Using geo-spatial session tagging for smart multicast session discovery

IP multicast is advantageous for high quality streaming applications and future needs in the Internet. However, it is generally recognized that IP multicast requires significant routing coordination and configuration, and hence its routing protocols are non-scalable. Recently, Source-Specific Multicast (SSM) has been standardized and proposed as the deployable IP multicast communication architecture. SSM basically works for the one-to-many communication, and eliminates many of the complexities the traditional many-to-many multicast communication has. While SSM gives advantages for the IP multicast deployment, there is still a gap between what is reported as the state-of-the-art in the literature and what could be implemented in practice.In this paper, we analyze the deployment barriers SSM creates, and consider how we can ease some of the barriers. To define the possible approaches, we discuss the functions SSM requires, and the necessary components network operators and application developers need to know for fulfilling the demand.

Current Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) primarily utilize the Domain Name System (DNS) to direct users towards optimal content replica servers. Typically, these CDNs will leverage specialized DNS servers to perform load balancing, by providing different users with different IP endpoints for a particular hostname. However, there typically exists some form of DNS cache between the user and the authoritative DNS for a particular web service (Examples include web browsers, operating systems, and home routers). While these DNS caches typically improve user experience and network performance by reducing the number of redundant DNS requests, there exist scenarios where the presence of a DNS cache can actually harm network performance and user experience. For example: if a server or datacentre were to suddenly become unavailable, end users may become `stuck' trying to access the old IP address contained in their DNS caches, even though the authoritative DNS server may have updated it's records accordingly. In order to address this issue, we propose a system that enables network operators to transparently redirect users towards optimal servers during times of network congestion or high server load. By leveraging SDN and NFV, we are able to implement this system over a variety of network infrastructures, and to various levels of scale. Our initial tests indicate that our methodology has the capability to vastly improve user experience by several orders of magnitude during times of high network load, over a variety of network conditions. Our system is application-layer agnostic, and is compatible with various networking protocols.

In this paper we propose a new scheme named Differentiated QoS Multicast (DQM) based on the Source Specific Multicast (SSM) model in order to provision limited qualitative QoS channels for supporting heterogeneous end users. Based on Service Level Agreements, both sources and group members should select a specific QoS channel available from the network for group data transmission, and arbitrarily quantitative QoS states are eliminated. Moreover, we use the group address G contained in the (S;G) tuple in the SSM service model to encode QoS channels, and data packets belonging to the same QoS channel identified by a common class D address can be treated aggregately within core networks. Hence the proposed DQM scheme can be regarded as an overlay solution to single source multicast applications.

Harmonic DiffServ: Scalable support of IP multicast with Qos heterogeneity in DiffServ backbone networks

We describe fair layered increase/decrease with dynamic layering (FLID-DL): a new multirate congestion control algorithm for layered multicast sessions. FLID-DL generalizes the receiver-driven layered congestion control protocol (RLC) introduced by Vicisano et al. (Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, San Francisco, CA, , p.996-1003, Mar. 1998)ameliorating the problems associated with large Internet group management protocol (IGMP) leave latencies and abrupt rate increases. Like RLC, FLID-DL, is a scalable, receiver-driven congestion control mechanism in which receivers add layers at sender-initiated synchronization points and leave layers when they experience congestion. FLID-DL congestion control coexists with transmission control protocol (TCP) flows as well as other FLID-DL sessions and supports general rates on the different multicast layers. We demonstrate via simulations that our congestion control scheme exhibits better fairness properties and provides better throughput than previous methods. A key contribution that enables FLID-DL and may be useful elsewhere is dynamic layering (DL), which mitigates the negative impact of long IGMP leave latencies and eliminates the need for probe intervals present in RLC. We use DL to respond to congestion much faster than IGMP leave operations, which have proven to be a bottleneck in practice for prior work.

Satellites are expected to have an important role in providing the Internet protocol (IP) multicast service to complementing next-generation terrestrial networks. In this paper, we focus on the deployment of IP multicast over the next generation of digital video broadcasting-based geosynchronous earth orbit satellites supporting multiple spot beams and on-board switching technologies. We propose a new encapsulation scheme optimized for IP multicast, which has two distinct modes enabling two alternative on-board switching approaches: the self-switching and the label-switching. We also detail a set of mechanisms and protocols for ground stations, as well as for the on-board processor to allow an efficient multicast forwarding in this type of environment, while reducing the load of control and data messages in the satellite segment, and building efficient multicast delivery trees reaching only the spot beams containing at least one member of the corresponding multicast session. To integrate satellite links in the terrestrial Internet, we present satellite multicast adaptation protocol (SMAP), a protocol which is implemented in satellite stations to process incoming protocol independent multicast-sparse mode (PIM-SM) messages sent by terrestrial nodes to the satellite system. SMAP helps to update the tables required for the mapping between IP packets and MPEG-2 data segments, their switching on board the satellite, and their filtering at the satellite receivers.

Network operators have been reluctant to deploy IP multicast services mainly due to the lack of native control over multicast groups. This lack of control does not only prevent operators from generating revenue from multicast-based services but also hinders regular network management. In this work we identified the network elements where admission control should be enforced for multicast sessions spawning over heterogeneous access networks. The architecture proposed uses existing AAA functionality to perform user identification and multicast session admission control. This control is made at the network layer with no protocol modifications. Three access networks were considered: xDSL, WiMAX and UMTS.

