Urban Transportation and Public Policy.

Prelims

Safe, sustainable… but depoliticized and uneven – A critical view of urban transport policies in France

This chapter discusses urban transport issues, policies, and initiatives in [The Urban Transport Crisis in Emerging Economies: An Introduction/Australia]. Consistent with the other case studies, it covers the following set of issues: Urban land-use patterns and spatial structure; Trends in transport use and mobility; Urban transport problems; Urban transport governance, decision-making, and financing; Proposed urban transport solutions and implementation issues; and Other country-specific issues. The object of this framework is to allow for a comparative analysis across the case studies. This book discusses urban transport issues, policies, and initiatives in 12 of the world’s major emerging economies—Brazil, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Russia, South Africa, Turkey, and Vietnam—countries with large populations that have recently experienced large changes in urban structure, motorization, and all the associated social, economic, and environmental impacts in positive and negative senses. It documents the worsening transport crisis and differences among these countries in their urban transport and land-use systems. It includes chapters on each of these 12 countries, focusing on one or more major cities per country. In order to present the case studies in a more comparable way, all chapters follow a common format. Each chapter covers the following set of issues: Urban land-use patterns and spatial structure; Trends in transport use and mobility; Urban transport problems; Urban transport governance, decision-making, and financing; Proposed urban transport solutions and implementation issues; and Other country-specific issues. The object of this framework is to help to identify new explanatory factors that may be overlooked in research limited to single cities or nations. By including cities and countries across all continents, the aim is to identify useful lessons on how to achieve urban sustainability goals across the globe.

Freight transport is essential to modern urban civilization. No urban area could exist without a reliable freight transport system. Although the private sector is responsible for much of this system, the public sector has a vital role to play in the provision of infrastructure and the establishment of a social and legal framework within which transport can occur. For these reasons, goods movement deserves and is increasingly receiving, explicit consideration in urban transport policy and planning. Many cities around the world have conducted studies aimed at resolving urban goods movement problems and a considerable, if disparate, body of research results are available. This book brings together much of this knowledge and experience in a comprehensive source of information on urban freight, particularly from a public policy or planning viewpoint. It provides both a conceptual basis for urban goods movement analysis and detailed, practical guidelines which may be used directly by those responsible for urban freight policy and planning. The author has worked for over twenty years in this field and he draws upon his experience in Australia, the United States, Great Britain, Canada and The Philippines to produce a book which is international in scope and perspective. The book is written for practising professionals, such as engineers, economists and planners, working in local government, urban transport planning agencies, highway authorities, consultancies, or research institutes; it is also relevant to graduate courses in transport planning, traffic engineering or urban policy. It is of interest to all who have a concern for contemporary issues in urban development.

A Set of Tools for Making Urban Transport More Sustainable

Energy Footprint of the City: Effects of Urban Land Use and Transportation Policies

The Japanese Government has declared that it will become carbon-free by 2050. Urban planning to realize a carbon-free society is proposed in the context of urban transport policy, which are policies to agglomerate urban facilities and link among them by public transport. However, transport and location policies to regulate land use are afraid to generate an economic loss. It is important to evaluate not only the effects of reducing GHG emissions but also economic influence. In this paper, we built the Computable General Equilibrium and Urban Economic (CGEUE) model, which modeled the transport and location behavior of each economic agent for a detailed area explicitly. We evaluated some transport and location policies such as (1) conversion from fossil fuel vehicles to electric vehicles, (2) improvement of public transport, (3) environmental tax and (4) making city compact by using the CGEUE model. As a result, it can be concluded that the combination policy of improving the public transport policy and environmental tax is the most effective under the conditions of these simulation results.

Shaping urban transport policies in China: Will copying foreign policies work?

Congestion in urban areas is vulnerable because of the impact of the growth of activities and an increasingly specialized and complex economy. For this reason, it is necessary to formulate a good urban transportation policy to accommodate increased urban transportation needs. Google Traffic is a feature found on Google Maps to see the level of congestion in an area. Google Traffic can detect an area with red, yellow or green indications through the principle of Real Time Data using data from the Global Positioning System (GPS). This study wanted to see how the use of the Google Traffic Feature as input to urban transportation policies by looking at existing urban transportation policies, analyzing the movement system model on Google Traffic, and analyzing the development of Google Traffic model policies, which would be useful for the development of Urban Transportation Policies, especially Bandar Lampung City as a case study.

Identification of the variables that influence a commuter’s decision to make or embark on a trip is perhaps one of...

Successful implementation of public transportation reform cannot be achieved without studying transportation behavior of citizens. The results of an empirical analysis of the behavior of St. Petersburg residents presented in this article make it possible to assess what transportation policies will be successful in attracting car users to travel by public transport. The aim of the study was to identify the patterns of transportation behavior in St. Petersburg: attractiveness of various transportation modes, mode choice factors as well as satisfaction with public transport and transportation policies aimed at stimulating the use of public transport. The research methodology includes survey of the population and the analysis of descriptive information from the data obtained. In addition, principal component analysis was applied for travel factors grouping. The results of this study may be used in elaboration of transportation policies aimed at changing transportation behavior of the citizens. The main finding of this study is the relative importance of trip time for public transport in contrast to private car.

