Urban-Centric Lighting Task Group: Tactical Lighting as an innovation strategy

Street and public area lighting is a key service provided by municipal government. The public lighting sector is playing an important role in providing convenience, enhancing safety and security, promoting economic development, creation of friendly environment, as well as increasing the aesthetic appeal of surrounding property. The energy consumption in the street lighting sector, whether in public lighting or private users, constitutes a high percentage of the total energy used. Lighting conditions in streets of city of Tirana are currently at a level, which in many cases does not satisfy the requirements set out by legislation and standards. The study is undertaken with the request of Ministry of Infrastructure and Energy with goal to identify the possibility of applying new street lighting systems in Tirana, in order to draft concrete strategies for the future of street lighting in Albania. The study was focus on the opportunities and recommendations for the development and installation of LED technologies in the street lighting of Tirana. The study presented in this paper is completely based on the detailed analysis of the current state of the street lighting system in the Municipality of Tirana by visits and measurements, full information taken by municipality, interviews with responsible people of street lights system, different simulations based on DIALux software for new technology proposed. The study has estimated a great potential electrical energy savings by replacing existing street lighting lamps retrofits with LED in municipality of Tirana, around 33%, which is 4.6 million kWh/year, effecting a reduction of 1.85 million kg CO2 emission. The findings presented in the paper provide information on energy savings opportunities, which can be readily adopted by Municipalities of Albania, in their pursuit of energy and financial savings in street lighting sector.

Forests and urban green areas as tools to address the challenges of sustainability in Latin American urban socio-ecological systems

One of the most challenging discussions in distribution companies is power quality. Harmonics is one of power quality issues which generated in any non-linear electrical/electronic systems. The presence of harmonics in distribution networks can lead to various problems in terms of performance and operation. High-pressure sodium (HPNa) lamps are currently the main lamps used in public lighting. However, the possibility of using high-power light emitting diodes (LEDs) for street lighting is growing continuously due to their greater energy efficiency, robustness, long life and light control. In Alexandria Electricity Distribution Company (AEDC), public street lighting sector constitutes around 3.7% of the total consumption. A suitable selection of the lamp type is very important. In Alexandria, most lamps are HPNa, with rare high-pressure mercury and compact fluorescent lamps. Large connecting roads are mostly HPNa, sized 400 or 250 W, and mounted on 12 m poles. City lamps are a mixture of HPNa 400, 250, 150, 100 and 70 W, mounted on short poles (3–7 m high) or long poles (8–12 m high); but nowadays LED lamps are being presented as a more energy-efficient alternative. AEDC started to replace HPNa, sized 400 or 250 W with LED lamps 100 or 60 W which leads to decrease the total street light consumption from 4% in 2014 to 3.7% in 2015 and green house emission. The aim of this study is to study the power quality lighting street networks based on LED and HPNa lamps. Measurements carried out to HPNa lamps with electronic ballast and LED lamps and compared with IEC61000-3-2 limits. It is shown that measured values are less than the limits given in IEC61000-3-2.

Identifying which type of lamp is installed on each public lighting pole and evaluating its luminous power is important because the new light-emitting diodes (LED)-type models are much more economical in terms of energy, and energy distribution companies need to know the consumption of public lighting energy. In Brazil, the following types of lamps exist in street lighting: incandescent, mercury vapor, sodium vapor, “mixed” lamps (composed of a mercury vapor arc tube in series with an incandescent tungsten filament), metal lamps and modern LED-type lamps. In this article, the authors describe the experimental results of the development of an automated system for recognizing lamps for public lighting based on the light pattern of each lamp, taking into account an innovative optic method, which uses the reproduction index of color (RIC) phenomenon and colored cards. Data collection in the field consisted of the task of driving a vehicle through public roads and obtaining several photos of the colored cards illuminated through the lamps of the poles and also through the use of a spectrophotometer, which is already traditionally employed for this application. Samples were obtained and used for training classifiers that use machine learning in order to identify the nature of the lamps. The tests were carried out on the city’s public roads at night, so the resulting tables also show the noise from interfering light sources (examples: lights from windows in houses and buildings, lights in stores, etc.), thus creating a very realistic scenario. The performance of the classifiers was evaluated through parameters used in artificial intelligence.

Valoración escénica de paisaje periurbano con utilidad en planeamiento territorial. Estudio de caso en la Región Metropolitana de Barcelona

Proper street lighting has psychological, ecological and economic functions. Not only does it provide safety in settlements at night, but it also makes streets friendlier. Inadequate quantity and quality of street luminaries can cause troubles in the ecosystems of settlements. Public lighting management is the responsibility of local governments, and therefore it matters how much the operation and maintenance burden the budget. The modernisation of the obsolete street lighting system and the installation of a reliable and energy-saving (cost-effective in the long run) system is taking place in more and more places. Large cities (domestic cities with county rights) deserve special attention due to the concentration of the population, functions and through them the concentration of environmental impacts.

