Variations in the Maguindanaon Language

Every language has its own characteristics. This study aims to find out the morphological variations of the dialect of Western and Southern Leytenos. This study used a descriptive design wherein the researcher used two kinds of instruments. This study involved 130 respondents who were purposely selected according to age and location. Results revealed that the language of Western and Southern Leyte were composed of root words, repeated, and affixes. Western and Southern Leyte languages were composed of three kinds of pagbabagong morpoponemiko (morphophonemic change). These were pagpapalit ponema (phonemic change), pagkakaltas (omission of phonemes), and metatesis (metathesis). There were phonemes which were replaced without changing its meaning such as /l-w/, /m-n/, /i-a/ /a-u/, /l-k/, , /s-l/, /r-n/, /r/, /d/, /r-h/, /g-s/, /u-i/, /h-k/, /s-t/, /j-y/, /w-t/ and /s-l/. The language of Southern Leyte has more omitted phonemes than that of Western Leyte but the omission did not change its meaning. One of the changes in pagbabagong morpoponemiko (morphophonemic change) was metatesis (metathesis) where there was a change in the positioning of phonemes in words. There was a morphological variation of Western and Southern Leytenos’ dialect. Therefore, it is suggested to conduct a study on morphological and phonological variation in Western and Southern Leyte in order to produce booklets which may be utilized as a guide/resource for the teachers who are handling mother tongue subjects.

Context: This article addresses the phonological changes in informal Panamanian Spanish, analyzing the distinctive features and underlying forms of phonological variations. The main objective is to examine the articulation patterns of native speakers and how these reflect linguistic evolution in Panama. The methodology includes a purposive sampling strategy, individual interviews, and the use of a standardized word list for data collection. Through distinctive feature analysis, prevalent phonological processes such as elision, assimilation, and prothesis were identified. The results highlight the elimination of sounds and their adaptation in informal speech, emphasizing the richness and diversity of Panamanian Spanish. The most relevant conclusion is that these phonological variations not only reflect the influence of other languages and cultures but also the cultural and social identity of the speakers. This study contributes to the preservation of linguistic diversity and provides a deeper understanding of phonological changes in Panamanian Spanish.

ABSTRACTUsing data from four sets of alternating forms in a moribund Dutch-lexicon creole, this article addresses the characteristics of variation in moribund languages, and “the usefulness of variationist approaches in the description and analysis” of them (Drechsel 1990:552–53). The analysis shows how variable phonological rules continue to exist in a dying language, even after large numbers of words have been bled from the rules' inputs, thereby providing support for Dressler's hypothesis of lexical fading (1972). A three-stage scenario of rule loss is proposed to account for the fact that, in the Negerhollands case, there is substantially greater phonological variation at the level of the community than at the level of the individual. (Obsolescence, phonological variation, phonological change, creole languages, Virgin Islands, Negerhollands)

