Using instrumented small-scale models to study structural load paths in wood-framed buildings

The high pier and large-span bridge is high, soft, and have large contact area with the outside world, under the action of wind load, it will occur large vertical and horizontal displacement .This displacement effect on the track structure and will cause rail additional force, lateral displacement and create initial track irregularities, and then reduce the lateral stability of track structure. In this paper, through the large finite element software, we build pier-beam-track model to simulate and analyse the influence on the track structure under the vertical and horizontal wind load, it reached the following conclusion: horizontal wind load basic does not cause rail additional force, but reduce the rail lateral stability; longitudinal wind load can make rail produce certain vertical additional force, but compared to the telescopic additional force, the force basic can be ignored.

Dynamic reliability analysis of Aerial Building Machine under extreme wind loads using improved QBDC-based active learning

Probabilistic descriptions of wind effects for database-assisted design

An atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel study was performed to determine the overall horizontal wind load on multi-span duo-pitch greenhouses. The results of this study are intended for the stability design of inflexible Gladding system greenhouses (designated as Class A in EN 13031-1) with roof pitch angles of 23-24' and ridge heights of 7.5-8 m. Both static force and fluctuating pressure measurements were performed to determine the overall horizontal wind force. The results obtained with the static force measurements show that the overall horizontal wind force increases linearly with increasing number of spans. The overall horizontal wind load determined with the mean pressure coefficients derived from the fluctuating pressure measurements was found to be in good agreement with the static force measurements. An investigation into the correlation of the roof pressures showed that these pressures are relatively little correlated. The overall horizontal force on the roof of multi-span buildings reduces significantly because of this lack of correlation. Accounting for the lack of correlation between the roof pressures on a 30span model resulted in a 65% reduction of the peak horizontal wind force on the roof. A comparison was made of the overall horizontal wind forces determined in the current study and calculated with European codes for wind load assessment on greenhouses. EN 13031-1 provides non-conservative outcomes for the overall horizontal wind force on the investigated duo-pitch greenhouse type with more than 30 spans. On the other hand, EN 1991-1-4 is increasingly conservative with larger number of spans.

Chapter 6 - Wind Loads for Offshore Structures

Performance-based design is being developed and implemented in seismic and fire resistant design. The field of structural wind engineering has introduced several techniques that may eventually lead to performance-based wind engineering for buildings such as database assisted design. For wood-frame buildings, one deficiency is the lack of accurate load/response models with the ability to go beyond first failure leaving only force-based approaches which protect life safety but only infer certain levels of performance. This paper introduces a new nonlinear roof sheathing fastener model that is a function of not only the uplift pressure acting on the roof sheathing, but the effective moment arm (not just the moment) acting on the edge nails. A targeted set of experimental tests was conducted to determine the effect of the load eccentricity, a new stiffness matrix for a nail element formulated, and illustrative examples presented for a roof sheathing assembly analyzed using the finite element procedure. The model is shown to result in a significantly reduced capacity from current state-of-the-art finite element analyses which assume only nail withdrawal. It is anticipated that this more accurate nail model can aid in the development of performance-based wind engineering for wood-frame buildings.

The field of wind science and engineering (WSE) in relation to civil engineering (CE) applications is still considered relatively young and thus has been taught only for about 50 years in some academic institutions. Therefore, it is unsurprising that there are limited wind engineering (WE) tracks within CE programs worldwide, and no semblance of a standard or ideal curricula. An adequate education in WE is paramount to future structural and civil engineers, and ultimately to academia, because natural disasters including extreme wind events have the capability to destroy our infrastructure systems, as well as threaten people’s lives and well-being. The goal of this research is to identify and propose an ideal path for WE tracks within CE that not only enhances the quality of education, but also provides equitable learning opportunities and promotes diversity and workforce inclusion. To achieve this goal, this research (1) analyzed the different CE programs that include WE tracks offered in the US, Canada, and Europe; (2) identified the academic institutions that have academic expertise and equipment critical to the study and investigation of wind events, such as atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) wind tunnels; (3) conducted a survey of all WE faculty and students doing research on these topics at Florida International University to gather information on the courses offered as well as information on what they believe could be offered or improved to enhance the curricula; (4) compared the programs that include WE tracks to provide a modernized WE curricula; and (5) proposed ideas, tools, and strategies that can be implemented to provide better curricula for students in order to enhance their education and increase research in this paramount topic, as well as ensure equitable quality education that presents equal opportunities for all.

