Using Public Procurement as an Instrument for Implementation of ITS in EU

Introduction. The effectiveness of public administration largely depends on the transparency and efficiency of public procurement, which ensures the implementation of state programs and meets the needs of government bodies and municipal institutions. Properly organized procurement contributes to the rational use of budget funds, reduces corruption risks, and strengthens citizens’ trust in the state. Therefore, the need to examine the current state of the public procurement system, identify its strengths and weaknesses, and develop practical recommendations for improving procedures determines the relevance of the topic and its importance for enhancing the efficient use of budget funds and fostering a competitive environment. The purpose of the paper is to identify and systematize modern procedures and electronic mechanisms of public procurement in Ukraine, evaluate their efficiency and transparency, and develop practical recommendations to enhance the efficiency of public spending and promote competitiveness in the public procurement market. Results. The analysis of Ukraine’s public procurement system revealed significant improvements in transparency, competitiveness, and efficiency following the implementation of electronic mechanisms, particularly the Prozorro system and Prozorro Market platform. The study classified procurement procedures into open tenders, competitive dialogue, negotiated procedures, simplified procurement, and defense procurement, highlighting the specific purposes, advantages, and limitations of each. Statistical data from Prozorro indicate a steady increase in the number and volume of procurement transactions conducted through electronic platforms, reflecting greater openness and control over the use of budgetary funds. Open tenders ensure maximum competition and cost-effectiveness, while competitive dialogue and negotiated procedures provide flexibility for complex procurements requiring detailed specifications and stakeholder engagement. Simplified and defense procurement procedures demonstrated high efficiency in urgent or specialized cases, allowing rapid response while maintaining legal compliance. Legislative reforms and government strategies between 2022 and 2024 are also analyzed. These reforms introduced measures aimed at harmonizing Ukrainian procurement regulations with EU directives. As a result, procurement efficiency has increased, corruption risks have been minimized, and trust in public institutions has been strengthened. Overall, the results confirm that the combination of legal modernization, procedural diversification, and digitalization of procurement processes contributes to a more transparent, competitive, and effective public procurement system in Ukraine. Conclusion. The effective functioning of Ukraine’s public procurement system is a key factor in ensuring transparency, competitiveness, and efficiency in the use of state funds. The analysis of legal, organizational, and electronic mechanisms, particularly the Prozorro system and Prozorro Market platform, confirms that digitalization and open procedures significantly improve control over budget expenditures, reduce corruption risks, and foster competition in the procurement market. The classification of procurement procedures open tenders, competitive dialogue, negotiated procedures, simplified procurement, and defense procurement provides a clear framework for understanding the diversity and specificity of modern public procurement in Ukraine. Legislative changes and government strategies implemented from 2022 to 2024 show the state’s commitment to harmonizing national procurement regulations with EU standards and enhancing the professional competence of participants.

Public procurement serves as a key instrument for achieving good governance, transparency, and value for money in the management of public funds. In Malaysia, the government has established comprehensive procurement policies, procedures, and regulatory frameworks designed to promote accountability and integrity. Despite these measures, incidents of non-compliance among public procurement personnel continue to pose significant challenges, leading to financial inefficiencies, loss of public trust, and reputational risks for public institutions. This concept paper explores the underlying factors contributing to non-compliance among procurement personnel in Malaysia’s public sector. Focusing on three key organisational determinants, such as training and development, leadership quality, and information systems, it investigates how gaps in these areas contribute to rule violations, audit irregularities, and procedural breaches. Utilising a library research methodology, this study synthesises insights from existing literature to explain how these organisational factors shape individual behaviour, institutional culture, and procedural integrity. The findings are conceptual in nature and are intended to inform future empirical research and procurement reform strategies. The paper argues that while regulatory and procedural frameworks exist, individual, organisational, and systemic factors remain underexplored and may play critical roles in shaping compliance behaviour. The expected outcome is developing a conceptual framework that explains non-compliance behaviour in public procurement and provides practical recommendations for enhancing compliance. The findings of this study will contribute to strengthening Malaysia’s public procurement system by informing policy reforms, capacity-building initiatives, and integrity-driven organisational practices. Ultimately, the study seeks to support the government’s broader objectives of promoting good governance and restoring public confidence in public sector procurement processes.