This research aims to determine the process of phonological changes in Arabic loan words into Indonesian, and the types of phonological changes that occur in Arabic loan words. The research method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative research method. This type of research includes literature study or content analysis, which analyzes in detail the phonological changes in Arabic loan words that have entered Indonesian. The results of this research were that the letters that experienced phonological changes were letters that the Indonesian language did not have, so letters were chosen whose pronunciation was similar or close to the letters in the Indonesian language. This also shows that there have been many changes in Arabic loan words into Indonesian. This change occurs in the position of consonants and vowels. Apart from that, there are many changes in one word which researchers term as double changes, in one word sometimes there is one change, two or even three changes as happens in the words aqi>dah and istiqa>mah. There are also several letters that are owned by Arabic which are also owned by Indonesian but are still undergoing changes, such as words that sound /q/. In general, the sound /q/ undergoes a phonological change process to become /k/ when it becomes a loan word, but there is also a sound /q/ in Arabic that does not undergo phonological change when it becomes a loan word, namely as in the word "furqan". The consonant that is most often chosen when changing loanwords from Arabic to Indonesian is the consonant /k/.Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui proses perubahan fonologis kata serapan bahasa Arab ke dalam bahasa Indonesia, dan jenis perubahan foologis yang terjadi pada kata serapan bahasa Arab. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif yang berisfat deskriptif. Jenis penelitian ini termasuk studi pustaka atau analisis isi, yang secara rinci menganalisis perubahan fonologis pada kata serapan bahasa Arab yang masuk ke bahasa Indonesia. Hasil penelitian ini bisa disimpulkan bahwa huruf yang mengalami perubahan fonologis adalah huruf-huruf yang memang tidak dimiliki oleh bahasa Indonesia, sehingga dipilihlah huruf-huruf yang pengucapannya mirip atau berdekatan dengan huruf-huruf dalam bahasa Indonesia. Hasil penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa terjadi banyak perubahan di dalam kata serapan Arab ke dalam bahasa Indonesia. Perubahan itu terjadi pada posisi konsonan dan vokal. Di samping itu terjadi banyak perubahan dalam satu kata yang peneliti istilahkan sebagai perubahan ganda, dalam satu kata terkadang memiliki satu perubahan, dua bahkan sampai tiga perubahan seperti yang terjadi pada kata aqi>dah dan istiqa>mah. Ada juga beberapa huruf yang dimiliki oleh bahasa Arab yang juga dimiliki oleh bahasa Indonesia namun tetap mengalami perubahan, seperti kata yang berbunyi /q/. Pada umumnya, bunyi /q/ mengalami proses perubahan fonologis menjadi /k/ ketika menjadi kata serapan, tetapi ada juga bunyi /q/ dalam bahasa Arab yang tidak mengalami perubahan fonologis ketika menjadi kata serapan yaitu seperti pada kata “furqan”. Konsonan yang paling banyak menjadi pilihan dalam perubahan kata serapan dari bahasa Arab ke dalam bahasa Indonesia adalah konsonan /k/.

Extant works on Yoruba names (names of people) are largely assemblages and meanings, accompanied with English glosses, without adequate attention paid to the phonological and morphological inputs. This article therefore examines the phonological and morphological Phonology processes in the Yoruba given names with a view to illustrate their roles in the derivation of the Yoruba names. The data are drawn from Oruko Yoruba by C.L. Adeoye (1982), A Dictionary of Yorùbá Personal Names by A. Babalola and O.Alaba (2003), Yoruba Personal Names: An African Highly-Structured System by Yemitan Oladipo and Elebu-Ibom Yemi (nd) and personal knowledge being a native speaker. Phonology, is the study of how sounds are patterned in (a) language(s) and morphology is study of the internal structure of words. It is established in this study that there is interplay of phonological and morphological processes on morphological and syntactic units, which are subsequently reduced to a single grammatical category - the noun - when eventually combined. The existence of these processes within the universal language framework are viewed through the Optimality Theory. Some linguistic interplay between Yoruba names and the ecosystem is demonstrated. The underlying structure of Naming, an interface between humans and labels (semantics), actions, and the ecosystem which all in turn affect worldviews (thought, emotions, cognitive ability) and eventually behaviors deserves further scrutiny.

The Uses of Language. Words: Meaning and the Lexicon. Morphology. Lexical Variation and Change. Appendix: Language Families of the World. Sounds: Phonetics. Phonology. Phonological Variation. Variation Through Time: Phonological Change. Sentences: Generative Grammer. The Functions of Syntax. Syntactic Typology. Syntactic Variation. Syntactic Change. Growth. Pidgin and Creole Languages. First and Second Language Learning. Language and the Human Species. Language and Civilization. Bibliographic Notes. Bibliography. Index.

