replacing TCP/IP with the recursive internetwork architecture (RINA) can bring into commercial DCNs, focusing on forwarding and routing scalability. We quantitatively evaluate the benefits that RINA solutions can yield against those based on TCP/IP and highlight how, by deploying RINA, topological routing solutions can improve even more the efficiency of the network. To this goal, we propose a rule‐and‐exception forwarding policy tailored to the characteristics of several DCN variants, enabling fast forwarding decisions with merely neighbors' information. Upon failures, few exceptions are necessary, whose computation can also profit from the known topology. Extensive numerical results show that the proposed policy requirements depend mainly on the number of neighbors and concurrent failures in the DCN rather than its size, dramatically reducing the amount of forwarding and routing information stored at DCN nodes.

Chapter 2 - Microsoft TCP/IP 2000

PREPnet

Chapter 3 - MCSA/MCSE 70-291: The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

Chapter 3 - Developing the Network Services Design

Virtual networks (VNets, in Azure), maintain the same characteristics as physical networks. The processes of physical networks enable data from one computer to be transported over Transmission Control Protocol, Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) to another computer. The information, or data, is transformed so that TCP/IP packets can transport it efficiently; it is sent to another computer through hardware network interface cards (NICs) via physical network switches. To send the data to and from other buildings and other datacenters, network engineers use hardware devices referred to as gateways. Additionally, in datacenters today, the hardware provides network architects with the ability to virtualize physical networks or subnetworks () into a virtual network subnet called a . How would your budget be improved if Azure VNets reduced the need for a considerable amount of physical networking equipment?

As an important component of ship navigation and monitoring system, communication software integrates the functions of data acquisition, communication and display into a whole, and is the key links of intelligent maritime transportation. Based on TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) protocol, communication procedure between server and clients is introduced with sequence diagram and activity diagram of object-oriented design descriptions. Server side of the software utilizes multithread technology to achieve network communication with transfer center of the communications operator and client, and finishes the functions of data acquisition and parsing. At the same time, client side of the software establishes connections with server and parses receiving real time binary data to display in data grid. In the process of installation and debugging, problems of client breakdown and asynchronous data between server and clients and less data in the clients are solved.