Using the nurse coaching process to support bereaved staff during theCOVID-19 crisis

Based on decades of study, researchers have inferred that military service is associated with negative mental health outcomes. Different components of military service, such as deployment, combat, blast, and head injury, have been posited as possible causes. There is additional literature in the sports realm regarding the effect of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) on mental health. Some literature to date supports these suppositions, whereas others disagree. The present study is a secondary analysis of data to add to the understanding of these complex relationships. 452 young Marine Corps officers (81.46% [n = 334] male; 25.69 ± 4.67 years old) enrolled at The Basic School or Marine Corps University completed an online survey of valid and reliable psychometrics and demographic information. General and generalized linear models, based on variable distribution, were built to test the effects of mTBI history, blast, deployment, and combat exposures on positive (social wellbeing) and negative (moral injury, depression, post-traumatic stress) mental health symptom variance. Combat had the most consistent effects on negative mental health: moral injury (Wald χ2(1) = 7.25), depression (Wald χ2(1) = 5.90), and post-traumatic stress (Wald χ2(1) = 17.58), all P-values < .05. Resilience tended to have a positive relationship with social wellbeing and negative relationship with moral injury, depression, and post-traumatic stress across models, including models that included various military stressors. Limited statistical evidence was found supporting its buffering effect against said stressors. Findings from this young and healthy Marine Corps officer sample concur that the established findings that combat exposure is associated with poorer mental health, and resilience is associated with better mental health. Further research differentiating when, how, and for whom routine military exposures result in negative mental health consequences can directly inform practitioners treating such symptoms and policy around duty cycles and recovery.

Traumatology perspective on gender discrimination GD, views it as type III identity continuous trauma that has continuous and stable negative mental health effects. Current work evaluated the salience of GD’s negative effects across different cultures and outcome measures and tested the differential impact of GD within the household (GD-P), and GD within social institutions (GD-S). Data from four previous studies on American Indians, Palestinians, and clients of mental health clinics in Egypt and torture survivors in the US were re-analyzed. All the four studies used the same measure of GD, and trauma types, with similar and different outcome measures which allowed measuring the stability of the effects across different cultures and different outcome measures. Partial correlation and path analysis were conducted. GD predicted increased PTSD, cumulative trauma disorders, general anxiety, annihilation anxiety, and decreased in self-esteem, general assessed functioning. Results suggested that linear and non-linear effects of GD supported its cumulative dynamics. GD-S was associated with more negative outcomes than GD-P. Further, internalizing and appraising GD as positive mediated by resulted decrease in self-esteem, predicted negative mental health outcomes, while negative appraisal did not predict any negative change. Positive appraisal of GD may be a negative coping strategy. The implications of results for trauma

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are experiences of abuse, neglect, and other household problems occurring before age 18 and contribute to the development of both physical and mental health concerns. People experiencing homelessness report disproportionately higher rates of ACEs and negative mental health concerns; however, little research has been conducted regarding the relationship between ACEs and mental health outcomes specifically for homeless populations. A dearth of research also exists regarding how childhood experiences of homelessness interact with ACEs and mental health outcomes. The present study examined the mental health outcomes for people experiencing homelessness, as well as how childhood experiences of homelessness may fit into the ACEs model using archival data. People experiencing homelessness (n = 100) completed the ACEs questionnaire, a demographics questionnaire, and a health appraisal questionnaire. Results found ACEs significantly predicted negative mental health outcomes for people experiencing homelessness. Childhood experiences of homelessness were predictive of negative mental health outcomes; however, this relationship became negligible when acting as a covariate with ACEs. This result suggests that the ACEs framework adequately explains the effects of traumatic events for children experiencing homelessness and the subsequent negative mental health outcomes.

Literature on housing and health outcomes among the elderly generally covers issues such as the relationship between housing quality and health; the intersection between place and space at different stages in the life course; and the impact of public policy to mitigate negative morbidity and mental health outcomes. However, there is little research about the ways in which certain types of informally developed neighborhoods such as colonias and informal homestead subdivisions offer micro-level spaces and housing arrangements that are conducive to family building, household extension, and care for aging parents, but which also have negative outcomes especially for the elderly by exacerbating certain chronic health problems and impaired mobility. In short, space and place matters. This paper provides an overview of the literature on the intersection between housing and health, and drawing upon Texas survey data we explore how low-income (largely) Hispanic households access home ownership through informal homesteading and self-help in two informal subdivisions in Central Texas. Viewed across the life course, this colonia-type housing is associated with a number of particular negative health and mobility impacts especially among the elderly, while at the same time providing an affordable and socially embedded residential alternative of living through old age.

