Verbal vs. nominal reflexive constructions

This article focuses on the realization of incrementality in Polish verbal and nominal constructions. The object of investigation is clause-embedding reveal-type concepts like ‘prove’, ‘reveal’, or ‘show’. In Slavic languages, incremental relations have traditionally been examined in direct relation to (im)perfectivity, with imperfective verbs enforcing partial affectedness of events and objects, and perfective verbs enforcing their total affectedness. In the present paper, I take a closer look at the incremental output within the reveal-type concept. I investigate whether an incremental event comes with a fixed incremental path that remains intact independently of any morphological or syntactic modifications. My research question is: Is an incremental feature specified in the lexicon as is the aspectual value ‘(im)perfective’, or does it rather arise compositionally? To answer this question, I analyze the impact of the dative argument and the nominalization on the incremental output of clause-embedding reveal-type predicates. I demonstrate that incremental meanings are affected by the properties of an entire construction. Based on that, I propose to distinguish between two types of incrementality: the non-modifiable (im)perfectivity-dependent partial and total integration requirement, and the compositional incrementality that arises as an interplay between lexical semantics, argument structure, and the morphological shape of the respective lexeme.

The functional and systems approaches to the study of marketing offer two alternative means of understanding the discipline. Do these approaches contradict or complement each other, or do they have no relationship at all? This article provides (1) a fresh look at the functional approach, (2) a review of a general systems approach, and (3) a framework to show their relationship and synthesize the two views of marketing.

This article deals with the well known problem of robust visual servoing (VS), which is formulated by the use of the general task function approach. Robustness is provided with respect to calibration parametric errors not only in terms of stability, but also in terms of tracking errors boundness. As a result, the proposed approach allows the user to choose a bound on the tracking error so as to guarantee the visibility of the target during the task execution. Most importantly, the error boundness is obtained while avoiding the use of large gains. Rather, one uses bounded gains, together with the modulation of the desired velocity along the desired path. An application of this general approach is developed and experimentally validated.

Praise be to God, creator of the universes, creator of man, great in affair and benevolence, prayers and peace be upon the last of the prophets and messengers, the truthful Muhammad, his good and pure family, and upon those who followed his guidance in goodness until the Day of Judgment. Immemorially, man has realized that he cannot communicate with others in what is going on in his mind except by linking the utterance with the meaning that he wants to express. This realization has developed gradually to be precise and specific frameworks which attracted the attention of the language scientists in a way discovering the secrets and explaining the relationships and links among their parts. Thus, the science of grammari is based on the utterance and the meaning together. Accordingly, we studied the integrity of meaning in the light of modern linguistic approaches. The research includes a preface entitled: “The concept of meaning in ancients and modernists”. It also has six axises, the title of the first: the descriptive approach in the integrity of meaning, the second: the functional approach in the integrity of meaning, the third: the normative approach in the integrity of meaning, the fourth: the transformative and generative approach in the integrity of meaning, the fifth: the contrastive approach between Arabic and English in the integrity of the meaning, and the last one was: the deliberative approach in the integrity of the meaning. We concluded the research with a set of results mentioned in the conclusion.

This paper examines the words and constructions that Koromu speakers (PNG) use to talk about tare ‘hurt/pain’ and other painful sensations. It also reflects on links to cultural and environmental influences in daily life and key life events, environmental knowledge and traditional health care. Terms such as warike ‘be/feel bad’, tare ‘hurt/pain’, perere ‘hurt: sting, cut, burn’, and kaho ‘ache: burn, pierce’ are used in different constructions with varying emphases. These constructions are among the most typologically interesting in Koromu grammar. They are related to, but also distinct from, constructions found in other Papuan languages. They include experiencer object constructions, serial verb constructions with the grammaticized valency-increasing verb here/he put, and nominal constructions with, or without, prominent noun-phrase marking.

Most Northwest Solomonic (NWS) languages employ possessor-indexing or former possessor-indexing morphology to index subject on verbs. Although the phenomenon of dependent-marking languages using cognate morphology to case mark possessors and subjects is well known, head marking in the form of subject agreement using possessor-indexing morphology of the kind seen in NWS is less well understood. Moreover, most instances of cognate possessor-indexing and subject-indexing morphology typically result from independent pronouns in parallel processes of grammaticalization. In NWS the subject-indexing function arose from a well-established preexisting possessor-indexing function, demonstrating a diachronic functional shift from nominal marking to verb marking. Moreover, in several NWS languages two possessor-indexing hosts encoding distinct semantic categories ofpossession occur in verbal constructions marking different kinds of events, raising the question of how a semantic distinction between kinds of entities can be meaningfully applied to categories of events. This article surveys functional and formal characteristics of synchronic possessive subject-indexing morphology across NWS, and proposes an originating nominalization construction in Proto-NWS from which the synchronic phenomena arose. It reappraises Ross's (1982) hypothesis on the origin of the phenomenon, and the hypothesis that two distinct clause structures are involved in the presence or absence of this morphology. It then investigates several key problems not previously addressed, including why the order of subject-indexing morphology and verb it accompanies is the reverse of the order of possessor-indexing morphology and noun in nominal constructions, and how distinct nominal categories of possession encoded by the two possessor-indexing hosts could be reinterpreted as a verbal distinction of event type.