The main purpose of smart city is to improve the quality of life, improve the efficiency of life, and save the energy resources of life, which is in line with the current global concept of low-carbon environmental protection, energy saving and emission reduction, and ecological sustainable development. Under the process of smart city, the development of urban public space is also committed to meeting the material and spiritual needs of residents’ lives. For the system hardware design, the street lamp node, and the concentrator node hardware design, the sensing node is composed of multiple sensors. Its main components are temperature sensor, infrared sensor, sound sensor, and light intensity sensor, which, respectively, realize the collection of temperature, infrared, sound, and light intensity information. The street light sensing system uses multisensor information fusion technology to detect the situation of people and vehicles in real time, so that people and vehicles can turn on the street lights and turn off the street lights of unmanned vehicles. Adjust the street light switch according to the intelligent analysis of the lighting demand scene in order to enhance the accuracy of the system to identify the lighting demand scene. This enables the system to provide safe lighting conditions for urban traffic while saving the power consumption of urban lighting. The sensor system of the street light randomly selects the detection results of temperature and humidity within a certain period of time. The error rate of the final test result is 1/2 of that of the traditional test, and the accuracy is far lower than that of the traditional measurement method. Regarding the lighting system of street lamps and public art in urban public spaces, it is worthy of extensive promotion to control street lamp lighting through sensor information fusion technology and reduce energy consumption.

Urbanization is a key driver of global biodiversity loss. Although sub-Saharan African countries are experiencing unprecedented urbanization and urban expansion, very little is known about how this impacts tropical biodiversity. Here, we assessed the effects of urban expansion and urban green space on local small mammal species diversity in Accra, Ghana. We surveyed small mammals in the University of Ghana botanical garden, an urban green area (UGA) and adjoining built-up environment (BE) and compared the results with baseline data (BLD) collected when large areas of the current city still remained mostly undeveloped. The methodology involved live-trapping using Sherman collapsible live-traps. Our data showed higher small mammal abundance and diversity in the UGA than BE. Similarity of species composition was higher between UGA and BLD than between BE and BLD. The small mammal species captured in BE (the rodents Mastomys erythroleucus, Rattus rattus, and Arvicanthis rufinus, and the shrew Crocidura olivieri) are known to easily adapt to human-modified landscapes. Our results suggest that urbanization negatively influenced the abundance, diversity, and community composition of small mammals. Efforts should be directed towards the integration of urban green areas into urban land development planning in developing countries in order to conserve local wildlife and ecological services that enhance the quality of urban life.

Intelligent street lighting refers to public street lighting that adapts to movement by pedestrians, cyclists and cars. This type of lighting is different from traditional, stationary illumination, or dimmable street lighting that dims at predetermined times. Intelligent street lighting, also referred to as adaptive street lighting, dims when no activity is detected, but brightens when movement is detected. Apart from that in this model of intelligent street lighting the lights will be configured to interact with each other to inform further lights to turn on or off when activity is detected near them. This ensures that people always walk in well-lit areas but area where activity is not detected remains dark thus saving energy. The lights will also be fitted with sensors to detect available sunlight initially and only come into action when required instead of predetermined times, it will also have access to a web API that provides average sunrise and sunset times in the region to save energy by reducing usage of the sensor itself.

Conventional street lighting systems in most of the areas are Online at regular intervals of time irrespective of the seasonal variations. The street lights are simply switched on at afternoon and turned off in the morning. The consequence is that a large amount of Power is wasted meaninglessly. As energy consumption is an issue of increasing interest, possible energy savings in public street lighting systems are recently discussed from different viewpoints. The purpose of this work is to describe the Smart Street Lighting system, an approach to accomplish the demand for flexible public lighting systems using a Programmable Logic controller (PLC). The main difference from other computers is that PLCs are armoured for severe conditions such as dust, moisture, heat, cold etc., and have the facility for extensive input/output (I/O) arrangements. In the proposed paper, street lights are controlled using millennium 3 PLC taking the seasonal variations into consideration.

Urban green areas have multiple roles in cities and to a large extent they determine the quality and livability of urban space. The process of urbanization has led to an increase in construction in cities and reduction of open public spaces, especially green areas. Planning of urban green areas is an integral part of urban planning, thus changes in planning and development of urban green areas can be observed through urban planning documents. The main question is whether the loss of green areas is a consequence of non-compliance with plans, or the reason for this lies in the method of planning of green areas. In order to answer this question the paper discusses: functions, standards and classification of urban green areas in general, and their use in two successive general urban plans of the city of Nis in the last twenty years, as a prerequisite for the development of green areas in accordance with growing need for green areas in the city.

