Using GeometryReader

In user interface design a common pitfall is to use the technical properties of the device as basis for the design, which easily causes a user interface to become too complicated and hard to use. Also, the great development in the area of different hand-held terminal devices has set new requirements for user interfaces: screen sizes of devices are very small, advanced I/O devices are used instead of ordinary mouse and keyboard and the operating environment of the devices differs significantly from familiar PCs and laptops. However, governmental and in particular military communications systems often trail behind this development. To be able to overcome the aforementioned challenges and take usability of governmental communication systems to a new level, a new approach is needed. This paper covers user-centered design of graphical user interfaces to advanced communication devices designed to be used in challenging environment, e.g., in moving vehicles and outdoors in any season, and to support devices with limited screen size and touch screen technology. We also introduce a proof-of-concept implementation and show through a user test that general principles introduced in the paper can easily be applied to a specialized communication device.

In the last years, the types of devices used to access information systems have notably increased using different operating systems, screen sizes, interaction mechanisms, and software features. This device fragmentation is an important issue to tackle when developing native mobile service front-end applications. To address this issue, we propose the generation of native user interfaces (UIs) by means of model transformations, following the modelbased user interface (MBUI) paradigm. The resulting MBUI framework, called LIZARD, generates applications for multiple target platforms. LIZARD allows the definition of applications at a high level of abstraction, and applies model transformations to generate the target native UI considering the specific features of target platforms. The generated applications follow the UI design guidelines and the architectural and design patterns specified by the corresponding operating system manufacturer. The objective is not to generate generic applications following the lowest-common-denominator approach, but to follow the particular guidelines specified for each target device. We present an example application modeled in LIZARD, generating different UIs for Windows Phone and two types of Android devices (smartphones and tablets).

<p>Mobile Tole Playing Games (RPGs) are now very popular in gaming market. Still, we have great constraint in hardware provided such as screen size and interaction speed. Adopting techniques such as auto play enables the game designers to weaken the burdens of porting RPG scales to mobile platform. However, the interface design in mobile platform becomes quite different from PC based platform. In this paper, we investigate how user interface functionalities are provided for popular mobile RPGs based on google play downloaded between the year of 2014 and 2016. We analyze the commonalities and the differences of recent successful mobile RPGs first and take a user survey with heuristics. In result, subjects who are 16 ~ 25 in age weakly accept current interface layout and control as over 70% positive rate in 4 point Likert scale test.</p>

The advancement of information technology requires educational institutions to provide effective communication media for delivering academic information to the public. A website plays a key role in this regard, serving as a digital gateway that reflects the institution’s credibility and professionalism. The Informatics Study Program at the Indonesian Defense University needs a landing page website that is not only informative and visually engaging but also accessible across a variety of devices and screen sizes. This study aims to design and develop a landing page using the Responsive Web Design (RWD) approach to ensure that the website display can dynamically adjust on desktops, tablets, and smartphones. RWD was chosen for its ability to deliver an optimal viewing experience through the use of flexible grid layouts, media queries, and responsive user interface elements. The development process also considered aspects of user interface (UI) and user experience (UX) to enhance user comfort and functionality. Testing results show that the website developed with the RWD method can effectively present information on various devices, support intuitive navigation, and improve overall accessibility. This website is expected to serve as a reliable communication medium and strengthen the professional image of the Informatics Study Program at the Indonesian Defense University in the digital space.

Personalized graphical user interfaces have the potential to reduce visual complexity and improve efficiency by modifying the interface to better suit an individual user’s needs. Working in a personalized interface can make users faster, more accurate and more satisfied; in practice, however, personalization also comes with costs, such as a reliance on user effort to control the personalization, or the introduction of spatial instability when interface items are reorganized automatically. We conducted a series of studies to examine both the costs and benefits of personalization, and to identify techniques and contexts that would be the most likely to provide an overall benefit. We first interviewed long-term users of a software application that provides adaptable (usercontrolled) personalization. A design trade-off that emerged is that while personalization can increase the accessibility of features useful to a user’s current task, it may in turn negatively impact the user’s awareness of the full set of available features. To assess this potential trade-off, we introduced awareness as an evaluation metric to be used alongside more standard performance measures and we ran a series of three studies to understand how awareness relates to core task performance. These studies used two different measures to assess awareness, showing that personalization can impact both the recognition rate of unused features in the interface and user performance on new tasks requiring those features. We investigated both adaptive (system-controlled) and adaptable personalization techniques to help us understand the generalizability of the awareness concept. In addition to introducing and incorporating awareness into our evaluations, we studied how specific contextual and design characteristics impact the user’s experience with adaptive interfaces. In one study, we evaluated the impact of screen size on performance and user satisfaction with adaptive split menus. Results showed that the performance and satisfaction benefits of spatially reorganizing items in the interface are more likely to outweigh the costs when screen size is small. We also introduced a new adaptive personalization technique that maintains spatial stability, called ephemeral adaptation, and evaluated it through two studies. Ephemeral adaptation improves performance over both another closely related adaptive technique and a traditional interface.

