Using Text Mining to Identify Teleological Explanations in Physics and Biology Textbooks: An Exploratory Study

The Elementary School Journal Volume 84, Number 4 S1984 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. 001 3-5984/84/8404-0004$01.00 Assumptions, even assumptions that seem logical and reasonable, can make it difficult or impossible for people to understand scientific concepts. Everyone makes assumptions about the way the world works, assumptions like "When the sky is cloudy and dark, it will probably rain" or "Bits of wood float in water." People often use those assumptions to explain how things work: "I can see myself in a mirror because light bounces off me to the mirror and off the mirror to my eyes." Such explanations or conceptions are often based on experience and common sense; however, experience and common sense can sometimes

This chapter reviews the current research on conceptual change in science education. The review includes research located in the DoRise system (Database of Research in Science Education) in Taiwan and articles published in selected international science education journals (Journal of Research in Science Teaching, Science Education, International Journal of Science Education, Research in Science Education, and International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education) between 1982 and 2012. Three hundred and eighty-three articles in the international journals (including 26 English papers from researchers in Taiwan) and eighty-six articles from Taiwan were analyzed (60 and 26 articles from Taiwanese and international journals, respectively). There are five major findings. First, most of the research follows the empirical approach, regardless of it being an international or national article. Second, physics was the main discipline examined both in the international and national studies. Third, about two thirds of the studies from outside of Taiwan used epistemological perspective to frame and present their study. A similar percentage of articles investigated the instructional perspective whereas nearly two thirds of the Taiwanese articles investigated the instructional perspective and only 28 % followed the epistemological perspective. Fourth, as for the research method, we found that qualitative data analysis was ranked first among all the methods we investigated whereas Taiwan appeared to integrate both quantitative and qualitative methods. Fifth, as expected, high percentages of published researchers were from English-speaking countries (i.e., the USA, Australia, and the UK). Taiwan was ranked third out of 31 countries with respect to the number of publications in this study from 1982 to 2012 but was the first non-English-speaking country. Recommendations for researchers and educators are provided.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of science activities prepared through the design-based research (DBR) method on middle school students' creative and critical thinking skills. Design/Methodology/Approach: A quasi-experimental design was employed. The study group consisted of 80 middle school students in Kastamonu, Turkey, randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Design-based science activities were applied in the experimental group, while the control group followed traditional science instruction. Data were collected through pre-tests and post-tests using the Marmara Creative Thinking Dispositions Scale and Marmara Critical Thinking Dispositions Scale. Findings: Results indicated significant improvements in creative and critical thinking dispositions of students in the experimental group compared to the control group. The DBR activities provided students with active problem-solving opportunities, enhancing their ability to generate creative ideas and critically evaluate their work. Highlights: The study highlights that the design-based research approach in science education is more effective than traditional teaching methods in enhancing creative and critical thinking skills. It is recommended for educators and curriculum developers to integrate DBR-driven activities into educational programs.

Hitting two birds with a stone: Assessment of an effective approach in science teaching and improving professional skills of student teachers

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Avrupa Fen Eğitimi Araştırma Derneği’nin (ESERA) 2011 ile 2017 yılları arasında gerçekleştirdiği dört konferansta yayınlanan araştırma makalelerini araştırma başlıklarına, yaklaşımlarına, amaçlarına, veri türlerine ve örneklemlerine göre analiz etmektir. Temel amaç makaleleri kategorize etmek ve fen eğitimi alanındaki metodolojik bileşenleri ile ilgili araştırma eğilimlerini belirlemektir. Toplam 1193 makale analiz edilmiştir. Sonuçlarda, “hizmet öncesi fen öğretmen eğitimi” (makalelerin %12’si), “hizmet içi fen öğretmen eğitimi, sürekli profesyonel gelişim” (makalelerin %9’u) ve “çevre, sağlık ve informal-okul dışı fen eğitimi” (makalelerin %8’i) gibi bazı temalarda yoğunlaşmanın giderek arttığı görülmektedir. ESERA bildirilerinde yayınlanan araştırmaların çoğu betimleyici ve gelişimsel araştırmalardır. Araştırma yaklaşımları ile ilgili olarak, makalelerde nitel yöntemlerden çok nicel ve karma yöntemler kullanılmıştır. Bu araştırma tüm ülkelerde fen eğitimi araştırma alanında yararlı olabilir. Akademisyenlerin fen eğitimi araştırması alanındaki boşlukları belirlemelerine ve farklı konular, yerler, araştırma tasarımı, vs. hakkındaki araştırma durumunu anlamalarına yardımcı olabilir. Bu sonuçlar, öğrencilerin yanında hizmet içi ve hizmet öncesi öğretmenlerin yansıtıcı ve eleştirel düşünme becerileri ve tartışma becerileri gibi daha önceki çalışmaların odağı olmayan fen eğitimi sorunlarının araştırılmasının önemini ortaya koymuştur. Bu konulara odaklanarak, araştırma makaleleri üzerinde başka eğilim çalışmaları da yapılabilir.