Predicting the probability of ice storm damages to electricity transmission facilities based on ELM and Copula function

The mathematical modelling of deformable, permeable screen doors was explored to assess their behaviour under wind loading. A load-response model was proposed whereby the wind load was modelled using a simplified approach that allowed it to be approximated as a uniformly distributed pressure load with empirical modification factors applied to relate it to the real case of a door on a building. Several approaches were adopted to model the mechanical behaviour of the door system in response to load, including discrete models based on mass-spring systems, continuum models based on the membrane equations (including tension modulation in some cases), and computational models using finite element packages. The primary aim of the work was to determine the distribution of wind load to the door's supporting `tabs' and estimate a failure wind speed. The mass-spring model and the membrane models without tension modulation both generated unrealistic deflection magnitudes in response to wind load, but could be calibrated in future work, and then used to obtain an estimate of the total force on the tabs. A tension-modulated version of the membrane model performed better with regards to deflected shape and magnitude, but time constraints meant that the load on the tabs was not calculated. Preliminary validation experiments were undertaken and deflected shape and magnitude were successfully measured in response to given wind speeds. References Standards Australia. AS/NZS1170.2–-Structural design actions part 2: Wind actions , 2011. F. Avanzini and R. Maronga. A modular physically based approach to the sound synthesis of membrane percussion instruments. IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing , 18(4):891–902, 2010. doi:10.1109/TASL.2009.2036903 B. Bank. Energy-based synthesis of tension modulation in strings. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Digital Audio Effects (DAFx-09) , 2009. http://dafx09.como.polimi.it/proceedings/papers/paper_76.pdf Bert Blocken. 50 years of computational wind engineering: Past, present and future. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics , 129(0):69–102, 2014. doi:10.1016/j.jweia.2014.03.008 Demetres Briassoulis, Antonis Mistriotis, and Anastasios Giannoulis. Wind forces on porous elevated panels. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics , 98(12):919–928, 2010. doi:10.1016/j.jweia.2010.09.006 John Cheung and William Melbourne. Wind loading on porous cladding. In 9th Australasian fluid mechanics conference , 1986. http://people.eng.unimelb.edu.au/imarusic/proceedings/9/CheungMelbourne.pdf John Holmes. Wind Loading of Structures . Spon Press, 2001. P. D. Howell, G. Kozyreff, and J. R. Ockendon. Applied Solid Mechanics . Cambridge University Press, 2009. C.W Letchford. Wind loads on rectangular signboards and hoardings. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics , 89(2):135–151, 2001. doi:10.1016/S0167-6105(00)00068-4 Wojciech Okrasinski and \T1\L ukasz Plociniczak. A nonlinear mathematical model of the corneal shape. Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications , 13(3):1498–1505, 2012. doi:10.1016/j.nonrwa.2011.11.014 D. W. Oplinger. Frequency response of a nonlienar stretched string. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 32(12):1529–1538, 1960. doi:10.1121/1.1907948 Xavier Provot. Deformation constraints in a mass-spring model to describe rigid cloth behaviour. In Graphics interface , pages 147–147. Canadian Information Processing Society, 1995. http://kucg.korea.ac.kr/education/2005/CSCE352/paper/provot95.pdf P.J Richards and M Robinson. Wind loads on porous structures. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics , 83(13):455–465, 1999. doi:10.1016/S0167-6105(99)00093-8 A.P. Robertson, Ph. Roux, J. Gratraud, G. Scarascia, S. Castellano, M. Dufresne de Virel, and P. Palier. Wind pressures on permeably and impermeably-clad structures. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics , 90(45):461–474, 2002. Bluff Body Aerodynamics and Applications. doi:10.1016/S0167-6105(01)00210-0 T. Tolonen, V. Valimaki, and M. Karjalainen. Modeling of tension modulation nonlinearity in plucked strings. IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing , 8(3):300–310, 2000. doi:10.1109/89.841212

