Using Relational Database to Build OWL Ontology from XML Data Sources

The Web, as we know it, is a collection of human readable pages that are virtually unintelligible to computer programs. For that reason, it has been called the “eyeball” Web. While the Web emerged as a World Wide repository of digitized information, by and large, the very same information is not available for automatic computation. In recent years two parallel efforts emerged that have the potential of overcoming this paradox: the first effort is the Semantic Web which provides the tools for the explicit markup of the content of Web pages; the second effort is the development of Web Services which results in a Web where programs act as independent agents to become the producers and consumers of information and enable automation of business transactions.In this talk I will focus on research that attempts to bridge the gap between the Web as we know it, the Semantic Web and Web services. Under this approach, I propose the vision of Web services as autonomous goal-directed agents which select other agents to interact with, and flexibly negotiate their interaction model, acting at times in client server mode, or at other times in peer to peer mode. The resulting Web services, that I call Autonomous Semantic Web services, utilize ontologies and semantically annotated Web pages to automate the fulfillment of tasks and transactions with other Web agents. In particular, Autonomous Semantic Web services use the Semantic Web to support capability based discovery and interoperation at run time. A first step towards this vision is the development of formal languages and inference mechanisms for representing and reasoning with core concepts of Web services. DAML-S (the Darpa Agent Markup Language for Services) is the first attempt to define such a language. I will give a brief overview of DAML-S and its relations with the Semantic Web and Web services. In addition, I will provide concrete examples of computational models of how DAML-S can be viewed as the first step in bridging the gap between the Semantic Web and current proposed industry standards for Web services. I will provide concrete examples of DAML-S in action, discuss challenges still open in the bridging between the Semantic Web and Web services and provide a roadmap to get us from today’s Web to the Web of autonomous Semantic Web services.KeywordsFormal LanguageCore ConceptDigitize InformationAutomatic ComputationBusiness TransactionThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Ontology makes traditional web service to be semantic web services, where semantic annotation can be employed to discover, reason and composite web services semantically. The construction of ontology is a key factor to implement semantic web service applications. Traditionally, ontology is constructed and maintained by domain experts with considerable effort, which is difficult to proceed in an engineering way and to reuse existing domain knowledge. In this paper, we propose to use the ER model, which is widely employed in database management, to construct domain ontology and semantic web services efficiently and effectively.

Semantic Web Services are the key technology providing services for the users' convenience in the semantic web environment. Many companies in various fields are researching and developing languages for constructing Semantic Web Services such as DAML-S, WSDL, X-LANG and BPEL4WS. DAML-S is a method that accesses the existing Web Service method from a semantic web environment. However, the current Semantic Web Services Discovery System does not provide sufficient processing of quality factors (performance, accessibility, availability, reliability and transaction) nor reliable and accurate service results desired by the user through a UDDi search method. The present study analyzes the disadvantages of the current web services and suggests a Semantic Web Services Discovery System based on QoS applying semantic web technologies as a solution to the problems. The suggested system provides a UDDi and DAML-S based discovery engine to allow efficient web service discovery and composition.

Summary form only given. The emerging concept of semantic Web services aims at more sophisticated Web Service technologies: on basis of semantic description frameworks, intelligent mechanisms are envisioned for discovery, composition, and contracting of Web services. The tutorial explains the current state of the art in semantic Web services on basis of the Web service modeling ontology WSMO and related initiatives. Commencing from the vision and arising challenges for semantic Web services, the tutorial in detail explains the specifications of recent frameworks for semantic Web services and presents the Web service execution environment WSMX as the WSMO reference implementation. The tutorial consists of three main sections that subsequently provide a complete overview of semantic Web services and the latest status of WSMO. The tutorial addresses academic as well as industrial researches and developers that are working with Web services and are interested in semantic Web services.

