Using Vulnerability Analysis to Model Attack Scenario for Collaborative Intrusion Detection

Nowadays, cyber-attacks are beginning to be smart and hard to be detected, these attacks can be classified as Advance Persistence Threat(APT), which are hard to be detected and need sophisticated mechanisms of cybersecurity detection systems to be implemented to detect these types of attacks. Snort is an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) open source application that gained a high level of trust from hundreds of companies by using it as an IDS sensor whether Host-based Intrusion Detection System (HIDS) or Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) mode. Snort is depending on rules that are predefined to detect known attacks where if there is a new attack released and have not been registered to CheckPoint as an attack, then Snort will not detect it as an attack and the attack will bypass. The main problem that stands with traditional IDS (Snort) is the rate of false positive alerts. A new technique has been revealed by understanding the behavior of the traffic flow and deciding if the traffic flow matches the attributes that have abnormal activities that the traditional misuse IDS cannot detect. The new technique is a machine learning process that depending on training and testing the data of the traffic after converting the PCAP file to CSV file through an application that calls CICFlowMeter. it is an open source machine learning application that used as GUI mode calls Weka. After the PCAP file converted through CICFlowMeter, a dataset end with CSV extension will be generated with 80 plus attributes that Weka will learn as the training phase after that the testing phase will determine the matched traffic if they are normal or abnormal.

Traditional intrusion detection systems focus on low-level attacks, and only generate isolated alerts. They can’t find logical relations among alerts. In addition, IDS’s accuracy is low, a lot of alerts are false alerts. So it is difficult for human users or intrusion response systems to understand the alerts and take appropriate actions. To solve this problem different intrusion scenario detection methods are proposed. In this paper a data mining method is used to find the attack scenarios. Firstly redundancy alerts are checked and deleted, then attack scenario patterns are mined by using the associate-rule algorithms which is an improved Apriori algorithm. These mined scenario patterns are used to find attack scenarios. In this paper 1999 DARPA intrusion detection scenario specific datasets are used as the experimental data and the corresponding results are shown. Compared with current scenario detection methods which depend on human knowledge to define attack scenarios, our methods use data mining method to find the scenarios automatically. Our experimental results demonstrate the potential of the proposed method.

Traditional Intrusion Detection System (IDS) focus on low-level attacks or anomalies, and too many alerts are produced in practical application. Based on the D-S Evidence Theory and its data fusion technology, a novel detection data fusion model-IDSDFM is presented. By correlating and merging alerts of different types of IDSs, a set of alerts can be partitioned into different alert tracks such that the alerts in the same alert track may correspond to the same attack. On the base of it, the current security situation of network is estimated by applying the D-S Evidence Theory, and some IDSs in the network are dynamically adjusted to strengthen the detection of the data which relate to the attack attempts. Consequently, the false positive rate and the false negative rate are effectively reduced, and the detection efficiency of IDS is improved.

The advent of IoT technology and the increase in wireless networking devices has led to an enormous increase in network attacks from different sources. To maintain networks as safe and secure, the Intrusion Detection System (IDS) have become very critical. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are designed to protect the network by identifying anomaly behaviors or improper uses. Intrusion Detection systems provide more meticulous security functionality than access control barriers by detecting attempted and successful attacks at the end-point or within the network. Intrusion prevention systems are the next logical step to this approach as they can take real-time action against breaches. To have an accurate IDS, detailed visibility is required into the network traffic. The intrusion detection system should be able to detect inside the network threats as well as access control breaches. IDS has been around for a very long time now. These traditional IDS were rules and signature-based. Though they were able to reduce false positives they were not able to detect new attacks. In today's world due to the growth of connectivity, attacks have increased at an exponential rate and it has become essential to use a data-driven approach to tackle these issues. In this paper, the KDD data set was used to train the unsupervised machine learning algorithm called Isolation Forest. The data set is highly imbalanced and contains various attacks such as DOS, Probe, U2R, R2L. Since this data set suffers from a redundancy of values and class imbalance, the data preprocessing will be performed first and also used unsupervised learning. For this network traffic based anomaly detection model isolation forest was used to detect outliers and probable attacks the results were evaluated using the anomaly score.