Previous articleNext article No AccessA New Use of Randomization in Experimental Curriculum EvaluationHerbert J. Walberg and Wayne W. WelchHerbert J. Walberg Search for more articles by this author and Wayne W. Welch Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 75, Number 4Winter, 1967 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/442821 Views: 3Total views on this site Citations: 26Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in The School Review (1893-1979), which is continued by the American Journal of Education (1979-present). Copyright 1967 University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Joy Cumming, Adrian Coulston, John Elkins Planning for incomplete data collection in educational research, Research Papers in Education 2, no.11 (Jul 2006): 31–46.https://doi.org/10.1080/0267152870020103Barry J. Fraser Learning environment in curriculum evaluation: A review, Evaluation in Education 5, no.11 (Jan 1981): 1–93.https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-765X(81)90014-8VICTOR L. WILLSON Research Techniques in AERJ Articles: 1969 to 1978, Educational Researcher 9, no.66 (Jul 2016): 5–10.https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X009006005Frances Lawrenz The stability of student perception of the classroom learning environment, Journal of Research in Science Teaching 14, no.11 (Jan 1977): 77–81.https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.3660140113Frances Lawrenz Student perception of the classroom learning environment in biology, chemistry, and physics courses, Journal of Research in Science Teaching 13, no.44 (Jul 1976): 315–323.https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.3660130405William H. Ward A test of the association of class size to students' attitudes toward science, Journal of Research in Science Teaching 13, no.22 (Mar 1976): 137–143.https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.3660130206Frances Lawrenz The relationship between science teacher characteristics and student achievement and attitude, Journal of Research in Science Teaching 12, no.44 (Oct 1975): 433–437.https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.3660120415Wayne W. Welch The process of evaluation, Journal of Research in Science Teaching 11, no.33 (Sep 1974): 175–184.https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.3660110303Wayne W. Welch Review of the research and evaluation program of harvard project physics, Journal of Research in Science Teaching 10, no.44 (Dec 1973): 365–378.https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.3660100411Wayne W. Welch, Arlen R. Gullickson A Strategy for Evaluating the NSF Comprehensive Program for Teacher Education, School Science and Mathematics 73, no.99 (Dec 1973): 759–767.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8594.1973.tb09166.xBikkar S. Randhawa, Lewis L. W. Fu Assessment and Effect of Some Classroom Environment Variables, Review of Educational Research 43, no.33 (Jun 2016): 303–321.https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543043003303Wayne W. Welch, Herbert J. Walberg A National Experiment in Curriculum Evaluation, American Educational Research Journal 9, no.33 (Jun 2016): 373–383.https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312009003373Gary J. Anderson Effects of Course Content and Teacher Sex on the Social Climate of Learning, American Educational Research Journal 8, no.44 (Jun 2016): 649–663.https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312008004649Wayne W. Welch, Herbert J Walberg Pretest and Sensitization Effects in Curriculum Evaluation, American Educational Research Journal 7, no.44 (Jun 2016): 605–614.https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312007004605Gary J. Anderson Effects of Classroom Social Climate on Individual Learning, American Educational Research Journal 7, no.22 (Jun 2016): 135–152.https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312007002135Herbert J. Walberg, Andrew Ahlgren Predictors of the Social Environment of Learning, American Educational Research Journal 7, no.22 (Jun 2016): 153–167.https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312007002153Herbert J. Walberg Predicting Class Learning An Approach to the Class as a Social System, American Educational Research Journal 6, no.44 (Jun 2016): 529–542.https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312006004529Herbert J. Walberg Class Size and the Social Environment of Learning, Human Relations 22, no.55 (Oct 1969): 465–475.https://doi.org/10.1177/001872676902200507Wayne W. Welch 4: Curriculum Evaluation, Review of Educational Research 39, no.44 (Jun 2016): 429–443.https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543039004429Herbert J. Walberg, Wayne W. Welch, Arthur I. Rothman Teacher heterosexuality and student learning, Psychology in the Schools 6, no.33 (Jul 1969): 258–266.https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6807(196907)6:3<258::AID-PITS2310060307>3.0.CO;2-KRobert L. Baker 4: Curriculum Evaluation, Review of Educational Research 39, no.33 (Jun 2016): 339–358.https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543039003339Gary J. Anderson, Herbert J. Walberg, Wayne W. Welch Curriculum Effects on the Social Climate of Learning: A New Representation of Discriminant Functions, American Educational Research Journal 6, no.33 (Jun 2016): 315–328.https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312006003315Wayne W. Welch Correlates of courses satisfaction in high school physics, Journal of Research in Science Teaching 6, no.11 (Mar 1969): 54–58.https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.3660060112Wayne W. Welch, Herbert J. Walberg, Andrew Ahlgren The Selection of a National Random Sample of Teachers for Experimental Curriculum Evaluation, School Science and Mathematics 69, no.33 (Mar 2010): 210–216.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8594.1969.tb08443.xHERBERT J. WALBERG, GARY J. ANDERSON The Achievement-Creativity Dimension and Classroom Climate*, The Journal of Creative Behavior 2, no.44 (Dec 2011): 281–291.https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.1968.tb00118.xWayne W. Welch, Robert G. Bridgham Physics Achievement Gains as a Function of Teaching Duration*, School Science and Mathematics 68, no.55 (Mar 2010): 449–454.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8594.1968.tb15413.x