An weighted ontology-based semantic similarity algorithm for web service

Web services (WS) are manually mediated with phases such as discovery, selection, composition and invocation. WS uses syntactic description available in WSDL, which are human understandable. WS discovery and selection is made through keyword matching that produces unrelated WS, which raises the problem of finding the exact WS. To overcome this issue the search can be made to produce related web services semantically for which WS should present as semantic web service (SWS). For this human understandable description should be changed into machine understandable description. In the current Web the availability of WS is more populated than SWS, which is described in OWL-S. There is a need for transformation from WS into SWS and this paper proposes a framework for conversion. The WSDL document has two types such as simple and complex. During this conversion simple type remains unchanged, because of attribute element names and complex type contains elements values that are converted into OWL-S. The conversion is implemented and evaluated. The result outperforms the similar conversion method.

Semantic Web Services promise seamless interoperability of data and applications on a semantic level, thus turning the Web from a world-wide information repository for human consumption only to a device of distributed computation. To this end, appropriate semantic descriptions of Web services and intelligent mechanisms working on this need a solid foundation in terms of the underlying semantically-enabled communication technologies. Recent advances in middleware technologies propose semantics-aware tuplespaces as an instrument for coping with the arising requirements of scalability, heterogeneity and dynamism. An additional argument is that Semantic Web Services have inherited the communication model of XML-based Web services, which is based on message exchange, thus being a priori incompatible with the REST architectural model of the Web. Analogously to the conventional Web, truly Web-compliant service communication should be based on persistent publication instead of message passing. In this chapter, we present “Triple Space computing”, a Triple Space-based coordination middleware for Semantic Web Services. We take a closer look at the respective data, infrastructure and coordination models that enable the management of formal knowledge and that support the interaction patterns characteristic for the Semantic Web and Semantic Web Services. Applying Triple Space computing to Semantic Execution Environments and Service-Oriented Infrastructures is the second main topic of this chapter.

This chapter explores the ongoing efforts to integrate Web services and the Semantic Web for the purposes of sharing knowledge, enabling access to services, and application integration in distributed clinical environments. Combining the Semantic Web and Web services in relation to the healthcare domain, results in Semantic Web services for healthcare, which will enable intelligent interpretation of healthcare data by services such as clinical decision support systems. Critical issues in ontology standardization and security are discussed. The multi-disciplinary problem of service composition is presented with emphasis on the role healthcare experts play in identifying value-added medical services.

The convergence of the Semantic Web and Grid technologies has resulted in the Semantic Grid. The great effort devoted in by the Semantic Web community to achieve the semantic markup of Web services (what we call Semantic Web Services) has yielded many markup technologies and initiatives, from which the Semantic Grid technology should benefit as, in recent years, it has become Web service-oriented. Keeping this fact in mind, our first premise in this work is to reuse the ODESWS Framework for the Knowledge-based markup of Grid services. Initially ODESWS was developed to enable users to annotate, design, discover and compose Semantic Web Services at the Knowledge Level. But at present, if we want to reuse it for annotating Grid services, we should carry out a detailed study of the characteristics of Web services and Grid services and thus, we will learn where they differ and why. Only when this analysis is performed should we know how to extend our theoretical framework for describing Grid services. Finally, we present the ODESGS Framework, which is the result of having applied the extensions identified to the aforementioned Semantic Web Services description framework.

Semantic Web services is considered as the concept bringing the web to its full potential by combining the best features of web services, agent technology, grid and the Semantic web. In this paper we present a semantic Web Services platform based on software agent (JASW), which introduces Semantic web and software agent and takes the automated discovery, selection, orchestration and invocation of Web services as application background. In the platform, we adopt Semantic web to accurately describe Web services, and use software agent to implement discovery, selection, and orchestration of Web services.

Services are an increasingly important part of the Web, and they are a necessary component of the Semantic Web. Semantic Web Services (SWS) are a research effort towards automation of the use of Web services, enhancing existing SOA capabilities with intelligent and automated integration. Recently, we have introduced WSMO-Lite, a lightweight service ontology intended for semantic annotations of the Web Service Description Language WSDL. In contrast to preceding SWS frameworks such as OWL-S and WSMO, WSMO-Lite simplifies the semantic descriptions and enables bottom-up semantic annotation of Web services, but very importantly, it also relaxes the requirements on completeness of semantic descriptions, which enables building incremental layers of semantics on top of existing service descriptions. In this work, we describe various useful subsets of the extent of semantic annotation on Web services with respect to the requirements of SWS automation tasks; and we detail the means of validating SWS descriptions with flexible levels of strictness.

