Using Interactive 3D Visualisations in Neuropsychiatric Education.

Capacity to Delay Reward Differentiates Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

The Behavior of Eating Glass, With Radiological Findings: A Case of Pica

Reversal Learning as a Neuropsychological Indicator for the Neuropathology of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder? A Behavioral Study

Evaluation of imprinting pattern in patients with obsessive– compulsive disorder (OCD) in sanandaj

Objective To explore the association of peripheral catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT)gene expression and obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD)in Han Chinese.Methods Peripheral blood samples were collected from individuals with OCD(n=35)and age-and sex-matched healthy subjects (n=31).Relative COMT gene expression levels were examined with real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR in peripheral blood of all the subjects.Structured clinical interview for the 4th Edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder axisⅡ(SCID-Ⅱ)was used to assess the co-morbidity of OCD and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders(OCPD).The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale(Y-BOCS)was used to evaluate the severity of obsessive compulsive symptoms.Results The COMT gene expression levels were significantly decreased in the OCD group compared with healthy control group (t=2.56,P＜0.05).The OCD patients showed a 32%down-regulation of COMT gene expression.A significant lower COMT gene expression was observed in non-OCPD patients(n=15)in comparison with healthy controls(t=2.41.P＜0.05),while there was,no significant difference between OCPD patients (n=20)and healthy controls(t=1.50,P＞0.05).The rates of COMT gene expression down-regulation in OCD patients with OCPD and ones without OCPD were 14%and 56%respectively.There was no significant correlation between COMT expression level and the Y-BOCS score(r=0.09,P=0.62).Conclusions These results suggest that COMT gene expression down-regulation is associated with OCD,and the OCD patients with and without OCPD may have different genetic background. Key words: Obsessive-compulsive disorder; Compulsive personality disorder; Catechol Omethyl transferase; Gene expression

Introduction: obsessions are common symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) that can cause great distress and can focus on various sexual themes: unwanted sexual thoughts, thoughts of violent sexual behaviour, obsessions about the fear of engaging in homosexual activity or sex with animals. Our aim is to discuss the findings from previous studies about sexual obsessions and sexual dysfunction in OCD, analyse compulsive sexual behaviour disorder and the sexual dysfunction associated with the pharmacological treatment of OCD. Material and Methods: A literature research was conducted using the “PubMed” database and the search equation was built using the terms: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; Sexual Obsessions; “Compulsive Behaviour” and Sexual Function; 18 articles were selected for the discussion of this narrative review. Results and Discussion: Several studies have been conducted on sexual function in individuals with OCD. obsessions comprise intrusive, recurrent and persistent thoughts, images or concerns about sexual matters that do not usually prompt sexual behaviour. orientation obsessions and the related distress may be misunderstood as being the result of a sexual identity conflicts. obsessions and obsessive thoughts about self-impurity play a role in sexual dysfunction in OCD as well as relationship difficulties and pharmacological management of the disease. Some studies suggest an association between OCD and compulsive sexual behaviour disorder, however, repetitive sexual thoughts in compulsive sexual behaviour are egosyntonic, whereas the obsessions in OCD are egodystonic. Conclusions: The occurrence of sexual obsessions in OCD should be recognised and understood as an ordinary and non-threatening OCD symptom. The more specific neurobiological characteristics of OCD and its treatment seem to influence sexual function in unique ways. A better understanding of sexual function in OCD may help clinicians to choose treatments more suited to the specific needs of these patients.

Background: There are limited data on suicidal behaviour in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This study aimed to evaluate several aspects affecting suicidality in OCD patients and determine whether impulsivity or hostility are associated with suicide attempts in this vulnerable group.Methods: Eighty-one patients with OCD were assessed by structured clinical interview for DSM-IV (SCID I), Yale-Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Suicide Probability Scale (SPS), Barratt impulsivity scale-11 (BIS) and Scale for suicide ideation (SSI).Results: Of the 81 patients, 22 (27%) had suicide ideation, 29 (33%) attempted suicides with OCD and 30 (37%) OCD patients who never experienced suicide ideation nor attempted suicide. Suicide ideation was associated with high hopelessness, higher severity of OCD and the presence of aggressive obsessions. On the other hand, suicide attempts were associated with longer duration of untreated illness, cognitive impulsivity, higher severity of OCD symptoms and the presence of religious obsessions.Conclusion: Higher severity of OCD symptoms is associated with both suicide ideation and attempts. And while hopelessness was related to suicidal thoughts, cognitive impulsivity may have acted as a facilitating factor for suicide attempts. Higher frequency of symptoms like religious/ aggressive obsessions was also associated with suicidality. It is vital that patients with OCD undergo detailed assessment for suicide risk.Key pointsOCD is associated with a high risk for suicidal behaviour.Suicide ideation was associated with high levels of hopelessness, OCD severity, and the presence of aggressive obsessions.Suicide attempts were associated with longer duration of untreated illness, cognitive impulsivity, severity of OCD, and the presence of religious obsessions.

