Viral climate imagery: examining popular climate visuals on Twitter

Climate change is a pervasive global issue that threatens the livelihoods and wellbeing of billions living globally. Climate change is a risk multiplier impacting all ecosystems, society, and sectors of the economy. The agriculture sector is one such sector that is highly vulnerable to changes in climate. In a country like Nepal where rainfed agriculture is a dominant occupation and a key pillar of the country’s economy, climate change brings risks and negative consequences for on-farm production, farmers' livelihoods as well as on the country’s development. The impacts of climate change including rising temperatures, an increase in the frequency or intensity of extreme weather events such as drought, and shifts in the rainfall seasonality, can cause a decline in food production and threaten the quality of food supplies, leading to reduced food security. The rise in the global population will increase global demand for food which implies that agriculture needs to boost production and increase yields, among other things. The unprecedented risks posed by climate change potentially undermine the ability of farms and farm holders to grow adequate and quality food. The severity of these risks varies due to a range of underlying factors including low economic development, their location, existing biophysical and socioeconomic conditions, and institutional arrangements. While the impacts of climate change on food production as well as agricultural practices in Nepal have been documented, there is a dearth in scholarly literature that has assessed the impacts of climate change on household food security in Nepal incorporating farmers’ perspectives and in particular smallholder subsistence farmers. Furthermore, there is only modest literature that has examined geographical variations in those experiences and understandings. This PhD study aimed, therefore, to investigate the effects of climate change on agricultural practices and food security, with a focus on subsistence smallholder farmers in three main agro- ecological zones of Nepal known as The Mountains, Hills, and the Terai. The study aimed to respond to the primary research question: How are Nepalese farming communities being impacted by climate change and how are they responding to ensure their continued food security? To answer this main research, question the study posed the following secondary research questions: Q1. How is climate changing and how is it impacting subsistence agriculture? Q2. What are the farmers experiencing and what is their understanding? a. Are there gender differences in understanding and experiencing? Q3. What is the state of food insecurity among these farmers? a. How is it being impacted by climate change? Q4. What adaptation strategies have been adopted by smallholder farmers to address threats to agricultural practices and food security from climate change and other pressures? Both the qualitative and qualitative data were collected using multiple methods to address the identified research questions. Methods included a narrative literature review, systematic review, face to face interviews with farmers, individual interviews with key informants and focus groups with the women's group. Climate data on temperature between 1971-2013 and rainfall between 1967-2013 were analysed. Additionally, secondary data on crop yield from 1980 to 2016 were also analysed to gain a better empirical understanding of the relations between climate change and yield pattern and to triangulate and validate the findings from the interviews. Quantitative data on cereal crop yields and climate data were systematically tabulated and further statistically analysed using software R. This study employed the Bayesian approach to statistical modelling. Besides, this study undertook an integrated risk assessment of food insecurity using the Bayesian Belief Network model to reflect how the risk of food insecurity is influenced under two scenarios: (1) current climate conditions and (2) the influences of different adaptation strategies employed. NVivo was used for content analysis for qualitative data obtained from the key informant interview and focus group data and analysis of transcripts from farmers' structured interviews. The findings showed that agricultural practices have undergone various changes over the past 30 years. Climate change impacts were experienced by farmers in all three agro-ecological zones of Nepal. However, the impacts varied between these zones in terms of frequency and intensity. The effect of climate change was highly pronounced in the Mountains zone followed by the Hills and the Terai. The results confirmed that rural subsistence smallholder farmers dependent on rainfed agriculture are vulnerable to climate change impacts. Moreover, it disproportionately affects the poor farmers whose income hinges solely on agriculture and associated activities. Boosting agricultural production and empowering these smallholders is key to enhancing their food security. The experiences reported by farmers are well aligned with the trend of the climatic variables obtained from climate data analysis, highlighting the importance of perception-based survey in complementing climate research. The study demonstrated both the climatic and non-climatic factors are affecting agricultural practices as well as household food security of these farming communities. It is, therefore, difficult to isolate the influence of any of these factors. This was supported by the findings from the risk assessment undertaken by Bayesian modelling. Based on Bayesian modelling, the smallholder farmers mainly at the Mountain zone were at the risk of food insecurity. The measures to increase the adaptive capacity of these smallholders were found to help them manage the risk of food insecurity. Addressing the complicated and multifaceted concerns of climate change and food security needs multidisciplinary and multisectoral adaptation interventions acknowledging underlying biophysical, social, economic, geographical and environmental circumstances. Farmers have taken some actions to adapt and reduce the worsening impacts of climate change. Nevertheless, farmers encountered several barriers in effectively adapting to climate change. This study concluded there is an urgent need for a transformative level of intervention that warrants a coordinated action and collaboration between relevant stakeholders working in this field, including governments and non-governmental organizations, to target the most vulnerable and the needy smallholder farmers addressing the constraints and pressures they face. Policy and decision-makers should work extensively and sensitively with smallholders to ensure the maintenance of their livelihood and to guarantee their food security. Combining local and scientific knowledge is needed to help direct research and tailor adaptation solutions that meet local conditions and needs.