I shall attempt to demonstrate here that the general categories of hermeneutics can be applied just as well to the natural sciences as to the humanities, and I shall explore the implications of this demonstration for both types of disciplines. In doing so, it will be necessary for me to raise some unfashionable issues about the objectivity and rationality of critical interpretations, and, as a result, I may appear to be cast in the role of advocatus diaboli. The value of lowering the critical barriers that have been set up between the human and natural sciences, however, will outweigh any incidental paradoxes that may crop up en route.

Journal of Research in Science TeachingVolume 30, Issue 2 p. 215-217 Comments and CriticsmFree Access Processing capacity then, relevance now: In response to Pulos Wolff-Michael Roth, Wolff-Michael RothSearch for more papers by this author Wolff-Michael Roth, Wolff-Michael RothSearch for more papers by this author First published: February 1993 https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.3660300209AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References Case, R. (1985). Intellectual development: Birth to adulthood. Orlando: Academic Press. Case, R., & Globerson, T. (1974). Field dependence and central computing space. Child Development, 45, 772– 778. Collis, K. F., & Romberg, T. A. (1979). The assessment of children's M-space (Tech. Rep. No. 1). Madison: University of Wisconsin Graduate School, Research and Development Center. Daneman, M. (1982). The measuring of reading comprehension: How not to trade construct validity for predictive power. Intelligence 6, 331– 345. Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980). Individual differences in working memory and reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19, 450– 466. Glanzer, M., Dorfman, D., & Kaplan, B. (1981). Short-term storage in the processing of text. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 20, 656– 670. Lawson, A. E. (1983). Predicting science achievement: The role of developmental level, disembedding ability, mental capacity, prior knowledge, and beliefs. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 20(2), 117– 129. Mitchell, A., & Lawson, A. E. (1988). Predicting genetics achievement in nonmajor college biology. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 25(1), 23– 37. Niaz, M. (1988). Manipulation of M-demand of chemistry problems and its effect on student performance: A neo-Piagetian study. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 25(8), 643– 657. Pascual-Leone, J. (1970). A mathematical model for the transition rule in Piaget's developmental stages. Acta Psychologica, 32, 301– 345. Pedhazur, E. J. (1982). Multiple regression in behavioral research: Explanation and prediction ( 2nd ed.). New York: CBS College Publishing. Roth, W.-M. (1990). Neo-Piagetian predictors of achievement in physical science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 27 (6), 509– 521. Roth, W.-M. (1992). Comments to the “Methodological limitations for the use of expert systems techniques in science education.” Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 29 (6), 629– 632. Roth, W.-M., & Milkent, M. M. (1991). Factors in the development of proportional reasoning strategies in concrete operational college students. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 28(6), 553– 566. Volume30, Issue2February 1993Pages 215-217 ReferencesRelatedInformation

ABSTRACTJust as language reflects one’s thoughts, the text of science textbooks reflects the structure of scientific knowledge and thought. Therefore, students’ learning of scientific language leads to their acquisition of the structure of scientific knowledge and thought. The purposes of this study were to extract scientific semantic network from science textbooks as the ideal model of using scientific language, and to examine how well science teachers are implementing scientific semantic networks in science classes by comparing and analysing their spoken language. Through a recursive method, science textbooks were searched for keywords and their relationships, and consequently a scientific semantic network was presented. As a result of the comparison with science teachers’ spoken language, it was found that the teachers were not able to implement the scientific semantic network exactly and efficiently in class, and the focus of the contents of their instruction was also different from the textbook. Science textbook was focused on qualitative aspects of the concept such as meaning, element, characteristic etc, on the other hand science teachers’ language was focused on quantitative aspect of the concept such as calculation, graph etc.