With the popularization and development of network knowledge, network intruders are increasing, and the attack mode has been updated. Intrusion detection technology is a kind of active defense technology, which can extract the key information from the network system, and quickly judge and protect the internal or external network intrusion. Intrusion detection is a kind of active security technology, which provides real-time protection for internal attacks, external attacks and misuse, and it plays an important role in ensuring network security. However, with the diversification of intrusion technology, the traditional intrusion detection system cannot meet the requirements of the current network security. Therefore, the implementation of intrusion detection needs diversifying. In this context, we apply neural network technology to the network intrusion detection system to solve the problem. In this paper, on the basis of intrusion detection method, we analyze the development history and the present situation of intrusion detection technology, and summarize the intrusion detection system overview and architecture. The neural network intrusion detection is divided into data acquisition, data analysis, pretreatment, intrusion behavior detection and testing.

Software-defined networking (SDN) is an innovative network technology. It changed the world of computer networking by providing solutions to many challenges. SDN provides programmability, easy and centralized network management, dynamic configuration, and improved security. Although SDN offers remarkable benefits but it provides centralized network management which is prone to attacks. So, intrusion detection systems (IDS) are essential to detect and prevent security attacks in SDN. Traditional IDS follow a centralized machine learning approach which causes vulnerabilities in IDS. Old-style IDS lack data privacy preservation, and solution for training data unavailability due to privacy. Federated learning (FL) is a distributed machine learning approach which provides a collaborative training approach without data sharing. In FL, training is performed on multiple nodes creating a global model without sharing the data. To address challenges and the limitations of traditional IDS, we proposed a FL based multi class classification IDS for SDN. FL delivers an efficient and scalable solution to address challenges of traditional IDS. The proposed model enhances security of SDN by not requiring the centralization of data. To test the impact and efficiency of proposed model, we used a latest and realistic cybersecurity dataset. We also compared the proposed model with state of art existing multi class classification studies. The results and their comparison with existing studies highlight the potential of proposed model to enhance network security while providing a privacypreserving learning environment for intrusion detection.

The substantial growth of Internet-connected devices within the Internet of Things (IoT) has given rise to significant security challenges. Among the various threats confronting these interconnected devices, Denial of Service (DoS)/Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks emerge as significant concerns. The attacks, which seek to disrupt IoT services by flooding networks with unnecessary traffic, there is a critical need for robust security measures. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are vital in identifying suspicious activities, yet many existing systems lack real-time capabilities to address evolving attack strategies. This study investigates the vulnerabilities of IoT networks and the pressing need to detect and classify DoS/DDoS attacks in real time. Traditional IDS, while effective in recognizing known attack patterns, fall short in identifying new attack types due to their reliance on historical data. To bridge this gap, this research focuses on developing an enhanced hybrid network intrusion detection and classification system. This study seeks to make contribution to the advancement of resilient security measures within IoT environments. The framework uses the Kth Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm and dense neural networks to efficiently detect and categorize DoS/DDoS attacks in real time. To achieve this, a simulation model implementing the proposed hybrid algorithm will be developed. The framework utilized the MQTT-IoT-IDS2020 dataset, and a comparison was presented with recent approaches found in the literature. The results demonstrated enhanced performance in terms of true positive rate, accuracy, speed of detection.