We evaluated how climate change and variable rates of moose browsing intensity, as they relate to wolf predation, might impact the forests of Isle Royale National Park, MI USA by conducting a simulation modelling experiment. The experiment consisted of contrasting three different scenarios of wolf management and with a static (current conditions) and changing climate (high emissions). Our results suggest that the interactive effects of wolf predation and climate change are likely to be temporally variable and dependent on biogeographic and forest successional processes. During the first 50 years of simulations, when the effects of climate change were minor, higher simulated rates of predation by wolves reduced moose population densities, resulting in greater forest biomass and higher carrying capacities for moose. However, over the longer term, early successional and highly palatable aspen and birch forests transitioned to late successional spruce and fir forests, regardless of climate or predation intensity. After 50 years, the effects of climate change and predation were driven by effects on balsam fir, a late successional species that is highly palatable to moose. High-intensity predation of moose allowed balsam fir to persist over the long term but only under the current climate scenario. Climate change caused a reduction in balsam fir and the other boreal species that moose currently feed on, and the few temperate species found on this isolated island were unable to compensate for such reductions, causing strong declines in total forest biomass. The direct effects of moose population management via reintroduction of wolves may become increasingly ineffective as the climate continues to warm because the productivity of boreal plant species may not be sufficient to support a moose population at all, and the isolation of the island from mainland temperate tree species may reduce the likelihood of compensatory species migrations.

Climate change represents an unprecedented threat to humanity and will be the ultimate challenge of the 21st century. As a public health consequence, the World Health Organization estimates an additional 250,000 deaths annually by 2030, with resource-poor countries being predominantly affected. Although climate change's direct and indirect consequences on human health are manifold and far from fully explored, a growing body of evidence demonstrates its potential to exacerbate the frequency and spread of transmissible infectious diseases. Effective, high-impact mitigation measures are critical in combating this global crisis. While vaccines and vaccination are among the most cost-effective public health interventions, they have yet to be established as a major strategy in climate change-related health effect mitigation. In this narrative review, we synthesize the available evidence on the effect of climate change on vaccine-preventable diseases. This review examines the direct effect of climate change on water-related diseases such as cholera and other enteropathogens, helminthic infections and leptospirosis. It also explores the effects of rising temperatures on vector-borne diseases like dengue, chikungunya, and malaria, as well as the impact of temperature and humidity on airborne diseases like influenza and respiratory syncytial virus infection. Recent advances in global vaccine development facilitate the use of vaccines and vaccination as a mitigation strategy in the agenda against climate change consequences. A focused evaluation of vaccine research and development, funding, and distribution related to climate change is required.

Climate change is the most important challenge in achieving sustainable development. Semi-arid and arid areas (such as Iran) are particularly susceptible to the effects of climate change on water supply. In this research, the effect of climate change and upstream land use is investigated on Tajan, a river in the north of Iran. The data regarding the climate were produced via second-generation Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM2) and adopted as the input to SWAT hydrologic model under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 for the period of 2016–2066. The results showed that the peak streamflow will increase by 4% and 5.7% and the average annual discharges will decrease by 16% and 16.5% from 2016 to 2066 for RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively. Besides, the effect of different land use change scenarios on streamflow was investigated under four diverse scenarios selected to represent a comprehensive range of possible land use map of the basin. Land use change scenarios led to 8.5–15.8% increase in the average annual streamflow, highlighting the fact that it is less effective than climate change on streamflow. It could be concluded that downstream water users in the basin should adopt strategies to cope with water-stressed condition under the changing climate.

GI multisociety strategic plan on environmental sustainability.