<div class="WordSection1"><p>I am honored for being an alumnus of KEMC, and am delighted to write this editorial for the Annals. I have, ever since done my research and taught qualitative methods, felt that clinical methods are quite akin to qualitative research. Then, why only few clinical researchers use qualitative methods? A witness to this assumption is the research published in the Annals. In this treatise, I try to identify some parallels between the two types of methods and argue for the clinicians to invest in learning qualitative research methods to practice clinical methods well.</p><p> Qualitative research is to identify and interpret issues from the perspective of participants, their experience of: illness or disability, using health service, and to appreciate the meanings they give to the behaviour, events or objects in the context of their social and cultural norms. In this type of research, the emphasis is on exploring the associations and understanding the phenomenon in its holism; and not, like in quantitative research, from an outsider’s perspective and for certain specific aspects.<sup>1</sup> It requires participants with specific characteristics, selected purposely that can best inform the research topic. More participants, identified inductively during data collection, are added to develop full and multiple perspectives about the cases.<sup>2</sup></p><p> No preset data collection tool is used, instead qualitative researcher guided by a research question acts as an instrument, since the line of enquiry he changes during data collection as new understanding is gained and/or the situation changes.<sup>3</sup> The data for research is derived from the observation, interviews or verbal interactions, focus group discussions, document reviews, life histories etc. and the researcher asks why, how and under what circumstances things occur; and not just what, where and when. It is recorded in words or pictures and log book is used to record notes arising from interviews, observations, extracts from documents etc.</p><p> In health care settings patients are the subjects for clinical methods. The clinician, even prior to any verbal communication, observes the patient, e.g. for his gait and appearance. If in a bed or examination couch, his posture could give some clue to the illness. Inspection, a clinical method, is like systematic observation, which is qualitative method, should be holistic. In my third year during bedside teaching, Professor (late) Rashid Ahmed Qureshi said, <em>“patient has come to you as a whole and not his stomach in a tray”</em>, when a student straight went to examine abdomen of a patient with acute abdomen. History taking, another clinical method, is like conducting semi structured in depth interview – a qualitative research method. In both disciplines, we are told, <em>“not to ask leading, but follow up and probing questions”; </em>and Professor (late) Alamgir Khan, while teaching clinical methods, would add, <em>“if a good history is taken, you will establish diagnosis in over 65% of cases”. </em>Likewise, as part of history taking, documents related to patient’s illness history and treatment are reviewed similar to document review in qualitative research.</p><p> The two approaches however differ in how the data is analysed. In clinical practice, diagnosis is established based on the pathophysiological knowledge or patient’s clinical condition is discussed in clinicopathological conference.<sup>4</sup> On the other hand, qualitative research employs meaning based data analysis, whereby the qualitative data is transformed into some form of explanation, understanding or interpretation of people and situation that is investigated.<sup>5,6</sup></p><p> In conclusion, the history, the observation and the review of document related to patient are since obtainned using qualitative methods, the clinician trained in these methods could not only conduct these methods well but also interpret the data to identify and detect obstacles to the change in clinical condition and the reasons why improvement does or does not occur.<sup>7</sup> Finally, while it is heartening that research forums are organised in the institutions affiliated with KEMU, in order the research is richer, the researchers’ skills in qualitative research methods should be built.</p></div>

In Indonesia, the Weekly Iron Folic Acid (WIFA) supplementation program has been running since 2016 to prevent anemia and stunting in the future. The Healthy Adolescents Stunting Prevention program (Remaja Sehat Cegah Stunting, known as the "RS Centing" program) in Gresik Regency, Indonesia, has been effective in increasing adolescent understanding of stunting prevention. The prevalence of stunting in Gunungkidul Regency remains high and has reached 22.2 %, exceeding the national target of 14 %. This study aims to analyze whether adolescent health is a priority in the stunting prevention program in Gunungkidul Regency. This study uses a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and a focus group discussion (FGDs) with participants selected by purposive sampling. The respondents in this study comprised 10 officials from the PKPR (adolescents health care services), the local health department, and the Satgas stunting (stunting task force). The results of the study revealed that three main themes emerged from the in-depth interviews and the FGD, namely: (1) Program implementation; (2) barriers to program implementation; and (3) suggestions. Program implementation is still constrained by the lack of adequate funding and human resources, aswell as weak monitoring, evaluation, and program continuity.