Xα-SW estimation of the degree of localization of 3d and 2p states in transition metal oxides

Combining functional and structural approaches in test generation for digital systems

The term principle is ubiquitous in the thematic studies and the crosscutting studies of this research project on the exercise of public authority by international institutions. Apparently its legal analysis and normative framing is difficult to achieve without principles. This is no specificity of this undertaking: Legal research on the public authority of international institutions regularly deals with the issue of principles. General principles for all international institutions are of specific interest as they might tie the various institutions into one legal universe. Yet, precisely their variety, even heterogeneity raises the question if such principles can be anything but “stars which give little light because they are so high.” This quotation from Francis Bacon’s “On the Advancement of Learning” precedes Edward Carr’s classical study on the problems of a sweeping, principled and idealistic approach to international phenomena. The aim of this contribution is therefore not so much a discussion of individual principles, which is done in other studies of this research project. A first aim is to study more closely how principles are used in legal discourses (B.). I will distinguish between structural principles, guiding principles and legal principles. This makes it easier to grasp the various meanings and scholarly agendas pursued under the term principle. In section C. I discuss the impact of emerging principles of international authority on the general evolution of public international law and its scholarship in times of global governance. Thereby I hope to add further support to our general approach and to prepare the ground for the most difficult part of this contribution, the one on the development of general principles (D.). In section D., I will first review possible legal bases of general principles (D.I.), suggesting internal constitutionalization as the best path in light of the heterogeneity and fragmentation of international law. Second (D.II.), I will discuss the roles of international and domestic judges in that process, stressing their common, but differentiated responsibility. Eventually, some individual principles of international institutions will be outlined in light of the principles of the European Union (E.).

This paper proposes a unified analysis of adverb scope and quantifier scope phenomena in a lexicalist approach to complex predicates. I first observe that the availability of scope ambiguity for adverbs and for quantifiers always coincides for a given type of complex predicate, drawing on data from different kinds of compound verb constructions, the verbal noun-taking predicates and the nominative object construction. The challenge for a unified treatment in lexicalist frameworks comes from the fact that syntactic structures cannot be taken as the locus for representing the scope of adverbs and quantifiers, unlike in derivational frameworks where such an analysis is the most natural. Thus, a previous lexicalist analysis by Manning, Sag & Iida (1999) makes use of completely different mechanisms to account for adverb scope and quantifier scope, failing to capture the close parallel between them. I remedy this problem of Manning et al.'s analysis by proposing a unified account of adverb scope and quantifier scope that crucially makes use of a slightly enriched semantic representation explicitly encoding the property of mono-/biclausality with respect to scopal phenomena.

The aim of this work, composed of eight chapters, is to present a comparative study of nominal and verbal constructions of four Tupi trunk languages, as well as their independent sentences. Strictly synchronic, it includes Araweté and Kamaiurá languages, two members of Tupi-Guarani family, as well as Aweti and Sateré-Mawé, unique members of its families, in order to point out their similarities and differences. This study, in which it is not proposed to describe these languages, is based on descriptive proposals already made. In the first chapter, we present the purpose and justification of this work. In the second chapter, we bring some historical, demographic and sociolinguistic considerations in relation to Araweté, Kamaiurá, Aweti and Sateré-Mawé people. In the third chapter, we present some considerations about Contrastive and Typological Linguistics, as well as theoretical perspectives of Structural Functionalism and Enunciation. After that, we discuss the sentences of nonverbal and verbal predicate in natural languages. In the fourth chapter, in turn, we present the names and verbs of Araweté, Kamaiurá, Aweti and Sateré-Mawé, compared in morphosyntactic and semantic levels. In the fifth chapter, we expose the structure of postpositional and noun phrases in these languages, as well as function they can play in the sentences. In the sixth and seventh chapters, in turn, we propose a contrast of nonverbal and verbal predicate sentences. Finally, in the eighth chapter, we present the final considerations of this work.

The first paper describes the general approach adopted in the solution of steady-state matching of single-stage turbocharged engines with fixed and variable geometry turbines and two-stage turbocharged engines developed from general principles first reported in (1). Individual components are represented either by systems of equations or by multi-dimensional numerical arrays embodied in separate subroutines which are called from a main-linking programme containing the overall matching equations. Appropriate iterative procedures from initially assumed values of boost and turbocharger speed (for single- or two-stage arrangements) are briefly described. The programmes have been run both in batch processing and interactive mode, and in the latter form have been found particularly valuable as teaching aids.

What Precisely is a 'Hard' Case? Waldron, Dworkin, Critical Legal Studies, and Judicial Recourse to Principle

General approach to characterizing reservoir fluids for EoS models using a large PVT database

PROF. T. D. A. COCKEBELL, emeritus professor of zoology in the University of Colorado, will be remembered by many readers of NATURE as a frequent contributor of communications on biological topics. So long ago as 1920, he produced a useful and distinctive book entitled “Zoology: A Text-book for Colleges and Universities”, which was reviewed in NATURE of December 23, 1920, p. 529. This was not an ordinary text-book of its time, for it catered for the needs of those who were not intending to specialize in zoology, and so included chapters on social life, the evolution of man, eugenics and sociology from the biologist's point of view. In its general approach it was perhaps in advance of much of the thought of its day. The book was re-issued from time to time, and Prof. Cockerell has now had prepared, at his own expense, an impression of a thousand copies which have been presented to the Board of Education in Great Britain. The gift will be much appreciated, and the volumes will no doubt contribute in no small measure to the growth of that biological outlook on man and his affairs which are necessary for the future peace of the world.