The purpose of the article is to scrutinize administrative and legal regulation of information relations of public procurement subjects in the economic sphere. Within the framework of the conducted research, the authors note that the system of subjects that carry out administrative and legal regulation of information relations in public procurement consists of general and special public administration subjects. The primary objectives of the article are the following: 1) to determine an exclusive list of public administration subjects that provide administrative and legal regulation of information relations in the field of public procurement; 2) to outline major trends of further development of administrative and legal regulation that relates to information relations of public procurement subjects. Methodology. In the course of the article preparation, a set of philosophical and ideological approaches has been used (in particular, the dialectical approach, which is a way of thinking based on the analysis of all available views on disclosure of the content of administrative and legal regulation of information relations of public procurement subjects; analytical approach, which is based on cognitive activity concerning proving or refuting the notion of a public procurement subjects system; hermeneutic that is used to understand the terms related to information relations of public procurement subjects in the economy); general scientific research methods (logical, which is based on “simple to complex” and “abstract to concrete” principles and relates to general characterization of information relations of public procurement subjects in the economic field); special methods (system-structural method when defining organizational structure and legal regulation of public procurement subjects activity, legal comparative analysis when studying foreign countries expertise; formal legal and formal logical approaches). Results. According to the results of the research, the authors have classified all public administration subjects that carry out legal administration of information relations in the field of public procurement into four separate organizational and structural levels. The particular article provides authors’ assumptions concerning further development of administrative and legal regulation of information relations of public procurement subjects in the economy, namely, emphasizes the necessity of strengthening preventive control in forms of general (analytical) monitoring, supervision of individual procurement procedures, and further automation of procurement processes; accentuates the tendency of public procurement sphere professionalization by organizing personnel trainings and educating public officials how to work with advanced information technologies; supports the need to continue implementing measures aimed at improving legislation, professionalizing labour resources in the public procurement field, improving international relations, attracting additional investments to integrate advanced technologies and hire field experts with background in managing national information resources and building e-government. Practical implications. The authors’ survey results may be used in legislative work related to the legal regulation of information relations of public procurement subjects in the economy. The particular article may also be used in further scientific researches concerning information relations of public procurement subjects in the economic field. Moreover, the article might be used in the academic process, in lectures and seminars on information and administrative law. Value/originality. The scientific novelty of the article comprises of synthesis of existing normative and doctrinal approaches to understanding information relations of public procurement subjects in the economy; generalization of information concerning public procurement subjects in the economic field; determination of development prospects of administrative and legal regulation of information relations of public procurement subjects in the economic sphere. The authors have articulated development prospects of administrative and legal regulation of information relations of public procurement subjects in the economy, emphasized the necessity of enhancing preventive control in the form of general (analytical) monitoring, particular procurement procedures supervision, and further automation of the procurement process. Moreover, the article focuses on the professionalization of the public procurement sphere through educating qualified personnel to work with modern information systems and technical devices. The authors also support the necessity of continuing the implementation of measures aimed at the legislation improvement, public procurement sphere professionalization, international relations development and proper executions of functions established by the Law of Ukraine “On Public Procurement”.

Public procurement is a very important area of competitiveness development of the countries. Significant public sector financial resources are allocated through public procurement. Over the last decade, there has been a growing demand for an investigation of the efficiency of public procurement processes. In the research studies, analyses focusing on methodological aspects, efficiency assessment models, economic and transaction costs and other economic parameters in relation to public procurement have begun to appear gradually. Their importance has increased in the recent period, especially in the era associated with a lack of financial resources in the economic and social spheres. A correct determination of the mechanisms ensuring the implementation of transparent competition is able to allow improvement of competitive environment. Such aspects prompt this study, which is aimed at examination of the selected parameters of public procurement in the tertiary education sector and their impact on the final cost of the public procurement contract. There are no such sectoral analyses within the national environments, making it difficult to create an international comparative basis. The aim of the paper is to investigate the impact of the selected public procurement parameters on the final price. These parameters are subcontractor participation, European funds funding, usage of electronic auction, type of procured item, and procurement procedure. Besides these ones, public procurement processes also influence the final price. Approximately, a share of 95 % from the expected price is reflected in the final price, whilst a mean regression coefficient of the number of offers reaches a level of -17499.07 in the year 2017. The outcome of the analysis can help the procurers to identify the behavior of public procurement and to confirm or disprove the significance of the parameters that are examined using the quantitative methods. The results of this analysis are beneficial for national policymakers as well as national and international benchmarking.

