Vietnam

Includes all relevant information on national elections held in Lebanon since its independence in 1941. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Lebanon's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).

Includes all relevant information on national elections held in Kuwait since 1961. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Kuwait's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).

Includes all relevant information on national elections held in Japan since 1946. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Japan's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for parties in parliamentary elections, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).

Includes all relevant information on national elections held in Kiribati since its independence in 1979. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Kiribati's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections and referendums, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).

Includes all relevant information on national elections held in Fiji since its independence in 1970. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Fijian political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for parties in parliamentary elections at both the national level and according to ethnic group, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).

Reviewed by: Resisting Spirits: Drama Reform and Cultural Transformation in the People's Republic of China by Maggie Greene Huihui Huang RESISTING SPIRITS: DRAMA REFORM AND CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA. By Maggie Greene. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2019. 244 pp. Hardcover, $70.00. Ghosts and spirits appear in many literary forms, such as folk stories, plays, novels, and films, and have been important elements of Chinese literary history. The study on Chinese ghost plays, however, is very limited. Although there are a couple of books on this subject, they only focus on Chinese ghost plays in the imperial period. Maggie Greene's new book Resisting Spirits: Drama Reform and Cultural Transformation in the People's Republic of China fills in the gap on ghost literature in the high socialist period. By utilizing the approach "just reading" or "surface reading" (p. 18), Greene examines archives, published scripts, journal articles, newspapers, and memoirs. Looking at the history of reform of ghost opera between 1953 and 1966 in the People's Republic of China, Resisting Spirits argues that the adaptation, discussion, and reception of ghost plays emphasize the cultural workers' experiments in theatre in the Maoist era. The book is divided into six chapters that chronologically follow the theatrical activities on drama reform and the changes in the role of ghost plays in shifting political contexts. Chapter 1 introduces the prerevolutionary history of drama reform in China; focusing on the period between 1949 and 1952, when the categorization of plays was introduced, and which determined, which plays were banned or performed. The book also chronicles debates among the dramatists, artists, and critics of the time. For example, critic Ma Shaobo advocated for the didactic merits of traditional drama while others insisted that it was harmful to the audience. These types of debates set the tone for discussions in the next decade. [End Page 341] Chapter 2 considers the early debates on drama reform from a different angle. In the relaxed political atmosphere of event such as the Hundred Flowers Movement, ghost plays, and some other banned works between 1950 and 1952 were approved for performance. In this period, debates on the distinction between mythology plays and ghost plays were raised again. For example, the critic Qu Liuyi argued subjects in mythology "were always out of reach," while ghosts "represented people who had once alive," so "ghosts are more useful than mythological characters" (p. 73). Qu's viewpoint was a defence of ghost plays when some critics criticized ghost characters not suitable for socialist stages. The book also examines a case study of an adapted ghost play by Ma Jianling, Wandering West Lake; in this play a ghost was removed from stage in the early 1950s and returned to the stage in 1958. The process of a drama changing from "a ghostless ghost play" (p. 55) back to a ghost play reflects the dramatist's experimental attempt at reform. Chapter 3 is closely related to the first two chapters in the perspectives of themes and plots and centers on the theatrical events in 1961. Greene examines the production of the new experiment Li Huiniang by Meng Chao and the ghost tales in the state-sponsored collection, Stories about Not Being Afraid of Ghosts (Bu pa gui de gushi). These products reveal the opposite discourses on ghosts: Meng Chao's ghost was "a heroine to rescue common people from the cruel and incompetent officials," while ghosts in Stories "were mere stand-ins for real world villains" (p. 80). According to Greene, the successful reception of the two narratives indicates that cultural workers and critics achieved great success in including ghost plays in the repertoires. Greene devotes Chapter 4 to the 1963 ban on ghost opera and the 1963 debate in Guangming Daily. Critics who were against the ghost opera argued that social problems led to the popularity of the ghost plays, while the supporters argued for the artistic value of the ghost plays and claimed that theatrical ghosts were not connected to the superstitious belief of the masses. On one hand, the 1963 debate indicates a marked shift in the discourse on supernatural subjects. On the other hand...

Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Afghanistan since 1923. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Afghanistan's political history and outlines the evolution of electoral provisions in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes available electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).