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has brought transformative changes to industrial sectors by enabling intelligent automation, real-time monitoring, and data-driven decision-making. However, this increased connectivity and system integration have expanded the cybersecurity threat landscape, exposing critical infrastructure to sophisticated cyberattacks. Traditional Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), particularly those relying on static signature-based detection, have proven inadequate in addressing the dynamic, heterogeneous, and resource-constrained nature of IIoT environments. Motivated by these emerging challenges, this paper presents a comprehensive review of AI-based IDS solutions developed over the past decade, with a specific focus on IIoT contexts. In doing so, it addresses key limitations in prior literature, including an insufficient focus on industry-specific constraints, a lack of attention to explainability and adversarial robustness, and an absence of a structured, future-oriented research agenda. The primary objectives are to synthesize the evolution of IDS methodologies, provide a multidimensional taxonomy that incorporates learning paradigms, deployment layers, and resource constraints, and critically assess the suitability of available datasets and benchmarks. The review highlights significant shifts from conventional machine learning techniques toward more adaptive, lightweight, explainable, and federated learning approaches. Additionally, it proposes a structured research roadmap outlining short-, mid-, and long-term directions for enhancing IDS in IIoT, such as edge-based detection, the integration of explainable AI (XAI), and the development of resilient, self-adaptive intrusion detection architectures. This paper offers a unified, actionable reference for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers seeking to strengthen industrial cybersecurity in increasingly complex and intelligent IIoT systems.

Distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks continue to grow at a rapid rate plaguing Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and individuals in a stealthy way. Thus, intrusion detection systems (IDSs) must evolve to cope with these increasingly sophisticated and challenging security threats. Traditional IDSs are prone to zero-day attacks since they are usually signature-based detection systems. The recent advent of machine learning and deep learning (ML/DL) techniques can help strengthen these IDSs. However, the lack of up-to-date labeled training datasets makes these ML/DL based IDSs inefficient. The privacy nature of these datasets and widespread emergence of adversarial attacks make it difficult for major organizations to share their sensitive data. Federated Learning (FL) is gaining momentum from both academia and industry as a new sub-field of ML that aims to train a global statistical model across multiple distributed users, referred to as collaborators, without sharing their private data. Due to its privacy-preserving nature, FL has the potential to enable privacy-aware learning between a large number of collaborators. This paper presents a novel framework, called MiTFed, that allows multiple software defined networks (SDN) domains ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$i.e.,$</tex-math></inline-formula> collaborators) to collaboratively build a global intrusion detection model without sharing their sensitive datasets. In particular, MiTFed consists of: (1) a novel distributed architecture that allows multiple SDN based domains to securely collaborate in order to cope with sophisticated security threats while preserving the privacy of each SDN domain; (2) a novel Secure Multiparty Computation (SMPC) scheme to securely aggregate local model updates; and (3) a blockchain based scheme that uses Ethereum smart contracts to maintain the collaboration in a fully decentralized, trustworthy, flexible, and efficient manner. To the best of our knowledge, MiTFed is the first framework that leverages FL, blockchain and SDN technologies to mitigate the new emerging security threats in large scale. To evaluate MiTFed, we conduct several experiments using real-world network attacks; the experimental results using the well-known public network security dataset NSL-KDD show that MiTFed achieves efficiency and high accuracy in detecting the new emerging security threats in both binary and multi-class classification while preserving the privacy of collaborators, making it a promising framework to cope with the new emerging security threats in SDN.

Chapter 5 - Intrusion Prevention and Detection Systems

We are living in a connected world which encompasses various types of devices and networks. The most widely used network in modern age is Internet of Things (IoT). It is a type of network where IOT devices can communicate with each other without human intervention. The life of people is transformed with the evolution of smart city, smart home concepts. The areas are not limited. It ranges from healthcare, medical, transportation to banking, smart grid, agriculture. It has transformed the lives of people by providing ease and comfort of completing the tasks in less time with less overhead. However, there is a negative side of IoT and that is it lacks the implementation of sound and effective security measures. There are various risks associated with use of IoT. Some of them are risk of unauthorized access of data, node spoofing and different cyber-attacks like denial of service (DoS), Botnet, Ransom ware, eavesdropping, zero day attack. So, the main concern addressed here is how to detect intrusions into the network using Machine Learning. Machine Learning (ML) plays an important role in designing of intrusion detection systems to detect the anomalies in the network. The ML techniques are very efficient in detection of different types of cyber-attacks. This paper presents the review of different ML techniques in detection of intrusions into IoT networks. Different ML techniques like Random Forest, Neural Network, support vector machine etc. are useful in detection of anomalies in the network. Different datasets like UNSW-NB 15, CICIDS-2017, KDD-99, NSL-KDD, TON_IoT and ECU-IOHT are available which consists of data related to different types of cyber-attacks and are used to form intrusion detection systems. This paper presents the application of different ML algorithms in detection of abnormalities in the network, comparative analysis of different feature selection and machine learning techniques along with challenges and issues present in traditional intrusion detection systems(IDS) in IOT networks.