This paper explores how concept maps can be structured based on researcher narration as a systems thinking (ST) approach in science education to portray the systemic nature of developmental work by chemists on solutions related to sustainability. Sustainability cannot be achieved without a systemic approach that considers all the domains of prosperity and well-being—ecological, social, and economic. Science education must respond to this challenge accordingly and find effective ways to include the ST approach. Data were collected from three semi-structured, in-depth interviews with chemists. The analysis was carried out using qualitative content analysis and modelling the systemic structures in concept maps as articulated by the chemists. The results show that authentic narratives of chemists’ developmental work can be used as material in a concept mapping exercise to reveal several ST elements and learning objectives, including leverage points and delays, that have not been presented in previous exercises. The chemists’ descriptions were also found to address the challenge of sustainability education by depicting a holistic and multidimensional picture of the reality where the developmental work is conducted. Furthermore, all three domains of sustainability were identified. The economic and industrial perspectives were especially valuable from the science education viewpoint.

Students' Interest In Learning Science.- Interest in Science: Lessons and non-lessons from TIMSS and PISA.- Research-based Innovative Units for Enhancing Student Cognitive Outcomes and Interest in Science.- Girls and Physics: Dilemmas and Tensions.- Science Education Research: New Approaches and Links to Practice.- Contested Territory: The Actual and Potential Impact of Research on Teaching and Learning Science on Students' Learning.- Studying Science Teaching Practices in Relation to Learning: Time Scales of Teaching Phenomena.- The Potential of Video Studies in Research on Teaching and Learning Science.- Science Teachers' Knowledge, Practice and Education.- Pedagogical Content Knowledge: What Does it Mean to Science Teachers?.- Science Teachers' PCK and Teaching Practice: Learning to Scaffold Students' Open-inquiry Learning.- in Context - A program for Improving Instruction in Germany.- The Relationship of Capability Beliefs and Teaching Environments of New Danish Elementary Teachers of Science to Teaching Success.- A Beginners' Module of Integrated Natural Science for Secondary Teacher Students: The result of an Educational Reconstruction Process over Three Iterations.- Learning and Understanding Science.- Learning Process Studies.- Meaning Construction and Contextualization While Solving a Dynamics Task in the Laboratory.- Development of a Model of Formative Assessment.- Memorisation of Information from Scientific Movies.- Teaching and Learning Scientific Concepts.- Micro-organisms: Everyday Knowledge Predates and Contrasts with School Knowledge.- Using the Processes of Electrical Charge of Bodies as a Tool in the Assessment of University Students' Learning in Electricity.- Representation and Learning about Evaporation.- Learning from the History and Philosophy of Science: Deficiencies in Teaching the Macroscopic Concepts of Substance and Chemical Change.- Innovative Teaching-Learning Environments in Science Education.- Non-Formal Science Teaching and Learning.- Adults' Understanding of Analogy-based Exhibits in an Interactive Science Museum.- The Puppets Project: Using Puppets to Promote Engagement and Talk in Science.- Inquiring the Inquiry Laboratory in High School.- Developing Students' Views on the Nature of Science through Non-traditional Writing-to-Learn Experiences in the Science Classroom.- Models and Modelling in Science Education.- Towards a Validated Conception of Scientific Models.- The Development of Elementary Students' Understanding of Complex Ecosystems Through a Model-Based Approach.- Effects of Model-Based Teaching on the Durability of Pre-Service Teachers' Conceptions of Lunar Events.- Learning and Teaching about Ecosystems Based on Systems Thinking and Modelling in an Authentic Practice.- Discourse and Argumentation in Science Education.- Argumentation and the Learning of Science.- Students' Argumentation in Group Discussions on a Socio-Scientific Issue.- Exemplary Teaching of Argumentation: A Case Study of Two Science Teachers.- What Can We Learn from a Study of Argumentation in the Answers and Group Discussion to Open Problems?.- Teaching and Learning Science Using Multimedia and Computer Tools.- Evaluating Students' Multimedia Science Design Projects in the Elementary Classroom.- Technology-Enhanced Collaborative Inquiry Learning: Four Approaches under Common Aspects.- Visualizing the Quantum Atom.- Evaluation of the Hypermedia Learning Environment Physics for Medical Students Within two Different Settings.- The Role of Language in Learning with Computer-based Multimedia.