The Android platform is designed to operate on a variety of different device types, screen sizes, and screen resolutions. To assist developers in meeting this challenge, Android provides a rich toolkit of user interface components to utilize and customize to the needs of their specific application. Android also relies very heavily on an extensible XML framework and set resource qualifiers to create liquid layouts that can adapt to these environmental changes. In this chapter, we take a look at some practical ways to shape this framework to fit your specific development needs.KeywordsJava CodeOutput AreaUser PressPublic ClassCustom WidgetThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

The Android platform is designed to operate on a variety of device types, screen sizes, and screen resolutions. To assist developers in meeting this challenge, Android provides a rich toolkit of user interface (UI) components to utilize and customize to the needs of their specific applications. Android also relies very heavily on an extensible XML framework and set resource qualifiers to create liquid layouts that can adapt to these environmental changes. In this chapter, we take a look at some practical ways to shape this framework to fit your specific development needs.KeywordsContent ViewCustom ViewPublic ClassCustom ThemeWindow FeatureThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

The problem of achieving completeness and unity of objective, subjective, and virtual reality is considered in relation to the applied tasks of designing interactive user interfaces. Within the framework of constructing an immersive envi-ronment using modern information technologies, the problem of forming an ontology of perception is investigated. The key role of a sign in information interaction is highlighted, taking into account the individual characteristics of its per-ception by users of virtual reality. In an immersive environment, virtual signs can be embodied both as observable ob-jects with varying degrees of realism and directly in the form of signs, both graphic and text, that have a specific loca-tion in space. The proposed approach allows for setting an algorithm for visual impact on a person by dynamically forming a sequence of signs. The formed sequences create a queue of visual stimuli that adjust the tempo-rhythm of the user's interaction with the computer system. The signs observed by the user can be classified as iconic signs corre-sponding to conventional symbols or pictograms, index signs acting as pointers to other objects and marking space for orientation purposes, and symbolic signs signaling or warning about changes in an object, event, or phenomenon. The article considers test examples of user behavior in a virtual reality environment. The proposed approach is implement-ed in a software system for psychological diagnostics and rehabilitation. A special feature of the system is the control of patient involvement based on the analysis of the dynamics of head movements, facial movements, and gaze trajec-tory using artificial neural networks. In case of distraction or loss of interest, the computer system adapts the user inter-face by adding visual stimuli according to specified pragmatic rules. The application of the obtained results has ena-bled the adaptation of the user interface and created the possibility for a personalized approach to the provision of medical services.

In the educational process, the support for the presentations displayed at courses, seminars and laboratory hours are the PowerPoint slides. Usually, a simple on-screen slide is not enough for students to understand complex information, requiring additions like verbal explanations and sometimes, to complete the presentation, there are needed drawings, sketches, charts, flowcharts or arrows. To create a presentation, there are used various methods today, from the simplest ones (projecting the slides on the whiteboard and the usage of water-based markers to overwrite) to some more complex, like using interactive whiteboards which can be written directly with special pens. However, there are cases when the screen size is too large and the reader is not even near it. The same thing happens when there is not used a projection screen and the presentation is displayed on a white wall. In these cases, it is required a new approach for teaching methods, especially for emphasize and addition of information in real time. This paper presents the new methodology for using a Natural User Interface (NUI) dedicated device (e.g. Microsoft Kinect) in PowerPoint presentations, considering the following actions: achieving additions and changes in real time, on the same screen with the PowerPoint presentation. Kinect is a peripheral low-cost device that allows users to interact with data, using body gestures and voice commands. We propose a series of intuitive NUI actions based on body postures, gestures and voice commands used to make additions to the classical presentation such as underline, highlight, drawings, diagrams, various smart-arts. The GUI of the developed program is similar to the one of the classical Windows Paint program. There were performed tests and calibration of equipment, in order to modify / correct the positions / movements attached to each action. The advantage of the developed application is the usage of low cost equipment to create an intuitive human computer interface that improves the traditional presentations.

his paper presents a gesture-controlled smart glove system integrated with a web application for interactive user interface and control. The glove utilizes an array of sensors, such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, and flex sensors, to detect hand movements and gestures with high precision. These sensors capture real-time data, which is processed by an embedded microcontroller unit (MCU) onboard the glove. The processed data is then transmitted wirelessly to a web application via Bluetooth or Wi-Fi connectivity. The web application, accessible through a browser on any device, provides a user-friendly interface for controlling various applications and devices remotely. Users can customize gesture mappings to specific actions, enabling seamless interaction with IoT devices, virtual reality environments, and computer applications. The system's architecture emphasizes modularity and scalability, allowing for easy integration of additional sensors or functionalities. Moreover, the web application employs responsive design principles, ensuring compatibility with different screen sizes and devices. In conclusion, the proposed gesture-controlled smart glove system offers a versatile and intuitive interface for interacting with digital environments. Its integration with a web application enhances accessibility and usability, making it suitable for a wide range of applications, including gaming, rehabilitation, and virtual control interfaces. Key Words: MCU, Flex sensors, Web Application, Gesture Control, IOT