Objective To analyze the brain structure changes of the first-episode obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) patients who were scanned by three-dimensional structure magnetic resonance imaging. Methods According to the diagnostic criteria of OCD in American Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), the fist-episode obsessive compulsive disorder patients as case group(OCD, n=26) and the adult healthy volunteers as control group (control group, n=25) were selected.All subjects were assessed with Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale(Y-BOCS), Hamilton Anxiety rating Scale (HAMA) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale(HAMD), and then, they received 3D-MRI scanning runs.All the data was processed with freesurfer software and analyzed about cerebral cortical volume, cortical thickness, cortical surface area, the local gyrification index and subcortical nuclei volume. Results Compared with control group, the cerebral cortical thickness of OCD group increased at the left postcentral gyrus((2.223±0.118)mm), left supramarginal gyrus((2.486±0.027)mm) and left parahippocampal gyrus((2.399±0.164)mm). The cerebral cortical surface area larged at the right inferior frontal gyrus((1.036±0.079)mm2), right paracentral lobule((0.827±0.048)mm2)and medial orbitofrontal((0.990±0.083)mm2), and decreased at right superior parietal lobule((0.779±0.040)mm2), right inferior parietal lobule((0.767±0.093)mm2)and right inferior temporal gyrus((0.888±0.070)mm2). The cerebral cortical volume increased at the right inferior frontal gyrus((2.330±0.223)mm3). The cerebral cortical local gyrification index decreased at right middle temporal gyrus(2.893±0.288)and left inferior temporal gyrus(2.589±0.100). Conclusion The first-episode OCD patients have multiple changes of brain structures, and this changes were priority for the frontal lobes, orbital frontal, parietal lobe, temporal lobe and hippocampus.The changes in these regions maybe have close relationship with symptoms of OCD. Key words: First-episode obsessive-compulsive disorder; Magnetic resonance imaging; Freesurfer scanning images software; The local gyrification index

Experimental priming of feared self-perceptions increases obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a clinical OCD sample

Objective: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD) have been reported to be associated with mood instability (MI), depression and suicide-related outcomes. We examined whether obsessive-compulsive symptoms and personality traits as well as obsessional thoughts of death, are associated with suicidal thoughts, non-suicidal self-injury and attempted suicide.Methods: We used data from 7,839 people from the 2000 British Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey that elicited symptoms of OCD with a computerized version of the Clinical Interview Schedule—Revised (CIS-R) and traits of OCPD with a self-completed version of the SCID-II. We created a series of logistic regression models, first entering only OCD symptoms and OCPD traits in separate models, to which depression and mood instability (MI) were added. We also examined the relation of obsessional thoughts about death with self-harm in a network analysis model that included the main symptoms of mood instability and depression.Results: OCD symptoms were associated with suicidal thoughts (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.14–1.32), and suicide attempts (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.04–1.24) in the fully-adjusted model. OCPD traits were associated with suicidal thoughts (OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.10–1.19), non-suicidal self-injury (OR: 1.14 95% CI: 1.03–1.26), and suicide attempts (OR: 1.09; 1.01–1.17). Depression and MI were both associated with all three suicide-related outcomes. In the network analysis, MI was the most prominent correlate of suicide-related outcomes, being associated with suicidal ideas (partial r = 0.15) and non-suicidal self-injury (partial r = 0.07).Limitation: This was a cross-sectional study that used a single-item measure for mood instability.Conclusions: Obsessive-compulsive symptoms and personality traits are related to suicide-related outcomes independently of depressive symptoms and mood instability. This relationship is not accounted for by obsessional thoughts of death alone.