Even though humanity faces grand challenges, including climate change, sustainability of the planet and its resources, and well-being of humans and other species, for the past 60 years science educators have been preoccupied with much the same priorities. Adherence to the tenets of crypto-positivism creates problems for research in the social sciences (e.g., over reliance on statistical analyses leads to oversimplified models that strip away context and are reductive). Hypotheses and associated statistical tests support causal models that rarely predict social conduct or blaze pathways for meaningful transformation. In contrast to the mainstream of research in science education, I advocate a multilogical methodology that embraces incommensurability, polysemia, subjectivity, and polyphonia as a means of preserving the integrity and potential of knowledge systems to generate and maintain disparate perspectives, outcomes, and implications for practice. In such a multilogical model, power discourses such as Western medicine carry no greater weight than complementary knowledge systems that may have been marginalized in a social world in which monosemia is dominant. I describe research methodologies that have the potential to transform science education and our ongoing research in urban science education. I show how our research evolved to include studies of science for literate citizenry – expanding foci to address birth through death and all settings in which learning occurs – not just schools. Our research aims to be transformative since it includes interventions developed to use what we learned from research to ameliorate intense emotions, improve learning, and enhance the well-being of participants. I explain how we incorporated Jin Shin Jyutsu, a complementary medical knowledge system, to ameliorate intense emotions, become mindful, and improve well-being of participants. I also address research on meditation and mindfulness and their potential to improve learning, emotional styles, and wellness. In a final section I address three of the most important questions raised by colleagues, including scholars from Asia, as I exhort science educators to address grand challenges that threaten the Earth and its social institutions – the alternatives are catastrophic.

This chapter reviews social justice research in science education, focusing on the developmental trajectory and theories of method that drive the research. I address the following questions in this review: What are some of the trends in social justice citations? What methodologies are employed in social justice research in science education? What are the epistemological, ontological, catalytic, and tactical assumptions embedded in the research methodologies? What are the implications for future research in social justice in science education? After an analysis of trends, I discuss early framing of social justice in science education research. Then, I review five studies, focusing on the authors’ social and theoretical positioning and on ways in which critical methodologies blend scholarship and activism. I conclude with several implications for future social justice research in science education.

This chapter is based on work conducted during the Erasmus+ KA2 project Creativity in Early Years Science Education (CEYS) (2014–2017). It draws on teachers’ action research and curriculum development and examines their reflections on children’s learning progress in relation to inquiry and creativity, as well as on their own changing professional roles, with links to the synergies between inquiry-based and creative approaches to science. The results report on ways in which teachers are opening up their practices to enhance opportunities for inquiry and creativity in children’s learning. They also show shifts in teachers’ conceptions about the importance of early years science, the role of creativity and young children’s capabilities in science learning. Overall, findings illustrate the potential of learning both from and through research, bringing together knowledge from research and knowledge from practice, to offer new insights into classroom practices and promote developments in learning and teaching.KeywordsChildren’s creativityInquiryLiterature review

Local wisdom-based learning is one of the innovative approaches in science education that enhances the relevance of scientific knowledge to everyday life. One form of local wisdom that can be studied from an ethnoscientific perspective is the production of durian tempoyak in Indragiri Hilir, Riau. The fermentation process of durian tempoyak involves scientific concepts in biology and chemistry, such as microorganism activity, fermentation reactions, and changes in food's physical and chemical properties. However, research on integrating local wisdom into science education remains very limited. This study aims to analyze local wisdom in the production of durian tempoyak from a scientific perspective. Data were collected through interviews with informants selected using the snowball sampling method. Data analysis was conducted using the Miles and Huberman qualitative approach. The research findings indicate that the Malay community continues to preserve the tradition of making durian tempoyak. The production process includes preparing materials and tools, fermentation stages, and its benefits in science learning. In conclusion, exploring ethnoscience in durian tempoyak production provides an opportunity to link science with local culture, particularly in biotechnology. Integrating local wisdom into science education will enhance students’ appreciation of culture and develop 21st-century skills.