The effects of climate change on humans and other living ecosystems is an area of on-going research. The ruminant livestock sector is considered to be one of the most significant contributors to the existing greenhouse gas (GHG) pool. However the there are opportunities to combat climate change by reducing the emission of GHGs from ruminants. Methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are emitted by ruminants via anaerobic digestion of organic matter in the rumen and manure, and by denitrification and nitrification processes which occur in manure. The quantification of these emissions by experimental methods is difficult and takes considerable time for analysis of the implications of the outputs from empirical studies, and for adaptation and mitigation strategies to be developed. To overcome these problems computer simulation models offer substantial scope for predicting GHG emissions. These models often include all farm activities while accurately predicting the GHG emissions including both direct as well as indirect sources. The models are fast and efficient in predicting emissions and provide valuable information on implementing the appropriate GHG mitigation strategies on farms. Further, these models help in testing the efficacy of various mitigation strategies that are employed to reduce GHG emissions. These models can be used to determine future adaptation and mitigation strategies, to reduce GHG emissions thereby combating livestock induced climate change.

Climate change will affect both the quality and the quantity of water in freshwater environments. Changes in air temperature and precipitation will alter the annual water temperature cycle and the annual water level cycle. Initial assessments of the effects of climate change on freshwater fishes of North America have focused on the potential thermal effects of climate change because of the strong influence of water temperature on the life histories of temperate fishes. Paralleling the influence of water temperature on temperate fishes is the influence of water quantity on tropical fishes, especially on riverine fishes. The extreme seasonal fluctuations in discharge of tropical rivers, through the effects on fish habitat availability and habitat conditions, have produced a range in preferred habitat types among riverine fishes. We suggest that initial assessment of potential effects of climate change on tropical freshwater fishes should focus on changes to water quantity variables in riverine environments. Assessments should begin at a coarse level of resolution. A useful starting point would be comparative analyses of the sensitivity of blackfishes and whitefishes to changes in habitat availability, oxygen levels and desiccation stress that will likely accompany changes in the seasonal flow regimes of tropical rivers.

Global climate change is a widely accepted phenomenon and it is well understood that it is also leading to changes in the oceanic conditions. Increased industrial activities have also led to anthropogenic ocean acidification, the effects of which, on marine ecosystems, is a vigorously investigated topic. However, the impact of these phenomenon on underwater acoustic communication has not been investigated thoroughly. Fluctuations in ambient ocean conditions, such as salinity, acidity and temperature can lead to changes in the underwater acoustic channel performance. Since both marine mammals and man-made underwater wireless networks depend upon acoustic communications it is important to understand the effects in this context as well. An insight into the effects of climate change and anthropogenic ocean acidification could aid in designing better communication systems and also help explain some observed changes in marine mammal communication behavior. In this paper we present the results of a study conducted to better understand the effects of global climate change. Along with a brief presentation of the mathematical model, results of increasing temperature and acidity are discussed and effects on digital and marine mammal communication are both explored.

BackgroundDementia is a global public health priority due to rapid growth of the aging population. As China has the world’s largest population with dementia, this debilitating disease has created tremendous challenges for older adults, family caregivers, and health care systems on the mainland nationwide. However, public awareness and knowledge of the disease remain limited in Chinese society.ObjectiveThis study examines online public discourse and sentiment toward dementia among the Chinese public on a leading Chinese social media platform Weibo. Specifically, this study aims to (1) assess and examine public discourse and sentiment toward dementia among the Chinese public, (2) determine the extent to which dementia-related discourse and sentiment vary among different user groups (ie, government, journalists/news media, scientists/experts, and the general public), and (3) characterize temporal trends in public discourse and sentiment toward dementia among different user groups in China over the past decade.MethodsIn total, 983,039 original dementia-related posts published by 347,599 unique users between 2010 and 2021, together with their user information, were analyzed. Machine learning analytical techniques, including topic modeling, sentiment analysis, and semantic network analyses, were used to identify salient themes/topics and their variations across different user groups (ie, government, journalists/news media, scientists/experts, and the general public).ResultsTopic modeling results revealed that symptoms, prevention, and social support are the most prevalent dementia-related themes on Weibo. Posts about dementia policy/advocacy have been increasing in volume since 2018. Raising awareness is the least discussed topic over time. Sentiment analysis indicated that Weibo users generally attach negative attitudes/emotions to dementia, with the general public holding a more negative attitude than other user groups.ConclusionsOverall, dementia has received greater public attention on social media since 2018. In particular, discussions related to dementia advocacy and policy are gaining momentum in China. However, disparaging language is still used to describe dementia in China; therefore, a nationwide initiative is needed to alter the public discourse on dementia. The results contribute to previous research by providing a macrolevel understanding of the Chinese public’s discourse and attitudes toward dementia, which is essential for building national education and policy initiatives to create a dementia-friendly society. Our findings indicate that dementia is associated with negative sentiments, and symptoms and prevention dominate public discourse. The development of strategies to address unfavorable perceptions of dementia requires policy and public health attention. The results further reveal that an urgent need exists to increase public knowledge about dementia. Social media platforms potentially could be leveraged for future dementia education interventions to increase dementia awareness and promote positive attitudes.