Summary The purpose of the article is to study the problematic aspects of the functioning of the electronic public procurement system ProZorro in Ukraine and to develop proposals for minimizing abuses in the field of tender procedures. Research methods: The article uses general scientific research methods, in particular: synthesis analysis – in the study of scientific literature and determining the features of the electronic public procurement system ProZorro; economic and statistical analysis and comparison – with indicators of public procurement in Ukraine; generalization – when developing recommendations for minimizing abuses in the field of public procurement within the electronic system ProZorro. Scientific novelty: is to determine the main mechanisms of abuse in the field of public procurement in order to obtain illegal benefits: the fragmentation of contracts and the development of sub-threshold trade procedures and justification of ways to minimize them. In particular, in the article It is substantiated that non-competitive tender offers carry high corruption risks and lead to inflated prices for the supply of goods, services and works. It is proposed to amend the Law of Ukraine «On Public Procurement» in order to prohibit the conclusion of additional agreements after the tender; prohibition to change the conditions of the tender and tender documentation after the announcement of tenders; prohibitions to combine goods into one lot and set maximum payment terms for delivered goods for more than 30 calendar days. Conclusions: The study concludes that the electronic public procurement system ProZorro has a positive impact on the development of public procurement in Ukraine, as it increases the transparency of bidding and tender procedures, expands opportunities for participation in tenders of small and medium-sized businesses and more. However, shortcomings, first of all, in the law enforcement and judicial system of Ukraine are caused by frequent cases of corruption schemes in the public procurement system both within the ProZorro system and outside it. Elimination of corruption schemes in the public procurement system is possible subject to amendments to the Law of Ukraine «On Public Procurement». Keywords: public procurement, ProZorro, tender, tender offer, electronic bidding, competitive and non-competitive procedures.

The legislation on the contract system (Law No. 44-FZ) and procurement (Law No. 223-FZ) is constantly being updated and improved. In order to participate effectively in procurement, because buyers expect from suppliers: predictability, quality, confidence, long-term cooperation, potential suppliers of goods (works, services) under 223-FZ and public procurement under 44-FZ, have to carefully study the regulatory framework and periodically undergo training. And customers need to understand all the nuances of legislation in order to minimize errors during procurement procedures, reduce the risks associated with receiving fines and FAS regulations. The article analyzes the current regulatory framework regulating the activities of customers and suppliers in procurement procedures and changes occurring from year to year affecting the procedure for participation in public procurement.

Ukraine lives under martial law for over 12 months, which, provides for special rules and procedures for exercising the powers of state authorities,enterprises, institutions, and organizations. One of the most important and topical issues for the moment is the implementation of public procurement to meet the needs of the army, medical and rehabilitation facilities, educational institutions, and, to ensure the functioning of the country and society in general. Therefore, this research is devoted to the study of martial law concepts, public procurement, and the peculiarities of algorithms for carrying out public procurement and their application conditions, documentary confirmation of the legitimate implementation of procurement according to the algorithm without the use of open bidding and/or an electronic catalog. In this article, the author researches the regulatory and legal basis of public procurement during martial law, the correlation between the norms of the Law of Ukraine “On Public Procurement” and Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Resolutions regulating the issue of public procurement during martial law, as well as other special regulatory and legal acts. Algorithms for public procurement of goods and services worth or over 100,000 UAH, ongoing repair services with the cost starting from 200,000 UAH, other works with the cost over 1.5 million hryvnias, were researched in detail. It was determined that in certain cases the customer can choose the procurement algorithm depending on the circumstances, and attention was also focused on the need for documentary confirmation of the circumstances that allow choosing a simplified public procurement algorithm. Particular attention is paid to the study of procurement conditions without the procedure of open bidding and/or electronic catalog, foreseen in the clause 13 Peculiarities of public procurement of goods, works and services for customers, approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 1178, the so-called “by exceptions” procurement, as well as other exceptions of the general procedure for public procurement to meet the urgent needs of the state under martial law.