BackgroundA significant proportion of the elderly population in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is food insecure. Insufficient daily meal intake, quantity of food, and dietary monotony are among the defining characteristics of the elderly population in the region. However, there is limited documentation on elderly voices regarding their experience of the phenomenon in Tanzania. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the experience of food insecurity among elderly people (identified as poor elderly) aged 60 years in Morogoro.Methods and toolsWe adopted an exploratory case study design employing in-depth interviews (IDI) guide and a Focused Group Discussions (FGD) guide to explore the experience of food insecurity among the elderly population and identify the underlying circumstances. A purposive sampling procedure was used to select study participants for in-depth interviews and focused group discussion (FGD). A total of 25 elderly and 3 district officials were involved in in-depth interviews, and another 25 elderly people were involved in focused group discussions. A thematic analysis adopting both inductive and deductive approaches was used to analyse the collected data and findings are presented in forms of themes and subthemes.ResultsThe study found that the elderly had experience of having limited access to food and ate a smaller number of meals as well as insufficient amounts. The circumstances underlying food insecurity among the elderly population were found to be limited strength to engage themselves in farm activities or work as casual labour to earn some money to buy food, limited strength to prepare food, the burden of taking care of grandchildren, and inadequate food support from children.ConclusionThis study has demonstrated that elderly people experience food insecurity with respect to both quantity and quality. Therefore, it is high time that the government develops a strategy to ensure that all elderly have assurance of food all over the country.

Objective: To employ qualitative research methods to evaluate the sustainability of the Shandong-Ministry of Health Action on Salt and Hypertension (SMASH) interventions and their influencing factors. Method: In September 2023, interviewees meeting the inclusion criteria were recruited through purposive sampling in Jinan, Shandong Province. A semi-structured interview guide was designed based on the CFIR and RE-AIM frameworks. Personal in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted to gather insights on the feasibility, effectiveness, and sustainability of the project interventions from various stakeholders, including representatives from the government, food manufacturers, restaurants, academia, and residents. Results: A total of 15 individuals participated in in-depth interviews, involving six representatives from food manufacturers, four from restaurants, three from the government, and two from academia. There were four focus group discussions with 30 residents. The study found that at the individual resident level, health awareness and the availability of sodium reduction tools in the market could affect their salt reduction practices. For food manufacturers and restaurants, consumers' preferences, technical challenges in reformulation, and government support were key factors determining the smooth progress of their salt reduction efforts. At the governmental level, multi-sectional coordination, chronic disease management demonstration areas, and the impact of the pandemic were the main factors influencing the implementation of sodium reduction interventions. Conclusion: Future endeavours should strengthen long-term management and optimise the complex influencing factors associated with intervention measures. This will be essential in sustaining and expanding the positive health outcomes achieved through the Shandong population sodium reduction strategy.

BackgroundDespite efforts to avert the negative effects of malaria, there remain barriers to the uptake of prevention measures, and these have hindered its eradication. This study explored the factors that influence uptake of malaria prevention strategies among pregnant women and children under-five years and the impact of COVID-19 in a malaria endemic rural district in Uganda.MethodsThis was a qualitative case study that used focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, and key informant interviews involving pregnant women, caregivers of children under-five years, traditional birth attendants, village health teams, local leaders, and healthcare providers to explore malaria prevention uptake among pregnant women and children under-five years. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and data were analyzed using thematic content approach.ResultsSeventy-two participants were enrolled in the Focus Group Discussions, 12 in the in-depth interviews, and 2 as key informants. Pregnant women and caregivers of children under-five years were able to recognize causes of malaria, transmission, and symptoms. All participants viewed malaria prevention as a high priority, and the use of insecticide-treated mosquito bed nets (ITNs) was upheld. Participants' own experiences indicated adverse effects of malaria to both pregnant women and children under-five. Home medication and the use of local herbs were a common practice. Some participants didn’t use any of the malaria prevention methods due to deliberate refusal, perceived negative effects of the ITNs, and family disparity. The Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) control measures did not abate the risk of malaria infection but these were deleterious to healthcare access and the focus of malaria prevention.ConclusionsAlthough pregnant women and caregivers of children under-five years recognized symptoms of malaria infection, healthcare-seeking was not apt as some respondents used alternative approaches and delayed seeking formal healthcare. It is imperative to focus on the promotion of malaria prevention strategies and address drawbacks associated with misconceptions about these interventions, and promotion of health-seeking behaviors. As COVID-19 exacerbated the effect of malaria prevention uptake and healthcare seeking, it’s critical to recommit and integrate COVID-19 prevention measures in normative living and restrict future barriers to healthcare access.

