Violência e interpretação, leituras da história de Macau

Growing interest in psychiatric neurosurgery, and in deep brain stimulation (DBS) in particular, requires that the field be placed in the appropriate historical and scientific context. Current methods of neuromodulation for refractory psychiatric conditions are premised on assumptions similar to those proposed in earlier attempts, namely, the number of resistant patients and the absence of any other effective treatments. As a result, a discussion of the current and future prospects, as well as the limits, of neuromodulation is required to avoid a replay of earlier transgressions, and to place its current chapter in the appropriate historical and ethical context.

The aim of this book has been to show that war is always defined in relation to something else, what we have called its other. This other may vary: it may be society, sovereign authority, politics, love, peace, friendship or something else. What is important about this relationship is not that it defines what war is opposite to and distinct from nor does it simply identify what the mechanism is that uses war as an instrument. It reveals the context within which war must emerge. This is not simply the historical or political context. Historical context is important, of course. Each thinker that we have studied can be said to be reacting to the specific war that defined or dominated their era: Hobbes, the religious and civil wars of the seventeenth century; Clausewitz, the wars of the revolutionary and Napoleonic era, in which the people became a major player for the first time; Freud, the First World War; Foucault, the war of the racial Holocaust; Virilio, the Cold War of Mutually Assured Destruction; Baudrillard, the First Gulf War; Žižek, the War on Terror and so on. Sometimes this address is direct and conscious; sometimes implicit and incidental. Their accounts, however, emerge in more than an historical context: they rely on a conceptual context as well, in which war is not just a literal material situation, but an abstraction or an idea. This is what makes war available as part of the unfolding of human meaning.KeywordsOfficial ViolenceConceptual ContextHuman MeaningSovereign AuthorityEthnic AllegianceThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Aim. The purpose of this study is to analyse how the spiritual values of sport evolved over time, from antiquity to the present. Religion and sport are interdependent in different social and historical contexts. The terms meanings over time are different and fine context differentiation is required. Methodology. Research is based on participatory observation, document study and meta-analysis. Results. From ancient times, sport was a way of venerating the gods, a way of expressing corporality, a means of expressing spirituality. In the current social context sport is not religious but personal and it is a means of social recognition by venerating the winners. In a political context, the great leaders politicized the games transferring the glory and grandeur of the games to their personal worship. In the Christian Age,the values of sport ashygiene, corporality, physical beauty displayed were replaced by new ideology with obedience, religious manipulation and obscurantism. In these conditions, sport and physical manifestations took place in a useful utility form: work, military training, horse and water transport, etc. Conclusions. In a historical and social context, sport has moved from a component of gods’ veneration rituals, expression of corporality and social representation, to a phenomenon of great magnitude, without religious valences and with great economic and social impact.

Classics of historiography are not all the same. As with classics in literature, or in any other human expression, their status depends on both the historical and cultural context within which they were produced and the historical and cultural context within which they have been appointed as such. When we think of classics, the concept of canon arises. However, even in this case, it is important to consider not only the context in which the book belonging to the canon was written, but also the different historical contexts in which the same book was recognised as a classic: the history of the fortune and misfortune of these works is relevant to understanding it. Like the classics, each canon is not necessarily an enemy of intercultural dialogue because it may be used as a tool to express a clear cultural identity to interact with other cultural identities. Classics and canons are representatives of local cultural identities that cannot and should not be erased by global classics and a global canon. To improve our understanding of other cultures, we need to preserve both our own and other identities, represented by their different canons, with their slow-changing nature. In the future, global classics may arise as expressions of global intellectual dialogue, but the other classics will keep their value as manifestations of specific cultural identities.

“God Is Able”: Miracles and Hope in Our African-American Patients: Challenges, Historical Perspective and the Way Forward (FR459)