Injury Outcomes in African American and African Caribbean Women: The Role of Intimate Partner Violence

BackgroundFamily functioning can have positive and negative mental health consequences. Positive relationships can boost mental health, the opposite is true for negative relationships. 1 in 4 individuals are affected by at least one mental health condition in their life. Family-based interventions can help prevent the onset of mental health conditions and mitigate its consequences.MethodsFollowing databases were systematically searched: Medline; PsychInfo, Web of Sciences and Cochrane, resulting in 3719 hits. After removing 12 duplicates, 3707 studies were screened. After exclusion of irrelevant studies, 362 studies were assessed for eligibility and 40 studies were included. Inclusion criteria were original studies with ≥100 participants, ≥18 years, general population, and family members. Exposure had to be family social cohesion or conflict, or social capital. The outcome had to be a mental health condition.ResultsMost studies (n = 37) used a cross-sectional design. 37 studies included a measure of family functioning and 3 studies used one of family structure. Most used was the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (n = 17), followed by the Family Functioning Scale (n = 5). Family relationship quality was related to depression, anxiety, and substance use. All aspects family cohesion were related to mental health outcomes. Family conflicts are associated with an increase in mental health conditions.ConclusionsFamily cohesion shows an association with positive mental health while conflict is associated with negative mental health. This is an indication, that interventions at the family level are useful to help prevent/mitigate mental health conditions over the life course. Main message: As mental health conditions are a big public health issue affecting at least 1 in 4 individuals, family-based interventions for mental health condition prevention could not only help individuals but the whole family to strengthen and maintain positive mental health.

Job satisfaction and burnout are two concepts that have received considerable attention in human services literature in the U.S. Dissatisfaction with one’s job has been associated with a variety of negative mental health and health consequences such as depression and anxiety to the development of physical symptoms. As a symptom, burnout has been typically thought of as a response to chronic stress, and has also been associated with a host of negative health and mental health symptoms. While job satisfaction and burnout may be related phenomena, they are generally not viewed in the literature as being progressive or stepwise – that is, lack of satisfaction does not necessarily precede burnout nor does satisfaction with the job prevent burnout. Both, however, could result in poor service to clients, cost to employers because of absenteeism and turnover, and in the long run, negative impact on the worker. We will not go in to the theories and meta-theories associated with these two concepts. Instead, we will simply state our definitions, which by and large reflect the definitions in the majority of the literature.

382 A Survey of Exposure to Community Violence and Adverse Childhood Experiences in Emergency Department Patients

Burnout is a mental health problem that appears to be increasingly common among athletes. Importantly, burnout may also simultaneously increase the risk for other health consequences. In order to examine this idea further, in the present study we provide the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between athlete burnout and mental and physical health outcomes. A literature search returned 54 studies (N = 13,976 athletes) examining various negative (e.g. depression, anxiety, insomnia; 27 studies) and positive (e.g. satisfaction, vitality, quality of life; 19 studies) mental health outcomes and physical health outcomes (e.g. biomarkers, somatic symptoms, physiological indices; 18 studies). A systematic review of this literature showed that athlete burnout was associated with both increases in negative mental health outcomes and decreases in positive mental health outcomes. However, evidence for an association between athlete burnout and physical health outcomes was mixed. This broad pattern of findings was supported by a meta-analysis. Our review suggests that burnout may indeed have many negative implications for athletes’ health. The findings also identify a need for further research in this area, especially in relation to burnout and its longitudinal association with biomarkers and physiological indices.

An extensive literature in medicine investigates the health consequences of early childhood television watching. However, this literature does not address the issue of reverse causation, i.e., does early childhood television watching cause specific health outcomes or do children more likely to have these health outcomes watch more television? This paper uses a natural experiment to investigate the health consequences of early childhood television watching and so is not subject to questions concerning reverse causation. Specifically, we use repeated cross-sectional data from 1972 through 1992 on county-level mental retardation rates, county-level autism rates, and county-level children's cable-television subscription rates to investigate how early childhood television watching affects the prevalence of mental retardation and autism. We find a strong negative correlation between average county-level cable subscription rates when a birth cohort is below three and subsequent mental retardation diagnosis rates, but a strong positive correlation between the same cable subscription rates and subsequent autism diagnosis rates. Our results thus suggest that early childhood television watching has important positive and negative health consequences.