Introduction At the moment, a significant period of time has passed since the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the RF) embarked on the path of democratic transformation, which has made the significant adjustments to all spheres of the state’s life. Currently, the RF is actively developing market relations and market principles of procurement; the planned economy and the command-administrative relations which regulated it have already been left in the distant past. In the context of Russia’s economic development and financial stability, it was necessary to create a quality mechanism for distributing and regulating trade in the country. In this case, an effective “tool” was the contract procurement system with all its components, which allowed the national economy to reach a new modern level of development. The rapid development of digital technologies in the world leads to an intensive transformation of the entire system of public relations. The technological changes also require greater flexibility in the procurement system. Now we can see how the traditional methods of conducting the procurement procedures are increasingly taking a back seat, giving way to the electronic procurement procedures. Under the influence of these processes, the system of public procurement in the Eurasian Economic Union began to develop. The purpose of the work: to study the characteristics, value, the positive aspects of the methods of selecting the executors of the order by e-environment in the contract procurement system of Russia, the state procurement of economic entities in the countries of the EAEU, the information support of the contract procurement system in Russia and the EAEU countries; to identify the existing problems in the contract purchasing system on the EAEU market; to study and adopt the foreign experience in electronic procurement. Methods: the methods of systematicity, analysis, and comparative law are used. Results: the authors’ well-founded position is based on the legislation and the opinion of the scientific community on the current opportunities for electronic and information support of the contract procurement system in the EAEU. For a systematic and practical update of the legal rules governing the electronic procurement procedures, as well as the overall unified procurement information system, it is necessary to create an initial legislative base from which in the future, it would be possible to start, change and supplement it, adhering to a gradual approach, rather than a cardinal one. The international experience in the implementation of public procurement in various countries shows the missing points in the Russian contract system, as well as provides for the introduction of new methods and approaches to the organization of relations in public procurement in the EAEU countries. Conclusion: the existence of a unified procurement information system, electronic platforms, and electronic procurement undoubtedly contain a number of positive aspects: the level of competition increases, the price to be paid from the budget is lower, the interference in the relevant procedures of the commission members is reduced, the corruption risks and the risk of collusion are drastically reduced, and the entire procurement process is more transparent. Public procurement is an important part of the economic structure of the EEU member states. In this regard, it is necessary to remove the obstacles in the internal market of the union. There are a number of issues and areas that the countries still need to work on. At the same time, the experience of foreign countries and the EU countries considered by the authors in the paper is very tempting, but it is not necessary to blindly adopt all the possibilities of the world’s electronic and information procurement systems.KeywordsContract systemCustomerPublic procurementDigital servicesElectronic procurement proceduresThe EAEU countriesJel CodesK2K10K15K120K150

na al v ve er rs si ion n t to ap pp pe ea ar in n t th he e Ha an nd db bo oo ok k of Pr rocu ur rem men nt t ABSTRACT Procurement procedures are made of many distinct parts, on which the buyer can intervene to adapt the process to the product, service or work that he wants to procure. This paper analyses differences and similarities among public procurement practices adopted worldwide. Results are based on data provided by a survey conducted in 2004, among a group of European and American Public Procurement Entities. Through detailed questionnaires we enquired about the most relevant aspects that public procurers should bear in mind when designing a competitive tendering. From the survey emerges that procurements vary quite sensibly across different public institutions.

Digital transformation in public procurement is reshaping governance by embedding transparency, efficiency, and accountability into state operations. This scoping review explores the strategic adoption of e-Government tools in procurement systems, guided by Arksey and O’Malley’s framework as refined by Levac et al. It systematically maps 48 peer-reviewed articles and policy documents published between 2000 and 2025. The review identifies key technologies, including eProcurement platforms, blockchain systems, and AI-driven analytics, implemented across procurement procedures such as tendering, contract management, and auditing. Thematic synthesis reveals enabling conditions such as institutional readiness, ICT infrastructure, and policy support, alongside persistent barriers including infrastructural deficits, behavioral resistance, and regulatory fragmentation. While digital systems improve procurement outcomes, the review highlights underexplored issues such as adaptive corruption, digital exclusion, and trust dynamics. It concludes with implications for research and practice, recommending longitudinal studies to assess impact over time, inclusive platform design to mitigate exclusion, and regulatory agility to address evolving governance challenges and ensure sustainable, equitable digital transformation in public procurement.