To the Editor: Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus caused disease outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in several Asian, European, and African countries from 2003 to 2006. This virus caused >90 human deaths in Vietnam, Thailand, People's Republic of China, Indonesia, Turkey, Iraq, and Cambodia (1–3). Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of this virus were derived from the Gs/Gd/1/96-like lineage, and 6 genes that encode internal viral proteins were derived from other lineages (1). Highly pathogenic H5N1 virus genetically related to the A/Chicken/Shantou/4231/03 (People's Republic of China) isolate caused disease outbreaks in poultry in Japan from the end of December 2003 to March 2004 (4). In May and June 2005, highly pathogenic H5N1 virus was isolated from migratory birds during disease outbreaks near Lake Qinghai in western People's Republic of China. HA, NA, and nucleoprotein genes of the Qinghai virus were closely related to H5N1 virus A/Chicken/Shantou/4231/03 isolated in People's Republic of China in 2003. Five other viral genes (matrix, PA, PB1, PB2, and nonstructural protein) were closely related to an H5N1 Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China 2004 isolate (A/Peregrin falcon/HK/D0028/04) and H5N1 virus A/Chicken/Shantou/810/05 isolated in People's Republic of China in 2005 (5,6). In July 2005, domestic poultry began to die in the village of Suzdalka in western Siberia, Russia (Dovolnoe County, Novosibirsk region). Autopsies showed serious alterations in all internal organs tested. Approximately 95%–100% of the lungs were affected, and all serous membranes showed petechial and confluent hemorrhages. The highest concentration of hemorrhages was in the pericardium. Organs from 3 birds (1 turkey and 2 chickens) that had died during this outbreak were further analyzed. Homogenates of lungs, kidneys, and spleens were tested by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. The highest titers, 32 and 16, were observed in the spleen of the turkey and kidneys of the chickens, respectively. H5 influenza A virus was identified in a homogenate of turkey spleen by conventional HI assay (7) with a panel of reference antisera. For the identification of NA subtype, RNA was isolated from turkey spleen homogenate and synthesis of viral cDNA was performed as previously described (7). Amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of an NA gene fragment were performed with in-house primers (sequences of primers are available on request). The nucleotide sequence obtained (547 bp, GenBank accession no. {type:entrez-nucleotide,attrs:{text:DQ231243,term_id:78146121,term_text:DQ231243}}DQ231243) showed 100% identity with the NA gene of H5N1 viruses isolated in People's Republic of China in 2005 (e.g., A/Great black-headed gull/Qinghai/1/05) (5,6). Homogenates of bird organs (turkey spleen and chicken kidneys) were injected into the allantoic cavity of 10-day-old embryonated chicken eggs. Three hemagglutinating agents were isolated (titers 1,024–2,048) and identified as H5 influenza A virus (A/Turkey/Suzdalka/Nov-1/05, A/Chicken/Suzdalka/Nov-11/05, and A/Chicken/Suzdalka/Nov-12/05) by reverse transcription–PCR and sequencing (isolation of RNA from allantoic fluid and synthesis of virus cDNA were performed as previously described [7]). PCR amplification and sequencing of a fragment of the HA gene were performed with an in-house primer set for the H5 gene (available on request). Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences obtained (GenBank accession nos. {type:entrez-nucleotide,attrs:{text:DQ231242,term_id:78146106,term_text:DQ231242}}DQ231242, {type:entrez-nucleotide,attrs:{text:DQ231241,term_id:78146083,term_text:DQ231241}}DQ231241, and {type:entrez-nucleotide,attrs:{text:DQ231240,term_id:78146041,term_text:DQ231240}}DQ231240) indicated that western Siberian 2005 isolates belong to the Gs/Gd/1/96-like lineage and form a cluster with H5N1 viruses isolated from migratory birds in the People's Republic of China in 2005 (5), from poultry in Japan in 2004 (4), and from poultry and humans in Asian countries in 2003 and 2004 (1) (Figure). Deduced amino acid HA cleavage site sequences of all isolates (PQGERRRKKR/GL) corresponded to highly pathogenic Asian H5N1 influenza virus variants (5,6). Figure Phylogenetic tree of H5 hemagglutinin genes of influenza A viruses. The 3 H5 western Siberian 2005 viruses isolated in this study are shaded. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by the neighbor-joining method with the Molecular Evolutionary Genetic Analysis ... To test virulence, 10 six-week-old chickens were intravenously infected with isolate A/Turkey/Suzdalka/Nov-1/05 as previously described (7). All viruses isolated were highly pathogenic (all chickens died within a day of infection). We isolated H5N1 influenza virus from the spleen of a turkey that died during an outbreak in poultry in western Siberia in July 2005. HA and NA genes of this virus were closely related to those of H5N1 avian influenza viruses that caused outbreaks in birds in Asian countries from 2003 to 2005 and in Japan in 2003 and 2004. The corresponding isolate, A/Turkey/Suzdalka/Nov-1/05, from turkey spleen was highly pathogenic for chickens in the laboratory intravenous pathogenicity index test. The origin of this H5N1 virus in western Siberia is not known. Migratory birds could have introduced this virus because western Siberia is located on a flyway of wild birds that migrate in the spring from southeastern Asia. Highly pathogenic Asian H5N1 influenza virus in western Siberia demonstrates spread of these Asian viruses into new areas and suggests a larger geographic distribution.