Although research has shown that deficits in various cognitive functions may underlie obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), studies have not yet clarified the specificity and etiology of perception processing, particularly the perception of biological motion that is correlated with social cognition. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate neural activity associated with the perception of biological motion in OCD patients. The subjects were 15 patients with OCD and 15 age- and IQ-matched healthy volunteers. All subjects participated in a biological motion task in which they performed a one-back task signaling a repeated stimulus with a key press in each block condition to obligate attention to both types of stimuli. The biological motion versus scrambled motion contrast revealed that both OCD patients and healthy controls exhibited increased activation of the superior and middle temporal gyrus, the regions implicated in processing of biological motion, which is consistent with previous studies. However, direct comparison between OCD subjects and healthy controls indicated that patients with OCD exhibited increased activation in the right superior and middle temporal gyrus and the left inferior temporal and fusiform gyrus, and reduced activation in the right postcentral gyrus (BA 40) compared to healthy subjects. OCD patients exhibited increased activation in the ventral visual system, including the inferior temporal and fusiform gyrus. We observed a differential pattern of activity between OCD patients and healthy controls, indicating that OCD patients have functional differences related to the perception of biological motion. The differential activation between OCD patients and healthy subjects might contribute to the pathophysiological understanding of obsessive compulsive disorder.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a clinical syndrome whose hallmarks are excessive, anxiety-evoking thoughts and compulsive behaviors that are generally recognized as unreasonable, but which cause significant distress and impairment. When these are the exclusive symptoms, they constitute uncomplicated OCD. OCD may also occur in the context of other neuropsychiatric disorders, most commonly other anxiety and mood disorders. The question remains as to whether these combinations of disorders should be regarded as independent, cooccurring disorders or as different manifestations of an incompletely understood constellation of OCD spectrum disorders with a common etiology. Additional considerations are given here to two potential etiology-based subgroups: (i) an environmentally based group in which OCD occurs following apparent causal events such as streptococcal infections, brain injury, or atypical neuroleptic treatment; and (ii) a genomically based group in which OCD is related to chromosomal anomalies or specific genes. Considering the status of current research, the concept of OCD and OCD-related spectrum conditions seems fluid in 2010, and in need of ongoing reappraisal.

Background: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a neurobiological disorder. It is classied as an anxiety disorder that forces a person into a series of repetitive thought, actions and behavior that needs to be performed in order to decrease anxiety. The disorder, OCD is now known as the fourth most common psychiatric disorder among Americans. An obsession is constant thoughts or feelings, and it amplies anxiety. Aperson with obsessions tries to control them by engaging in compulsive behavior. Objectives:(1)To assess the knowledge regarding obsessive compulsive disorder among 1st year GNM students.(2)To evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching program on knowledge regarding obsessive compulsive disorder among 1st year GNM students.).(3)To associate the pretest knowledge regarding OCD among 1st year GNM students with their selected demographic variables. Material and Methods: AQuantitative Research approach quasi-experimental one-group pre-test and posttest design was employed. The study involved 30 1st year GNM students at ASRAM School of Nursing, Eluru. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire, pre-test and post-test, and a structured teaching program on obsessive compulsive disorder was provided. Results: In post-test 90% of study participants had adequate knowledge, and 10% had moderately adequate knowledge. The overall analysis of knowledge that the pretest mean is 6.7and that of posttest is 24.1. The calculated 't' value is 25.7, which is higher than the table 't' value 1.69 at 29 df with 0.001 level of signicance. There was extremely signicant difference between pretest and posttest levels of knowledge among the 1st year GNM students regarding obsessive compulsive disorder. Conclusion: The study gave an excellent experience for the investigator. The overall experience of conducting study was Satisfying and enriching. The STP was highly effective in improving the knowledge of 1st year GNM students regarding obsessive compulsive disorder, suggesting its potential inclusion in nursing education curricula.

Tourette’s and comorbid syndromes: Obsessive compulsive and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. a common etiology?

Introdution: Most often patients suffering from OCD also have depressive symptoms, which might be secondary to the OCD and its burden to the quality of life, or it might be independent to OCD. The same way Depression also has some obsessive manifestation. The presence of depressive symptoms is the important factors, which make patient with OCD as suicidal. Suicidal tendencies in OCD always correlated with severity of depressive symptoms. But in clinical settings, we most often missed to evaluate suicidal tendencies and other comorbidities of OCD. So this study mainly focuses on various socio demographic differences and clinical profiles of patient with OCD and depression. Materials and Methods: This is a case control study, 30 consecutive patients with OCD as well as 30 consecutive patients with depression, attending psychiatry department of Stanley Medical College Hospital included in this study as cases and controls. Then both cases and controls analyzed for socio demographic profile and clinical profile. RESULTS: Compared with patients with major depression, OCD patients are young (p=0.017), predominantly males (p=0.019), more educated (p=0.003) and more often associated with suicidal ideation (p=0.024) Conclusion: Obsessive-compulsive disorder most often has depressive manifestations. The comorbid depressive symptoms make patients with OCD with suicidal ideations. It is essential to look for depressive symptoms in OCD in order to prevent suicidal attempts.