IntroductionNonclassical psychology, based on Lev Vygotsky's cultural-historical conceptuali­zation, differs from other approaches by proposing that through the help of a sig­nificant other and by acting upon culture's instruments, the mind is developed. By highlighting culture's role on building higher human mental processes, becoming a human being is a likelihood but not a certainty of Homo sapiens sapiens. This likeli­hood is derived from the social division of labor (Leontiev, 1978a; Oliveira, 1993, Rego, 1995; Vygotsky, 1989).As Zinchenko et al. (2013) exposed, Vygotsky's theory proposed new concepts and paradigms of psychology, enabling progress in our way of perceiving and ac­ting on maladaptive functioning (Quintino-Aires, 2012). Maladaptive functioning is not caused by the lack of abilities to acquire culture but rather by the lack of practical opportunities to self-develop, which, in turn, are a consequence of social inequalities (Bourdieu, 1974; Marx, 1844; 1985; Quintino-Aires, J., 2006).Vygotsky's cultural-historical approach studies the human conscience, which is defined as an unfinished process and not a product of a phylogenetic evolution (Vygotsky, 1925/1999). This approach is characterized as a co-construction, which initially stems from biological necessities and motives and evolves through action and reaction into a culturally specific context.According to Leontiev (1978a), if culture demands the individual to act upon cultural tools, human conscience will evolve in the following way: from the stage of an elementary sensory psyche (sensorial consciousness), to the stage of the percep­tive psyche (perceptive consciousness), passing through the stage of animal intellect (elementary mental processes), until reaching human consciousness (higher mental processes).Human consciousness is neither a ready-made cultural product nor a spon­taneous development in the individual at birth. Transitioning between the dif­ferent stages of conscience and activity is not a natural or spontaneous process. The process results from the effect of human activity on culture that has its own objective laws in labor and social relations. Despite this objectivity surrounding the construction of human consciousness, subjectivity exists in the way humans acquire new necessities, means, motives and modus operandis; i.e.,, that is, human consciousness is as mutable as cultural instruments in a given historical time and context (Bock, 2001).This idea is supported by Jomskaya (2005), who contended that personality and human consciousness problems can be assessed using neuropsychological analysis because the mind, which is not an abstract entity, and has concrete and objective brain connections.Becoming a person and accessing psychological needs produce results from the construction of internalized systems, which are transferred from social rela­tionships to personality. Because human consciousness emerges as an external and effortful process, psychotherapists can facilitate this function (Quintino-Aires, J., 2006).Despite differentiating us from animals, human consciousness is a develop­mental stage that not everyone attains; it is not a necessary and predictable human feature because it is primarily a historical co-construction that is culturally medi­ated, allowing subjectivity (Vygotsky, 1925/1999; Quintino-Aires, 2012).The present article describes the development of a child's consciousness through play from a psychotherapeutic perspective. In this approach, play as well as con­science are not understood as an innate and spontaneous process. On the contrary, play is a construction, similar to every other human possibility, which means that it becomes a likelihood in the individual's ontological development through culture. Culture, in its turn, is immersed in a historical context and provides certain instru­ments to which the individual will have different possibilities to interact, access and integrate, depending on the historical context. …

Problem statement: Studying infill architecture in historic contexts requires an interdisciplinary approach in an interactive framework involving architecture, urbanism, and restoration. Neglecting this interaction may cause irreversible damage to the values of historic contexts, such as the Bazaar Context of Tabriz, and hinder the realization of expectations from infill architecture.Purpose: The purpose of this research is to explain infill architecture in historic Contexts via an interactive framework involving urbanism, architecture, and restoration. This will provide us with a deeper insight into the quiddity of infill architecture and help us formulate a design and evaluation model in the framework of an interdisciplinary perspective. Then, we will use this model to evaluate Mashruteh Complex as part of the Historic Bazaar Context of Tabriz.Research method: The study uses a descriptive-analytic research method from an applied perspective. In this way, by studying the theories related to the concept of infill architecture in historic urban contexts, we will provide a model that explains interdisciplinary relations and, then, use it as the basis for evaluating the case study.Conclusion: The results show that infill architecture should be considered in an interdisciplinary framework composed of urbanism (i.e., smart development, sustainable development and new urbanism), restoration (i.e., urban restoration and architectural restoration) and architecture (i.e., preservationism, contemporization and moderationism). An interdisciplinary approach contributes to explaining infill architecture in terms of reciprocating patterns among the three fields mentioned above. Our study of Mashruteh Commercial Complex in the Historic Bazaar Context of Tabriz from the perspective of infill architecture shows that the building conforms to urban restoration in terms of preservation; sustainable development and new urbanism in terms of urbanism; and, contemporization in terms of architecture. The results of our SWOT analysis also suggest that the addition of this new construct, along with the strengths and opportunities, has led to some weaknesses and threats which need to be eliminated based on strength-threat, strength-opportunity and weakness-opportunity axes.

While most studies yield positive relationships between biodiversity (B) and ecosystem functioning (EF), awareness is growing that BEF relationships can vary with ecological context. The awareness has led to increased efforts to understand how contemporary environmental context modifies BEF relationships, but the role of historical context, and the mechanisms by which it may influence biodiversity effects, remains poorly understood. We examined how historical context alters plant diversity–community productivity relationships via plant species interactions in alpine grassland. We also tested how historical context modifies interactions between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, which can potentially mediate the above processes. We studied biodiversity effects on plant community productivity at two grassland sites with different histories related to grazing intensity—heavy versus light livestock grazing—but similar current management. We assembled experimental communities of identical species composition with plants from each of the two sites in disturbed soil from a contemporary heavily grazed grassland, ranging in species richness from one to two, three and six species. Moreover, we carried out a mycorrhizal hyphae‐exclusion experiment to test how plant interactions with AM fungi influence plant responses to historical context. We detected a significantly positive diversity–productivity relationship that was driven by complementarity effects in communities composed of plants from the site without heavy‐grazing history, but no such relationship in plant communities composed of plants from the site with heavy‐grazing history. Plants from the site with heavy‐grazing history had increased competitive ability and increased yields in low‐diversity communities but disrupted complementarity effects in high‐diversity communities. Moreover, plants of one species from the site with heavy‐grazing history benefitted more from AM fungal communities than did plants from the site without such history. Synthesis. Using the same experimental design and species, communities assembled by plants from two sites with different historical contexts showed different plant diversity–community productivity relationships. Our results suggest that historical context can alter plant diversity–community productivity relationships via plant species interactions and potentially plant–soil interactions. Therefore, considering historical contexts of ecological communities is of importance for advancing our understanding of long‐term impacts of anthropogenic disturbance on ecosystem functioning.