The Saudi Arabia’s “Fundamentalists” the position runs counter in the basic religious doctrine with, and People's Republic of China ’s “Communist” and “Socialism” the idea, also can affect the Saudi Arabian imperial family’s benefit and the stability. However the Saudi Arabia actually purchases the missile to the People’s Republic of China, and established diplomatic relations in 1990 . The Transformation in Diplomatic Relations between Saudi-Arabia and China was really worth studying and the discussion truly. Because in 1973 the petroleum crisis took Saudi Arabia the huge economic interest, enable Saudi Arabia’s government to have the abundant financial resource to foster the talent, but caused in this border to have the social structure change, because the group accepted the higher education or overseas abroad study return to homeland, dominated the political power to Saudi Arabian’s Government and the traditional royal court to be discontented, finally urged Saudi Arabian’s King to implement the reform as well as the cabinet carries on the reorganization, in addition, also enabled the sand country tradition political power abandonment passing the country to have to “the communism” first impressions ares most lasting the hostility, and after suffered US ‘s Parliament to go back a promise to sell the Saudi Arabian F-15 fighter plane, originated the policy using the disperser arms sale to purchase missiles form People’s Republic of China. In the international environment aspect, the Saudi Arabia after the excavating petroleum, is admires the US military force to protect its petroleum benefit, but because US's Israel's policy, causes the Saudi Arabia to the American confidence vacillation, however, this time People’s Republic of China actually unceasingly (the People’s Republic of China using the United Nations Security Council), the economy (purchases petrified industry and wheat), the military (sells the missiles), the psychology (using religious relations), at that time Saudi Arabia is in order to maintain the Saudi Arabian leader regime stably, strengthens own national defense military force, by the consolidated this country in under the Islam world leading positions consideration, urges Saudi Arabia choose People’s Republic of China to purchases missiles, and establishes both sides official foreign relations.

The article examines the peculiarities of the intellectual development of preschool children in the People's Republic of China, reveals the connection between the dependence of a preschooler's intellectual development on the peculiarities of his/her interaction with the surrounding social environment. The purpose of the article is to analyze and characterize the features of the intellectual development of preschool children in the People's Republic of China. Among the research methods used, the following were decisive: analysis and generalization of scientific and methodical sources for theoretical substantiation of research problems, modelling, synthesis of the obtained data. Results. The results of the study of the intellectual development of high-status, medium-status and low-status members of educational groups of primary schools in the People's Republic of China are presented. It is shown that the intellectual development of high-status and middle-status children aged 4 to 5 years is higher than that of their low-status peers, primarily in aspects such as perception, attention, and memory. It is noted that the integral indicator of high-status subjects corresponds to an average or high level of intellectual development. Moreover, a high level is characteristic of the majority of subjects in this category. The integral indicator of intellectual development of middle-status test subjects is quite comparable to that of high-status subjects. Attention is drawn to the fact that, in fact, there is only one, but important feature between these two categories of subjects ‒ among the high-status children, there are no children with an integral indicator of intellectual development below the average. Conclusions. The integral indicator of intellectual development of the majority of low-status subjects corresponds to a low level of intellectual development. Through the prism of the concept of «interpersonal development situation», the dialectical relationship between the intellectual and socio-psychological development of preschool children in the People's Republic of China is analyzed. Methodical provision of the structure of interpersonal relations in educational groups of kindergartens of the People's Republic of China is presented. Based on the results of the research, a number of scientific and practical recommendations are proposed.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the merits and disadvantages of the law of the People's Republic of China on anti‐money laundering.Design/methodology/approachThe paper describes the main contents contained in the newly adopted law of the People's Republic of China on anti‐money laundering, celebrates the enactment of the law and points out the gap still remaining between Chinese legislation and international standards.FindingsThe enactment of the law of the People's Republic of China on anti‐money laundering is of vital significance. Based on the international experience in the fight against money laundering, Chinese anti‐money‐laundering legislation has made considerable progress. Its shortcomings, however, are also evident.Originality/valueThis paper presents a comprehensive description of, and comments on, the law of the People's Republic of China, which would be beneficial to the legislature.