The spread of the pandemic generated by the emergence of the new COVID-19 coronavirus quickly became a reality that we cannot ignore and that has caused a series of rapid changes in our personal and professional life, while being a challenge from a managerial point of view. Emergency public procurement has been one of the measures taken by all governments affected by the pandemic to support health systems and limit the spread of the virus. The article analyzes the literature on public procurement in emergency situations and the main features of emergency public procurement management functions. It also describes how public procurement procedures have been simplified in Romania during the state of emergency, the benefits achieved and the problems encountered in conducting procurement procedures to combat the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic

Public procurement in emergency situations must be carried out within the shortest possible timeframe, while respecting the principles of public procurement: principle of economy, principle of efficiency, principle of ensuring competition and prohibition of discrimination, principle of transparency, and the principle of equality of potential contractors. The paper presents the legal solutions given by the Law on Public Procurement from 2019 that enable this, as well as the way in which public procurement is carried out in emergency situations in the Republic of Serbia. The concept and basic elements of public procurement are defined in the paper. The specifics of public procurement in emergency situations are listed. The types of public procurement procedures provided for by the Law on Public Procurement from 2019 have been presented. It was explained how public procurements are carried out in emergency situations on the basis of a negotiated procedure without publication, which represents the type of procedure that is applied in emergency situations. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the negotiated procedure without publication were pointed out. Although the negotiated procedure without publication is carried out under conditions of urgency, the public buyers are obliged to ensure equal treatment of all potential contractors during negotiations and must not provide information in a discriminatory manner. When the negotiated procedure without publication is carried out in emergency situation, it is not necessary for the public buyers to wait for the opinion of the Public Procurement Office on the merits of applying this procedure, which enables the public buyers to realize the procurement in a short period of time. In emergency situations, the public buyers can start the public procurement procedure even though the procurement is not foreseen in the public procurement plan. The request for the protection of rights, which is a legal means of protection of rights regarding the actions of the public buyers in the specific public procurement procedure, does not have a suspensive effect, which also enables the implementation of public procurement during an emergency situation in a short period of time. The aforementioned legal solutions speed up the process of public procurement, but they can lead to subjectivity and even abuse in public procurement procedures. Therefore, more frequent control and improvement of public procurement procedures in emergency situations are needed.

ABSTRACTBid rigging prevents public procurers from obtaining the best value for money. While public procurers are advised to be vigilant as to bid rigging in public markets, public procurement rules as well as administrative practices of public procurement authorities, are integral contributors to the formation and stability of bid rigging. By looking at factors facilitating bid rigging in public procurement, this article determines the extent to which current regulations and administrative practices of Vietnamese public procurers facilitate bid rigging. The findings reveal that Vietnamese public procurement legislation as well as administrative practices of public procurers unintentionally facilitate the formation and stability of bid rigging. Particularly concerning are unnecessary and excessive selection criteria leading to limited participation of bidders, regulation of joint-bidding, information disclosure and frequent communication between bidders. Responsive suggestions are accordingly made to tackle the problems identified. These findings provide valuable lessons for both Vietnamese and international policy-makers by emphasising the need for assessing the practical impact of public procurement rules and practices on bid rigging practices.

Public procurement has been highlighted as an important strategic tool to drive sustainable development. The present study aimed at providing direction for decreasing greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) by 25% for the food purchased by child-care centers in the City of Copenhagen while simultaneously providing nutritionally adequate, affordable and tasty menus. Baseline data were provided by compiling food purchase data with datasets matching each food item to a proxy food item and further with databases containing nutrient and GHGE information. For each food item, the edible amount was estimated in order to evaluate nutritional content and GHGE per 10 MJ. Two scenarios were modeled, i.e., a plant-rich diet and a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet directed at children two to five years old based on current purchase practice. Finally, the diets were translated into guidelines for menu planning. Amounts of pulses, nuts and seeds, as well as dark green vegetables and plant-based fats, were increased substantially in the two scenarios, while animal fat was decreased and the amount of meat was either reduced or eliminated in the plant-rich and lacto-ovo vegetarian diets, respectively. These kinds of changes in public food procurement have the power to significantly affect the transition toward a more healthy and sustainable food system.

The state's purchasing policy is one of the new institutions of the Public Procurement Law. Influenced by the changes in the package of directives coordinating public procurement procedures in 2014, our national legislator has taken steps to use public procurement for purposes other than strictly purchasing. Therefore, the authors' considerations strive to define the concept of "purchasing policy of the state", outlining the role and scope thereof in the functioning of the modern state. Furthermore, the authors try to point out problems related to its implementation by the public authorities, stating finally that purchasing policy will only be effectively implemented if all participants of the public procurement market are aware of the policy objectives.