A nested bitemporal relational data model and its query language are implemented. The bitemporal atom (BTA) is the fundamental construct to represent temporal data and it contains 5 components: a value, the lower and upper bounds of valid time, and the lower and upper bounds of the recoding time. We consider 2 types of data structures for storing BTAs: 1) string representation and 2) abstract data-type representation. We also develop a preprocessor for translating a bitemporal structured query language (BtSQL) statement into standard SQL statements. The BtSQL includes the select, insert, delete, and update statements of the SQL, extended for bitemporal relational databases. It supports bitemporal, historical, and current context. Bitemporal context is for auditing purposes, historical context is for querying past states of a bitemporal database, and current context is for querying the snapshot state of a bitemporal database. We also evaluate the performance of the 2 alternative implementation methods by considering retrieval, insertion, and update queries.

A major challenge in Kerman’s historic fabric is the incompatibility of many recent constructions with their surroundings. Context-responsive design strengthens citizens’ sense of place; therefore, it is necessary to identify the physical characteristics that enable new interventions to conform to their historic context. While prior studies have examined factors like how building attributes influence place attachment, the specific physical characteristics that foster conformity within the Iranian historic context have not been precisely defined. This study addresses that gap by first identifying indicators of a building’s adaptability to the historic context through expert interviews in Kerman using snowball sampling. Next, we conduct pairwise comparisons on a nine-point scale to determine the relative weights of each physical indicator. Finally, using an outranking approach (ELECTRE), we compare four prominent buildings situated within the historic area to assess their adaptability to Kerman’s historic context. The results indicate that form, proportions, spatial structure, and height carry the highest priority among the physical indicators, and that the Sarouj Complex exhibits the strongest overall adaptability to the historic context of Kerman.

This chapter defines what historical political economy (HPE) is and is not, classifies the major themes in the literature, assesses the relative strengths and weaknesses of the literature, and points to directions for future study. We view HPE as social scientific inquiry that highlights political causes or consequences of historical issues. HPE is different from conventional political economy in the emphasis placed on historical processes and context. While the authors view HPE in the most inclusive manner reasonable, they define it to exclude works that are either solely of contemporary importance or that use historical data without any historical context (e.g., long-run macroeconomic time series data). The future of HPE is bright, especially as more historical data from around the world become available via digitization. Consequently, the future frontier of the field likely falls outside of the United States, which is the concern of a disproportionate amount of the current literature.

The year 2017 is an important centenary for women in the Church. In 1917, in the darkness of World War I, a woman was ordained as a Congregational Minister for the first time in Britain. She was not a Congregationalist but a Presbyterian by upbringing. She would go on to serve a small church in one of the poorest parts of London, yet she was highly educated and from an upper middle-class family. She was a pacifist, a feminist, a wife, mother and someone of deep faith. Constance Coltman’s ordination was a quiet event which attracted little attention at the time but which continues to have an effect even today. This article outlines and considers the historical, ecclesial and personal contexts within which Constance Coltman’s ordained ministry began.

Discourses on the etymology and meaning of the term “creole” and its correlates “creolization” and “creoleness” vary according to the social, historical, and cultural context and in relation to which group is engaging with these terms (Stewart 2007). The criteria that are applied to denote a phenomenon or a person as creole range from origin and phenotype (“race”) to social and cultural features. They are as dependent upon worldviews as are the etymologies of the ethnonyms of various creole groups and the criteria and reasons brought forth to demonstrate creole identity. Using recent examples of various etymologies for the term “creole,” Chaudenson 2001 revealed the basic ideologies they are based on and explains that — in contrast to the “old” etymology, which traces the term back to the Spanishcrioulo— they do not hold up to scientific scrutiny (pp. 1—3). These ambivalent and contradictory discourses on the relevant terminology, ethnonyms, and etymologies are carried out in the public sphere as well as in various academic disciplines. They indicate the social relevance of creole identity, particularly in postcolonial societies where the ambivalence associated with it is largely due to the attending colonial history as part of which creolization took place. In order to reveal and tap the full heuristic potential of the creole terminology, it must be liberated from its normative baggage — not least by situating its etymology in social and historical context.

In one of its most thoughtful definitions, sociology was defined by C. Wright Mills as the intersection of biography and history. In his view, the goal of a sociological perspective would be to locate an individual in both time and space, to provide the social and historical contexts in which a person constructs his or her identity. In that sense, sociology’s bedrock assumption, upon which its analyses of structures and institutions rests, is that individuals shape their lives within both historical and social contexts. We do not do so simply because we are biologically programmed to act in certain ways, nor because we have inevitable human tasks to solve as we age. Rather, we respond to the world we encounter-shaping, modifying, and creating our identities through those encounters with other people and within social institutions.

Comparative study of factors affecting public acceptance of mining projects: Evidence from USA, China and Turkey