The impact of land use- and climate change on the managed eco-geomorphic balance in the Alps

Climate change is a public health emergency.1Solomon CG LaRocque RC Climate change–a health emergency.N Engl J Med. 2019; 380: 209-211Crossref PubMed Scopus (75) Google Scholar Clinicians worldwide now face the reality of caring for patients during wildfires, heat waves, floods, and shifting infectious disease patterns. Health-care workers need better preparation to care for communities facing the health effects of climate change.2Salas RN The climate crisis and clinical practice.N Engl J Med. 2020; 382: 589-591Crossref PubMed Scopus (22) Google Scholar Medical students have been key advocates in these efforts, driving research, community partnerships, and education.3Goshua A Gomez J Erny B et al.Addressing climate change and its effects on human health: a call to action for medical schools.Acad Med. 2021; 96: 324-328Crossref PubMed Scopus (44) Google Scholar, 4Fadadu RP Jayaraman T Teherani A Climate and health education for medical students.Clin Teach. 2021; 18: 362-364Crossref PubMed Scopus (7) Google Scholar, 5Baker N Bromley-Dulfano R Chan J et al.COVID-19 solutions are climate solutions: lessons from reusable gowns.Front Public Health. 2020; 8590275Crossref Scopus (20) Google Scholar When we began medical school during record-setting Californian wildfires and a global pandemic, our curriculum did not address the effect of climate change on human health, nor the disproportionate effects on communities made vulnerable by racism and poverty. Here, we detail how we integrated the effects of climate change on health into more than a dozen courses at our institution, starting with the preclinical curriculum and then progressing through all levels of training. In this Comment, we use the example of reproductive health and obstetrics and gynaecology education to describe this longitudinal approach. Our student team first addressed the preclinical curriculum, highlighting the effect of climate change on disease pathophysiology across human health. We began with a review of our required preclinical curriculum, identifying areas of opportunity for integration on the basis of peer-reviewed literature. We worked closely with course faculty leads to incorporate climate topics into pre-existing course materials using an equity lens, emphasising the disproportionate health effects of climate change on low-resourced communities.4Fadadu RP Jayaraman T Teherani A Climate and health education for medical students.Clin Teach. 2021; 18: 362-364Crossref PubMed Scopus (7) Google Scholar, 5Baker N Bromley-Dulfano R Chan J et al.COVID-19 solutions are climate solutions: lessons from reusable gowns.Front Public Health. 2020; 8590275Crossref Scopus (20) Google Scholar, 6Nardone A Casey JA Morello-Frosch R Mujahid M Balmes JR Thakur N Associations between historical residential redlining and current age-adjusted rates of emergency department visits due to asthma across eight cities in California: an ecological study.Lancet Planet Health. 2020; 4: e24-e31Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (164) Google Scholar For example, we supplemented our reproductive health course with lecture slides identifying air pollution and heat exposure as environmental teratogens that increased the risk of adverse birth outcomes, especially for Black women and people with asthma.7Bekkar B Pacheco S Basu R DeNicola N Association of air pollution and heat exposure with preterm birth, low birth weight, and stillbirth in the US: a systematic review.JAMA Netw Open. 2020; 3e208243Crossref PubMed Scopus (257) Google Scholar Transitioning to clinical integration, our team expanded on knowledge gained in the preclinical setting to teach students how to identify climate-related disease pathology. In the obstetrics and gynaecology clerkship, we integrated climate and health effects into relevant didactic sessions and case presentations. For example, we highlighted how wildfire smoke contributes to preterm birth in our home state of California, USA.8Heft-Neal S Driscoll A Yang W Shaw G Burke M Associations between wildfire smoke exposure during pregnancy and risk of preterm birth in California.Environ Res. 2022; 203111872Crossref PubMed Scopus (37) Google Scholar Students also learned how to discuss climate-related topics in patient encounters. Lastly, we extended our efforts into the education of junior doctors, aiming to equip junior doctors with tools to counteract climate change's impacts on patients. These efforts emphasised how climate and health presentations are rooted in upstream factors that contribute to health inequities. For example, we developed a didactic session for the obstetrics and gynaecology junior doctor programme focused on taking environmental histories, providing climate-related patient education, and connecting junior doctors with advocacy resources.9Program on Reproductive Health and the EnvironmentPrenatal exposure to toxic chemicals and climate change.https://prhe.ucsf.edu/figoDate: 2022Date accessed: January 21, 2022Google Scholar Given the vital role that junior doctors play in medical student education, these efforts will not only provide junior doctors with tools to care and advocate for patients affected by climate change, but will also be passed down to medical students during clinical rotations. Although we use the obstetrics and gynaecology curriculum as an example of our longitudinal approach to climate and health education, our work has spanned across more than a dozen courses to date. Five best practices were crucial to our success: setting tangible education objectives as defined by the School of Medicine administration and relevant national climate educational efforts allowed us to develop targeted, effective educational interventions;10Fadadu R Hampshire K Ndovu A Medical students as agents of change in the climate crisis.Acad Med. 2022; 97: 1104-1105Crossref PubMed Scopus (3) Google Scholar soliciting iterative feedback from faculty and trainees enabled us to benchmark the school's progress in planetary health education; aligning with the Deans of Curriculum and Scholarship gave us a platform to directly interact with course faculty leads and integrate our research systematically; grounding our work in local effects and health equity by collaborating with at-risk community members ensured our educational materials were relevant to our patient population and showed how climate change is one of many social determinants of health; and connecting with national student and physician groups such as Medical Students for a Sustainable Future and Physicians for Social Responsibility enabled us to share resources, knowledge, and best practices. As climate change forces the world to grapple with a new understanding of normal, it is crucial that clinicians are prepared for the novel health effects that climate change will have on the communities they serve. A longitudinal approach to climate and equity education throughout medical training aims to not only build competency and awareness on the effects of climate change on health, but also provide an equity frame (figure). This approach empowers clinicians to effectively counsel patients within hospitals in addition to advocating for resources and policies outside clinical walls to best protect the health of their communities, ultimately preparing trainees for a career rooted in social justice and health equity. We declare no competing interests. AJ and AL contributed equally.