In this paper we propose a new scheme named DQM (Differentiated QoS Multicast) based on the Source Specific Multicast (SSM) 7 model in order to provide limited and qualitative QoS channels to support heterogeneous end users. Similar to the DiffServ paradigm, in DQM the network is configured to provide finite QoS service levels to both content provider and receivers. Based on the Service Level Agreement, both the content provider and group members should select a specific QoS channel available from the network for data transmission, and in this case arbitrarily quantitative QoS states are eliminated. Moreover, we use the group address G contained in the (S, G) tuple in SSM service model to encode QoS channels, and data packets that belong to the same QoS channel identified by a common class D address can be treated aggregately, and this can be regarded as an overlay solution to Differentiated Services, specifically for source specific multicast applications.KeywordsMulticast GroupEnhancement LayerLink UtilizationLoad LinkCore RouterThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

IP multicast using ATM-based satellites provides the potential to support multimedia applications, including audio/video streaming and information distribution, at a large scale. This article considers the impact of satellite channel errors, and equations are derived for the probability of IP datagram loss in the presence of burst errors on the satellite link. When there are a large number of multicast receivers per spotbeam there is a significant probability that one or more recipients will not receive the data, and this has implications particularly for the design of reliable multicast network protocols.

We propose a new network and system architecture for multicast in the Internet. Our main objectives are to find a cost-effective way to scale to a large number of multicast groups whose members are geographically dispersed; and to enable small and less capable devices to participate in group communications. In order to preserve the efficiency of data distribution gained by multicast, while avoiding the control complexity previously exhibited by IP multicast, we propose the use of an overlay network for multicast services. We construct “virtual” multicast trees, which consist of unicast connections joining multicast servers in the network. These servers represent their end users who are interested in communicating together, and replicate and forward data on their behalf. A network design problem is presented to study the implication of such overlay network. On top of this network communication channel, we devise a transport layer and system architecture to provide crucial functionalities to applications. In addition, we propose a multicast mechanism that involves only end-systems. This allows accelerated application deployment without the need of network infrastructure support. To gain experience of the interfacing between applications and the multicast communication channel, we implement a multicast middleware package and prototype applications for future experiments.

Many people are dependent on desktop end user tools such as spreadsheets and databases to manage their data. While they may have the technical skills to set up data repositories, many end users lack the analysis skills to design data models which reflect their often deceptively complex requirements. We advocate that a comprehensive data model should always be developed, with expert help, so that the end user can feel confident the subtleties of the data are fully understood. We then suggest that some pragmatic decisions can be made to simplify the model so that the end user can retain control over setting up and maintaining the application.

An object-relational database is the entry point for geoinformatic exploration tools applied for mineral targeting. A data model is proposed to establish standards for database contents that enable information sharing across multidisciplinary fields, modeling geological processes a database, and to provid data for advanced modeling tasks. An application-specific database model for mineral targeting was based largely on the generic North American Data Model Conceptual Design 1.0 and the ESRI Geology Data Model 812. These data models were modified and extended to datasets typically involved within research and exploration of mineral deposits. The development of a conceptual model into physical database was achieved through the integration of a relational database and a geographic information system. The result is a highly visual relational database in which database query, analysis, and visualization of subsurface geologic data can be performed visually on computer screen via a feature interface. The case study shows that navigation and access to the contents of database can be done effectively through relational query protocols. Results of queries become input data for advanced modeling tasks such as geostatistical analysis, solid 3D modeling, and hydrothermal system modeling.

Botnet is a malicious software that can perform malicious activities, such as (Distributed Denial of Services) DDoS, spamming, phishing, key logging, click fraud, steal personal information and important data, etc. Botnets can replicate themselves without user consent. Several systems of botnet detection have been done by using a machine learning method with feature selection approach. Currently, the creation of dataset feature based on network flow, Domain Name System (DNS) traffic and content based that represent botnet behavior. Unfortunately the dataset for botnet detection is dummy dataset, to implement in machine learning needs extractor tool which is very expensive to buy. Therefore we create our own features extractor. In this paper we propose network flow using connection logs approach on the dataset. First of all we made the data model using pair of source IP (Internet Protocol), destination IP and source port, destination port in a period time to extract new features. To predict the accuracy, the extracted features will be validated using K-Fold Cross Validation with number of k= 10. The results of the validation with six various types of botnet shows the high Precision=98.70%, F-Measure=99.40%, Recall=98.80%, and Accuracy=98.80% for Rule Induction algorithm, while K-Nearest Neighbor is the most stable than all algorithms that achieve precision, Recall, F-measure and accuracy to 98.10% and high speed (50 ms).

The user interaction (UI) function is enhanced to the IMS service architecture by defining the data model between the UI client and the UI server, introducing the user behavior trace function (UBTF), enhancing the interface between a CSCF and a PDFE. Unlike traditional services such as Call Forwarding, Ring Back Tone, etc., which are based on an end user status and/or a pre-provisioned user profile, the services built on this extended architecture enables end users to actively and instantly intervene in session control. The user preferences will be statistically collected into the network by the UBTF based on historical user behavior, and used for future sessions. And the UBTF can also improve the user experience by changing the UI function of a service and cut down the network resource usage.

The goal of the National Cancer Institute’s cancer Biomedical Informatics Grid initiative, or caBIG®, is the ability to share data and resources among cancer researchers. One means to achieving this goal is the development of semantically interoperable informatics tools based on common data models and controlled vocabularies. A tool for managing biospecimen repositories, caTissue, enables investigators to query for available tissues that are relevant to the needs of their research. For this functionality, the caTissue application data model must include annotation describing various specimen characteristics, and have this information accessible for query by the researcher end user. Having deployed caTissue over two years at Thomas Jefferson University, we report the lessons learned from our investigators’ use of this complex, semantically interoperable software application. Overall we have found that object model complexity and semantic completeness pose obstacles to end user accessibility that require effective strategies to overcome.