SummaryThe field of Semantic Web Services (SWS) has been recognized as one of the most promising areas of emergent research within the Semantic Web initiative, exhibiting an extensive commercial potential and attracting significant attention from both industry and the research community. Currently, there exist several different frameworks and languages for formally describing a Web Service: Web Ontology Language for Services (OWL‐S), Web Service Modelling Ontology (WSMO) and Semantic Annotations for the Web Services Description Language (SAWSDL) are the most important approaches. To the inexperienced user, choosing the appropriate platform for a specific SWS application may prove to be challenging, given a lack of clear separation between the ideas promoted by the associated research communities. In this paper, we systematically compare OWL‐S, WSMO and SAWSDL from various standpoints, namely, that of the service requester and provider as well as the broker‐based view. The comparison is meant to help users to better understand the strengths and limitations of these different approaches to formalizing SWS, and to choose the most suitable solution for a given application. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Information and resources available on the Web are growing increasingly and web users need to have a common understanding of them. The Semantic Web whose most important role is to help machine to understand and analyze the existing data on the Web, has not been used commonly, yet. The foundation of the Semantic Web are ontologies. Ontologies play the main role in the exchange of information and development of the Lexical Web to the Semantic Web. Manual construction of ontologies is time-consuming, expensive, and dependent on the knowledge of domain engineers. Also, Ontologies that have been extracted automatically from corpus on the Web might have incomplete information. The main objective of this study is describing a method to improve and expand the information of the ontologies. Therefore, this study first discusses the automatic construction of prototype ontology in animals‟ domain from Wikipedia and then a method is presented to improve the built ontology. The proposed method of improving ontology expands ontology concepts through Bootstrapping methods using a set of concepts and relations in initial ontology and with the help of the Google search engine. A confidence measure was considered to choose the best option from the returned results by Google. Finally, the experiments showed the information that was obtained using the proposed method is twice more accurate than the information that was obtained at the stage of automatic construction of ontology from Wikipedia.

Existing approaches to Semantic Web Services (SWS) require a domain ontology and a semantic description of the service. In the case of lightweight SWS approaches, such as SAWSDL, service description is achieved by semantically annotating existing web service interfaces. Other approaches such as OWL-S and WSMO describe services in a separate ontology. So, existing approaches separate service description from domain description, therefore increasing design efforts. We propose EXPRESS a lightweight approach to SWS that requires the domain ontology definition only. Its simplicity stems from the similarities between REST and the Semantic Web such as resource realization, self describing representations, and uniform interfaces. The semantics of a service is elicited from a resource's semantic description in the domain ontology and the semantics of the uniform interface, hence eliminating the need for ontologically describing services. We provide an example that illustrates EXPRESS and then discuss how it compares to SA-REST and WSMO.

Web service is a technological solution for software interoperability that supports the seamless integration of diverse applications. In the vision of web service architecture, web services are described by the Web Service Description Language (WSDL), discovered through Universal Description, Discovery and Integration (UDDI) and communicate by the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP). Such a divination has never been fully accomplished yet. Although it was criticized that WSDL only has a syntactic definition of web services, but was not semantic, prior initiatives in semantic web services did not establish a correct methodology to resolve the problem. This paper examines the distinction and relationship between the syntactic and semantic definitions for web services that characterize different purposes in service computation. Further, this paper proposes that the semantics of web service are neutral and independent from the service interface definition, data types and platform. Such a conclusion can be a universal law in software engineering and service computing. Several use cases in the GIScience application are examined in this paper, while the formalization of geospatial services needs to be constructed by the GIScience community towards a comprehensive ontology of the conceptual definitions and relationships for geospatial computation. Advancements in semantic web services research will happen in domain science applications.