Design wind loads for overhead power lines accounting for wind direction

Inverse installation method of large-scale storage tank has such advantages as less investment, high efficiency, no aloft work, et al, but instability problem may occur during the promotion process in the case of a gale. To evaluate the wind load encountering a gale during the stage of construction, flow field around tank was studied by CFD. Based on simplification and model building of flip tank, the flow fields were simulated for different inlet wind velocity. Combined with the contract of the velocity field inside and outside of tank, the characteristics of the pressure distribution on the tank wall were discussed. The horizontal and vertical wind load on tank wall was calculated and the law of wind load affected by inlet wind velocity was analyzed. The result of the wind load for different inlet wind velocity provided the basis of construction stress analysis of hydraulic lifting equipment for flip-tank.

Transmission towers are particularly vulnerable to extreme wind events, which can lead to structural damage or collapse, thereby compromising the stability of power transmission systems. Enhancing the wind-resistant capacity of these towers is therefore critical for improving the reliability and resilience of electrical infrastructure. This study utilizes finite element analysis (FEA) to evaluate the structural response of a 220 kV transmission tower subjected to fluctuating wind loads, effectively capturing the dynamic characteristics of wind-induced forces. A comprehensive dynamic analysis is conducted to account for uncertainties in wind loading and variations in wind direction. Through this approach, this study identifies the most critical wind angle and local structural weaknesses, as well as determines the threshold wind speed that precipitates structural collapse. To improve structural resilience, a concurrent multi-scale modeling strategy is adopted. This allows for localized analysis of vulnerable components while maintaining a holistic understanding of the tower’s global behavior. To mitigate failure risks, the traditional perforated plate reinforcement technique is implemented. The reinforcement’s effectiveness is evaluated based on its impact on load-bearing capacity, displacement control, and stress redistribution. Results reveal that the critical wind direction is 45°, with failure predominantly initiating from instability in the third section of the tower leg. Post-reinforcement analysis demonstrates a marked improvement in structural performance, evidenced by a significant reduction in top displacement and stress intensity in the critical leg section. Overall, these findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the wind-induced fragility of transmission towers and offer practical reinforcement strategies that can be applied to enhance their structural integrity under extreme wind conditions.

A numerical study on load effects of low-rise buildings in a wind-blown sand environment

Large-span cable-stayed bridges are increasingly becoming a vital component of modern bridge infrastructure due to their efficiency in load distribution, aesthetic appeal, and ability to span significant distances. This study examines the structural and dynamic performance of Azerbaijan’s largest multi-span cable-stayed bridge, which is currently under construction along the MuganlyIsmayilli-Gabala road. With a total length of 1100 meters, the bridge is located in a region of high seismic activity, making stability and structural integrity paramount concerns in its design and construction. A detailed load analysis was conducted, considering both permanent and temporary loads. These include the self-weight of the bridge, vehicle loads, environmental forces such as wind, snow, and ice, as well as the influence of seismic effects. The bridge features multiple cable configurations - 31 6 , 37 6     and 48 6  —each with specific cross-sectional areas and tension forces that ensure structural stability. To mitigate seismic impact, the bridge is equipped with kinematic roller supports between the stiffening beam and its supporting structures, allowing controlled movement during seismic events. The study also focuses on the dynamic behavior of the bridge under various forces, particularly wind loads that induce oscillations in the cables and the stiffening beam. Through finite element analysis, the vertical and horizontal vibration frequencies were calculated, ensuring that resonance conditions are avoided. The results demonstrate that the bridge remains within safe limits for aerodynamic stability, with no risk of excessive oscillations due to wind or traffic loads. Furthermore, the analysis of cable strength and durability confirms that the maximum tension forces are within acceptable limits, with safety margins that comply with international engineering standards. The bridge’s stiffness conditions were verified using deformation calculations, showing that maximum deflections remain within allowable limits, ensuring long-term serviceability. This study provides crucial insights into the design and performance of large-span cable-stayed bridges in seismically active regions. The findings highlight the importance of advanced structural analysis and innovative engineering solutions to enhance stability, durability, and safety. The research contributes to the broader understanding of bridge engineering, offering valuable guidelines for the construction of future large-span cable-stayed structures in challenging environmental conditions.

Wind load identification of lattice towers using multi-source heterogeneous monitoring data