Research on urban areas constitutes a highly significant field of study in contemporary science. It is worth noting that such research cannot be unequivo- cally assigned to a single scientific discipline; rather, it embodies an interdisci- plinary character. The chosen research direction is therefore highly individual, and the obtained results will shape further understanding of various aspects of urban areas’ functioning in social, economic, political, and transportation con- texts. However it should be emphasized, that in the context of the ongoing phe- nomenon of suburbanization and the increasing challenges faced by contempo- rary urban areas, such research appears not only as an intriguing direction for scientific reflection but also as one of the fundamental determinants of transpor- tation policy. This monograph is dedicated to the exploration of various dimensions of the city, with particular emphasis on the role of delimitation as a tool in transporta- tion policy, simultaneously serving as a determinant of the compatibility of econometric models in polycentric agglomerations. It is also worth emphasizing that the issue of urban area delimitation is often only marginally addressed in scientific literature. Such an approach seems inadequate, as delimitation will largely determine the steps taken within the implemented urban policy. This monograph serves as a response to the identified research gap and may be re- garded as a catalyst for a deeper academic debate in this area. The theoretical aim of this study is to systematize information concerning urban areas, with particular emphasis on the phenomenon of suburbanization and delimitation processes. To achieve this goal, a systematic review of scientific literature in the discussed scope was conducted. The research aim of the mono- graph is to attempt to determine the extent to which area delimitation may influ- ence the fit of econometric models. The research in question is limited to poly- centric regions – dispersed urban areas characterized by the highest degree of spatial-administrative complexity. The Metropolis GZM has been selected as a kind of research testing ground. The monograph seeks to address the following research hypothesis – “the process of area delimitation affects the fit of econo- metric models in polycentric-dispersed agglomerations.” The monograph begins with a chapter enlightened by the city and its es- sence as a potential area of scientific research. The deliberations commence with reflections on the city’s position within the discipline of economics. An analysis is conducted concerning issues related to urban allocation and its position in both a network and systemic context. Additionally, the chapter presents a two- -dimensional model of urban areas, emphasizing their spatial aspects. The second chapter focuses on the process of delimitation as a significant element of implemented transportation policy. It begins with a synthetic litera- ture review on the issue of suburbanization of urban areas and its impact on transportation policy. This review also encompasses the phenomenon of delimi- tation, examining the context in which this concept has appeared in previous scientific research. The chapter concludes with a review of transportation plans for the ten largest Polish cities and the largest metropolitan area in the country, namely the Metropolis GZM. These plans were analysed regarding the manner in which they addressed area delimitation – key delimitation factors were identi- fied, and the extent to which the delimitation process influenced the final shape of the transportation plan was synthetically described. In the final chapter, the focus was on examining area delimitation as a key factor influencing the compatibility of econometric models in polycentric- dispersed agglomerations. The Metropolis GZM was chosen as the research testing ground. The first subsection presents the methodology of the conducted analysis. Subsequently, the obtained results are discussed, with a focus on dif- ferences in the fit of econometric models depending on the method of delimita- tion. Additionally, praxeology is presented as a potential alternative to classical approaches based on quantitative models. The work is based on a query of English-language literature, transportation plans, and research findings conducted in the Metropolis GZM area. The mono- graph is aimed at individuals involved in urban transportation policy, urban planners, public administration bodies, urban logisticians, and all those interested in transportation policy issues.

Pedestrian accessibility is an important factor in urban transport and land use policy and critical for creating healthy, sustainable cities. Developing and evaluating indicators measuring inequalities in pedestrian accessibility can help planners and policymakers benchmark and monitor the progress of city planning interventions. However, measuring and assessing indicators of urban design and transport features at high resolution worldwide to enable city comparisons is challenging due to limited availability of official, high‐quality, and comparable spatial data, as well as spatial analysis tools offering customizable frameworks for indicator construction and analysis. To address these challenges, this study develops an open source software framework to construct pedestrian accessibility indicators for cities using open and consistent data. It presents a generalized method to consistently measure pedestrian accessibility at high resolution and spatially aggregated scale, to allow for both within‐ and between‐city analyses. The open source and open data methods developed in this study can be extended to other cities worldwide to support local planning and policymaking. The software is made publicly available for reuse in an open repository.

This article examines the persistence of an automobility-centric paradigm in the development of urban policies for sustainable mobility. It draws on the policy composition framework to analyze individual elements of transport policies, from macro-level goals and logics of selecting instruments, to meso-level objectives and instruments, as well as micro-level policy targets and instrument calibrations. The study considers four types of change, namely layering, drift, conversion, and replacement to analyze the evolution of strategies, action plans and policies in the City of Espoo, Finland, a car-centric city with an ambitious carbon neutrality goal. The results show tensions in the development of instruments and their calibrations that simultaneously emphasize both sustainability and the freedom of using cars, which ultimately supports the expansion of private car infrastructure. The article highlights how legacies of car-centric policies can restrain the scope of future policy intervention and potentially lead to an impasse in the transition to more sustainable urban transport policies.

In parliamentary law to resolve the troubles experienced in country transport, including in urban transport, the Algerian state has been heavily involved in recent years as an actor/regulator in the sector. Therefore, large and complex investment projects are launched and huge budgets have been allocated whose amounts have never been touched earlier. Major works are underway and huge building sites are coming forth. The objective of the article is the analysis of the dynamics of change of urban transport policy in Algeria. To do this, we will deal with the following points. The first point presents the dynamics of change and the opening up of the urban transport market while emphasizing the disappearance of incumbent operators and the explosion of transport supply. It also draws parallels with the notion of artisanal transport observed in other countries. Although liberalization has effectively solved the problem of supply in Algeria, quantitatively speaking, it has generated other types of problems that are in fact important issues in terms of sustainable development. These considerations are the subject of the second point to be addressed. Finally, a third point presents the major features of the new urban transport policy characterized by the return of the State and the implementation of a strategy to modernize the system.