Over the last decade, the shift from analogue to digitaltechnology has brought about significant changes to thetelevision landscape. The subsequent emergence of mobile,IPTV and other carriers affords the opportunity to crea-tively reassess how people interact and engage within thisdiverging medium. Accessibility services to audio-visualcontent through sign language, subtitles and audiodescription have become vital forms of interaction for deafand hard of hearing, those with low literacy or learningdisabilities, and blind and partially sighted people.Improved accessibility affords both humane and economicbenefits to the wider society, as access to suitable inter-active media implies better quality of life, independenceand social inclusion. The payback for technology providersis also considerable, as greater inclusion implies broadermarket potential for commercial products. Digital televi-sion (DTV) potentially affords enhancements in commu-nication, quality of life, safety and support of independentliving. Related examples include community televisionapplications in the UK, where the medium has been used tosupport communication between older citizens in publichousing and local authority services [5], as well as socialtelevision solutions aimed at improving social connected-ness for older people living alone [11].Despite this, the dangers of a widening digital divideremain. Ease of use of DTV continues to be a formidableproblem—in the purchasing, self-installation of equipmentand access of content. Consequentially, there are still asignificant number of people who will struggle to adapt tousing this technology. Freeman and Lessiter [4] classifythese vulnerable groups as those on low incomes and/orwith a reduction in one or more ability. In particular, there isstrong evidence to suggest that reductions in cognition,sensory and manual dexterity can create significant barriersto the access of related interactive services. This includesthe poor design of remote controls, both in terms of theirdesign consistency, tactile feedback and appropriate label-ling of buttons. These issues can be further exacerbated byage-related changes to working memory, creating addi-tional ‘cognitive load’ in the mapping and switching ofattention between remote control and TV interfaces [2].Colour contrast, font type, screen size and distance to screencan all invariably affect text legibility; however, in manyinstances, DTV lacks support features to readily personalizegraphical content. As such, there is an increasing consensusthat the self-adaptation of the user interface will helpimprove interaction barriers for a wider spectrum of users.One notable example is the GUIDE project,

A primary goal of the HeartCare research project is to apply human factors design principles to the usability of an information technology implementation for home use by recovering coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients. It attempts to provide patients direct access to the information regarding their recovery, support self-monitoring, motivation and home management of their readjustment after surgery. The WebTV commercial product is used as the implementation instrument. The WebTV interface has proposed several questions that are not addressed by traditional user interface guidelines. Screen size, font size and navigation are a few areas that require new design approaches reflecting the limitations of TV displays. Nursing advisory panel interviews will also be conducted in order to estimate the amount to time, knowledge and clinical experience needed to respond to the information flow on the network. We will also be documenting the design process to identify system implementation requirements.

Smart homes integrated with sensors, actuators, wireless networks and context-aware middleware soon becomes part of our daily life. This paper describes a context-aware middleware providing an automatic home service based on a user's preference inside a smart home. The context-aware middleware includes an appliance controller, a context-aware agent and a scalable browser. The appliance controller takes charge of communication between appliances in the context-aware middleware. The context-aware middleware use OSGi (open service gateway initial) as the framework of the home network. The scalable browser recognizes the properties of all the rendering device, and it figures out their screen size. We use UlML (user interface markup language) as multiple rendering device. The context-aware agent utilizes 6 basic data values for learning and predicting the user's preference for the home appliances: the pulse, the body temperature, the facial expression, the room temperature, the time, and the location. The six data sets construct the context model and are used by the context manager module. The user profile manager maintains the history information for home appliances chosen by the user. The user-pattern learning and predicting module is based on a neural network, which predicts the proper home service for the user. The test results show that the pattern of an individual's preference can be effectively evaluated.

In this sixth chapter, we will take a closer look at the different types of screen layout containers that Android offers, and how they can be used to hold our application new media content and user interface designs. This is a logical follow-on to Chapter 5, where I discussed providing UI layouts for different screen sizes, shapes, orientations, and densities.KeywordsIntent ObjectJava CodeMenu ItemGravity ParameterLayout ParameterThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Current authoring environments provide the possibility of developing user interfaces with limited adaptation capacities. The most widely adopted tools follow the responsive design approach and allow developers to obtain user interfaces that can adapt mainly to the screen size and orientation. We present a solution able to support development of user interfaces able to adapt to the various types of contextual events (that can be related to users, devices, environments, and social relationships), with the added possibility of distributing the user interface elements across multiple devices. The context-dependent behavior is modelled through trigger / action rules, and can even be applied to Web applications that were not originally designed to be context-aware. This paper describes the design and main features of the novel authoring environment and reports on a first user study.