In this paper, apart from reviewing the existing intelligence structure of the intelligence community of the People's Republic of China, the author critically analyzes its historical development through different epochs, and also the organization, strategic guidelines and scope of its work. The fact that intelligence and security activities in the observed country existed in 2000 BC is emphasized. Their role in the security system of the People's Republic of China, faced with modern security challenges and threats, both on the domestic and foreign policy level is pointed out. At the domestic level, the biggest security challenges are reflected in the separatist aspirations of national minorities, while at the foreign policy level, it is the international position of the People's Republic of China, as the most important challenger for the US global domination. The People's Republic of China is responding to these challenges by increasing its allocations for strengthening and modernizing the national security system, where, in addition to the armed forces, the intelligence and security services also play a major role. It is also pointed out that the study of the intelligence and security community of the People's Republic of China is important for the Republic of Serbia, because our geopolitical position is such that it "connects" the Silk Road Economic Belt and the port of Piraeus, as the most important European point of the Silk Road.

BackgroundThe People’s Republic of China has the largest population affected by osteoporosis in the world. However, no population-based survey of osteoporosis awareness in People’s Republic of China has been reported. This study investigated the level of basic awareness of osteoporosis in a large community in People’s Republic of China. The relationship between level of awareness and quantitative ultrasound (US) measurements at the calcaneus was also assessed.MethodsA questionnaire was completed by 9983 men and women aged 40 years or older in Nanjing, People’s Republic of China, between June and December 2011. During this time, the study participants underwent quantitative US measurement. Data from 9049 of the subjects were included in the final analysis.ResultsThe proportion of subjects who were aware of osteoporosis was very low. Only 30.7% had heard of osteoporosis, and only 18.5% had heard of osteoporotic fracture. In total, 52.9% of the subjects drank milk, 16.0% took calcium, 7.1% took vitamin D, and 47.2% were performing regular physical activity. Logistic regression showed that more highly educated older women had significantly better awareness of osteoporosis (P < 0.05). Subjects with a history of a previous osteoporotic fracture also had better awareness (P < 0.05) than subjects without such a history, except for those who drank milk. Similar to previous reports, female sex, old age, a low education level, and a personal history of osteoporotic fracture were significantly associated with a low quantitative US measurement (P < 0.001). Further, drinking milk and having not heard of osteoporosis were significantly associated with a higher quantitative US measurement (P < 0.05), while other indicators of osteoporosis awareness were not associated with quantitative US values (P > 0.05).ConclusionAwareness of osteoporosis in People’s Republic of China is very low. National awareness strategies should be implemented, especially for poorly educated young men.

Purpose: to determine the main directions of training of teachers of physical culture in the People's Republic of China according to the data of modern literature.&#x0D; Material and methods. The analysis of literature sources was carried out by working with scientific works, which are presented in the databases "Web of Science", "Scopus", "Pub Med" and others. The search for literary sources was carried out by the keywords: "physical education teacher training", "physical education", "sports", "coach training". A total of 10157 works were found based on key words, of which 33 works were selected for literary review. The selection was carried out as follows: first, the topic of the article was analyzed, then, if the topic corresponded to the direction of our study, the annotation was analyzed. If the annotation corresponded to the direction of our research, the text of the article was analyzed. Also in the analysis of literature sources, preference was given to sources presented in the quartiles "Web of Science" and "Scopus" 1-3 level. In addition, articles on the training of physical education and sports professionals in China were analyzed separately. Of the 33 works presented in the literature review, 15 sources - research, 10 - review, 8 - randomized trials.&#x0D; Results. In the People's Republic of China, the problem of individual approach is especially relevant in connection with national characteristics, traditions, which provide for the predominance of collective action in all types of work. In addition to basic sports, the training of future physical education teachers in the People's Republic of China should include in-depth study of the sport in which it could improve and be a high-level specialist.&#x0D; Conclusions. Training of physical education teachers in the People's Republic of China should be based on modern concepts of individualization, which apply to all stages of training: from choosing a sport in which the student would like to improve and receive a specialty of physical education teacher with professional knowledge of a particular sport. physical education teachers in the study of the chosen sport.

As the The Law of Traditional Chinese Medicine in People's Republic of China has been carried out, the gradual implementation and the development of traditional Chinese medicine apprentice education were increasing. This paper described the current situation and development of traditional Chinese medicine apprentice education. Based on the The Law of Traditional Chinese Medicine in People's Republic of China, the development and trendency of traditional Chinese medicine apprentice education in our country were explored, and the supporting foundation of policy of traditional Chinese medicine apprentice education were analyzed, in order to give some relevant suggestion. Key words: The Law of Traditional Chinese Medicine in People's Republic of China; Education, medical (TCM); Apprenticing (TCM); Impact analysis