Seven species are important pasture grasses throughout the western Transvaal, Orange Free State, northern Cape and Natal. Taxonomically, each is a widely distributed species complex with a range of morphological variants and many ecotypes. The local forms well suited to particular environmental conditions are a source of natural variability upon which to base programmes to develop improved pasture strains.Language: English Keywords: cenchrus ciliaris; cynodon dactylon; digitaria eriantha; distribution; ecotypes; environmental conditions; eragrostis curvula; geographical distribution; Geography; grasses; heteropogon contortus; morphological variation; Morphology; natal; northern cape; orange free state; pasture; pasture grasses; setaria sphacelata; south africa; Species; themeda triandra; variability; variants; western transvaal

The study of language variation in social context continues to hold the attention of a large number of linguists. This research is promoted by the annual colloquia on New Ways of Analyzing Variation in English' (NWAVE). This volume is a selection of revised papers from the NWAVE XI, held at Georgetown University. It deals with a number of items, some of which have often been discussed, others that have been less emphasized. The first group of articles in the volume center on a frequent theme: speech communities as the essential setting for understanding variation in language. Earlier work in linguistic variation dealt for the most part with phonological variation and change. Syntactic and morphological change and variation in syntax are also discussed. A selection on the role of variation in understanding first language acquisition comprises three papers. Articles in the last section of the volume concern theoretical controversy and methodological advances.

<span>This research aims to explain the correlation between <em>Bahasa Indonesia</em>’s vernacular variation and the social discrimination experienced by Eastern Indonesian. The researchers apply qualitative-quantitative method. The data were collected from the distributed online questionnaires which were filled by 41 respondents from Eastern Indonesia (East Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Maluku, Papua). The findings show that there is a diglossic phenomenon between standard <em>Bahasa Indonesia</em> (High variety) and <em>Bahasa Indonesia</em> of Vernacular Eastern Indonesia (Low variety). The unique dialectal characteristics of Eastern Indonesian in <em>Bahasa </em>(phonological, lexical, and morphological) raised the issue of linguistic racism and linguistic privilege. Eastern Indonesian speakers of <em>Bahasa </em>are considered as minority speech community who suffered racism and discrimination. They experienced intimidation from people’s undermining impersonation, underestimation, and exclusion from the dominant speech community. They felt ashamed of their vernacular language identity and tend to imitate dominant accents, such as Javanese or Jakartan Indonesian. This is a serious issue that can increase social disparities and conflict among Indonesians. To solve the problem, the researchers suggest that Indonesian government must introduce <em>Bahasa Indonesia’s variation</em> (including morphological, lexical, and phonological variation from all Indonesian region) in the formal education as the best solution to give societies understanding of linguistic tolerance. </span>

BackgroundEstimates suggest that 78,000 children died due to rotavirus gastroenteritis annually between 2011 and 2013 in India. The north eastern state of Assam reported 38.4% pediatric diarrheal admissions testing positive for rotavirus. Rotavirus vaccine (RVV) was introduced in Assam in 2017 following which the National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5) (2019) revealed low RVV coverage in Assam with wide variation between the districts. the current study was conceptualized and undertaken to capture the enablers and barriers to RVV coverage in Assam. MethodsQualitative study conducted in 5 randomly selected districts in Assam. Participants (key informants) were recruited by purposive sampling at each level of the health system including healthcare officials, service providers and caregivers based on availability. Thirty-five in-depth interviews (IDIs) and five focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted. Interviews were tape recorded and transcribed. Data was coded and analyzed using the thematic framework approach. ResultsFindings from the qualitative data collection were collated and analyzed under 7 identified themes. Difficult terrain, limited service provider availability and no catch-up training for new recruits were some of the barriers to RVV coverage. In contrast, Information, Education & Communication (IEC) in vernacular language, RVV safety profile, development partner support and adequate RVV supply were identified as some of the enablers of RVV coverage. ConclusionFew broad recommendations to overcome identified barriers include comprehensive inter-sectoral coordination, regular monitoring and frequent refresher training sessions. There is a need for a future study utilizing existing coverage data and larger sample size to triangulate the findings of this study.