Intrusion detection has become a critical component of network administration due to the vast number of attacks persistently threaten our computers. Traditional intrusion detection systems are limited and do not provide a complete solution for the problem. They search for potential malicious activities on network traffics; they sometimes succeed to find true security attacks and anomalies. However, in many cases, they fail to detect malicious behaviours (false negative) or they fire alarms when nothing wrong in the network (false positive). In addition, they require exhaustive manual processing and human expert interference. Applying Data Mining (DM) techniques on network traffic data is a promising solution that helps develop better intrusion detection systems. Moreover, Network Behaviour Analysis (NBA) is also an effective approach for intrusion detection. In this paper, we discuss DM and NBA approaches for network intrusion detection and suggest that a combination of both approaches has the potential to detect intrusions in networks more effectively.

The integration of IDS and Internet of Things (IoT) with deep learning plays a significant role in safety. Security has a strong role to play. Application of the IoT network decreases the time complexity and resources. In the traditional intrusion detection systems (IDS), this research work implements the cutting-edge methodologies in the IoT environment. This research is based on analysis, conception, testing and execution. Detection of intrusions can be performed by using the advanced deep learning system and multiagent. The NSL-KDD dataset is used to test the IoT system. The IoT system is used to test the IoT system. In order to detect attacks from intruders of transport layer, efficiency result rely on advanced deep learning idea. In order to increase the system performance, multi -agent algorithms could be employed to train communications agencies and to optimize the feedback training process. Advanced deep learning techniques such as CNN will be researched to boost system performance. The testing part an IoT includes data simulator which will be used to generate in continuous of research work finding with deep learning algorithms of suitable IDS in IoT network environment of current scenario without time complexity.

The rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed our daily lives by connecting objects to the Internet, thereby creating interactive, automated environments. However, this rapid expansion raises major security concerns, particularly regarding intrusion detection. Traditional intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are often ill-suited to the dynamic and varied networks characteristic of the IoT. Machine learning is emerging as a promising solution to these challenges, offering the intelligence and flexibility needed to counter complex and evolving threats. This comprehensive review explores different machine learning approaches for intrusion detection in IoT systems, covering supervised, unsupervised, and deep learning methods, as well as hybrid models. It assesses their effectiveness, limitations, and practical applications, highlighting the potential of machine learning to enhance the security of IoT systems. In addition, the study examines current industry issues and trends, highlighting the importance of ongoing research to keep pace with the rapidly evolving IoT security ecosystem.

With the rapid development of information technology, network security issues have become increasingly prominent. In particular, data security intrusions pose serious threats to the data privacy and system security of enterprises and individuals. Traditional intrusion detection systems often exhibit low detection accuracy and high false alarm rates when faced with complex and dynamic network environments and diverse attack methods. Therefore, this paper proposes a data security intrusion detection system based on deep learning, which integrates the Mamba model and ECANet model and employs an end-to-end learning approach for training and optimization. First, the Mamba model is introduced for preliminary data feature extraction, whose efficient feature representation capabilities provide a solid foundation for the subsequent detection process. Then, by integrating the ECANet model, feature selection is further optimized through the attention mechanism, enhancing the model’s focus on important features. Finally, an end-to-end learning approach is adopted to train and optimize the entire system, ensuring excellent performance and robustness in practical applications. Experimental results show that the proposed intrusion detection system demonstrates higher detection accuracy on multiple test datasets, improving by approximately 5% compared to traditional methods, providing a new and effective solution for data security.