In 2013, UNISDR recognized Barcelona as a role model city within the "Making Cities Resilient!" campaign. A year later, UN-Habitat selected the city to host the headquarters of the City Resilience Profiling Programme, a scheme to promote urban resilience beyond UNISDR's traditional approaches of risk reduction. By the end of 2014, the Rockefeller Foundation incorporated Barcelona as a member of the 100 Resilient Cities network. Finally, in 2015, the UN Sustainable Development Goal on resilient cities was sanctioned by the Catalan network of cities towards sustainability. These international agencies and networks shaped the turn from climate-change urban resilience to multi-hazard urban resilience in Barcelona and its Metropolitan Region. However, as we argue in this article, the conception and operationalization of urban resilience was not only inspired by international agendas and actors, but also mediated by particular local agendas and needs. For instance, in Barcelona, the commitments of the new local government in 2015 brought new topics, such as the reception of refugees or the universal access to basic services, within the terrain of urban resilience. Thus, in this paper we first explore the role of both global and local agendas to transmit and shape ideas and practices of urban resilience. To do so, we review twenty urban plans and institutional declarations, international reports, and press materials referring to urban resilience from the Barcelona Metropolitan Region. Second, we discuss the interplay between globally circulating and locally emerging resilience-building efforts, and we identify potential elements of consensus and dissensus regarding the way to design and implement urban resilience.

One of the uses of electricity that is widely used by society today is as a source of lighting. The increasing level of community mobility makes all activities require lighting. One part that is important and requires lighting is a highway or public road. PJU is a lighting lamp that is public (for the common good) and is usually installed on roads and certain places such as parks and other public places. PJU (street lighting) or road lighting is a light source that is installed as street lighting at night. Public street lighting using solar power is a cheap and economical alternative to be used as a source of lighting electricity because it uses a new and unlimited renewable energy source that comes from nature, namely solar energy. This study aims to determine the feasibility of solar street lighting in the future as a substitute for conventional public street lighting in the future by looking at the Net present cost, and Break even point assisted by HOMER software version 3.10.3. And the results obtained from the calculation of the Net present cost of conventional street lighting costs less, which is only Rp. 30,245,473 and the Net present cost of solar street lighting costs an initial investment of Rp. 128,341,312 and the BEP (Break even point) graph that has not been found to break even.

Lighting is one of the basic needs of today's society. The purpose of PkM is to identify, design, and implement the installation of public street lighting with the main objective of improving the safety and welfare of the community in doing activities at night. The problem of this PkM is the lack of lighting in the RT 09 area of Jenebora Village. This PkM method is carried out by observing the PkM location in RT 09 which is located in Jenebora Village to discuss with RT 09 residents and carry out the installation of public street lighting lamps through initial observations, activity implementation, and evaluation. The number of samples was 5 people with a population of 40 residents of RT 09, and used data processing methods with 2 approaches. First, using a pretest before treatment. This treatment aims to determine the knowledge of the object of PkM with this activity, it is hoped that motorists and pedestrians will be helped by the installation of street lighting. At this stage, treatment is carried out by providing assistance to residents of RT 09 about the importance of installing these lighting lamps. After treatment, the sample was given a pretest to determine the changes after treatment. The results of the PkM show that the residents of RT 09 are greatly helped by the installation of these street lighting lamps and the conclusion is that there is a difference between the installation of street lighting and the installation of street lighting.

Majalengka is one of the cities that lacks lighting, significantly affecting community activities. In addition, public street lighting helps increase traffic comfort and safety, reduces crime rates, and improves people's quality of life. Lighting also impacts the economic sector, which is needed in some places, for example, in traditional markets. In these conventional markets, trading is not only done during the day or regular hours of human activity. Some traders and market consumers trade at night for convenience or because prices are lower than during the day. Because of this, market traders and consumers complain about the lack of lighting in the market area, which limits visibility, and sometimes criminality occurs. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to examine the deficiency of street lighting in the Sindangkasih market area, Cigasong, an economic sector area. This study uses the perception variables of road users and market consumers to assess the lack of lighting at Sindangkasih Market, Jalan Raya Cigasong, Kab. Majalengka. Primary data came from questionnaires completed by 60 road users and market consumers surveyed. The parameters used were respondents perceived On a scale of 1 to 5, from not significant to very important and from not satisfied to very satisfied, rate the significance and level of satisfaction with the street lighting on this road. Critical performance analysis was used to process the data (IPA) technique. The results of this research are expected to provide solutions and changes for future spatial arrangements that lead to better regional development in terms of infrastructure and various other aspects, especially in public street lighting.