The present study examines a broad range of longitudinal predictors of dimensional positive mental health (PMH) and negative mental health (NMH), using data from the BOOM study. Participants were drawn from university student samples in Germany (1,608), Russia (677) and China (12,057). A structural equation model was conducted with four groups of predictors and PMH/NMH as criteria (outcomes). Five of the six salutogenic predictors were predictive of both positive mental health (positively) and negative mental health, as measured by depression (negatively). Pathogenic predictors anxiety and depression were related to future depression, but not to positive mental health. Stress at baseline was related to both future positive mental health (negatively) and future depression (positively). Being male in this study was associated with increased future depression. Results hold across Germany, Russia, and China. Results support the conceptualization of positive and negative mental health as related, but independent dimensions across three cultures.

Chronic stress, known to contribute to negative physical and mental health outcomes, is closely associated with broader issues of material hardship, poor neighborhood conditions, residential instability, and inadequate housing conditions. However, few studies have comprehensively explored pathways to stress in a low-income housing environment. A mixed-methods pilot study investigated the concept of energy insecurity by looking at the impacts of weatherization and energy efficiency interventions on low-income households in the South Bronx neighborhood of New York City. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 low-income heads of household; participants also completed health, housing and budget assessments. Physical deficiencies, economic hardship, and health issues all interacted to directly and indirectly produce living conditions that contribute to chronic stress. Households with higher stress reported more health problems. Poor quality housing led to coping responses that increased expenses, which in turn increased stress around housing and energy affordability. This study provides further support for the connections between both health and the built environment and between low socio-economic status populations and net negative health outcomes. Energy insecurity is an important contributor to chronic stress in low-income households, and isolating pathways to stress where there is potential for interventions is important for future policy and housing-based strategies.

To investigate how Lebanese women were affected by the July 2006 conflict that erupted between the Hezbollah and the State of Israel, with a specific focus on their personal violence exposure and how they coped with these circumstances. Participants were 310 women at Ministry of Social Affairs Centers (MOSA) located in six geographic areas with varying exposure to the conflict. A questionnaire was administered in interview format to collect information about the participants' demographic characteristics, experiences of the conflict, perceived psychological functioning, exposure to violence associated with the conflict, exposure to domestic violence during and after the conflict, and their coping strategies. Of the women, 89% had to leave their homes during the conflict because of fear or worry about safety. Of the 310 participants, 39% reported at least one encounter with violence perpetrated by soldiers, 27% reported at least one incident of domestic abuse during the conflict, and 13% reported at least one incident after the conflict perpetrated by their husbands or other family members. Women's self-reported negative mental health scores were positively correlated with the violence associated with the conflict and with domestic violence during and after the conflict. Women who reported that they did not know how to cope or had just tried to forget about their experiences reported more frequent domestic violence exposure during the conflict and had higher negative mental health outcomes associated with the conflict than did those who reported using active strategies. During armed conflict, domestic violence is also likely to increase. Therefore, when investigating the psychological impact of war on women, both forms of violence exposure should be considered. The use of active coping strategies may help in reducing psychological distress.

The relationships between masculine gender role discrepancy, discrepancy stress and men's health-related behavior

The aim of this study was to assess occupational circumstances associated with adverse mental health among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study examined responses to an on-line survey conducted among 2076 licensed health care workers during the first pandemic peak. Mental health (depression, anxiety, stress, and anger) was examined as a multivariate outcome for association with COVID-related occupational experiences. Odds of negative mental health were increased among those who worked directly with patients while sick themselves (adjusted odds ratio, 2.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.71-3.08) and were independently associated with working more hours than usual in the past 2 weeks, having family/friends who died due to COVID-19, having COVID-19 symptoms, and facing insufficiencies in personal protective equipment/other shortages. Occupational circumstances were associated with adverse mental health outcomes among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic, and some are potentially modifiable.