Climate change is one of the hot topics of this decade and seriously affects all economic production sectors including the livestock farming sector. In many scenarios, the Mediterranean region is expected to experience unconventional and severe climate change that necessitates adopting effective strategies to improve the resilience of the livestock farming sector, particularly for smallholders. Here, we performed a cross-sectional survey of 277 smallholder livestock farmers in Egypt and 223 in Spain in order to (1) assess smallholder livestock farmers’ awareness of climate change and its potential impacts on animal performance, (2) identify climate change factors affecting animal productivity, and (3) identify the resilience of small-scale livestock farms in the region to the effects of climate change on animal productivity and existing and future needed adaptive measures. The results showed that just over 90% of respondents were aware of climate change and its potential effects on animal productivity, and just over 60% of smallholders in Spain obtained relevant knowledge through their own direct observation, while most smallholders in Egypt obtained knowledge through communication with other farmers and from the media. The role of extension advisors has diminished in the two countries, recording 0.36% in Egypt and 1.35% in Spain. The survey responses suggest that heat waves, humidity, and drought are the major climatic changes affecting smallholding animal production, representing 68.65, 16.34, and 15.01%, respectively. Climatic change appears to have affected primarily milk yield, wool production, and reproductive performance on the smallholding farms in our survey, while affecting meat production, mortality rate, and egg production to a smaller extent. As measures to buffer the effects of climate change, 25% of respondents in Egypt indicated that they have adopted nutritional strategies, 36% indicated that they manage housing conditions, and 6% indicated that they use genetically improved animal breeds. The corresponding percentages among respondents in Spain were 15%, 28%, and 4%, respectively. In conclusion, awareness about climate change as well as adaptation measures are the major axes to sustaining the growing demand for livestock products. Furthermore, mitigation strategies are keys to limiting the upcoming extent of climate change, and there are several adaptation strategies.

<p>Climate change may be a relatively new phenomenon, but its effects are being felt throughout the world and having a significant impact on peoples’ lives in many countries. Some of those most keenly feeling the effects live in areas that are particularly vulnerable to destabilizing factors acting in conjunction with existing challenges. The effects of climate change are an exacerbating factor in sometimes already difficult lives. In some areas, the effects of climate change are or may become such that the inhabitants contemplate migration to find a more viable life elsewhere, either in their own country or in another country. It is by no means guaranteed that the effects of climate change will inexorably lead people, such as those in low-lying small island states, to migrate outside their country, particularly if there are adequate measures taken to mitigate and adapt to the effects of climate change. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that the potential for climate change-related migration is drawing near, if it has not already arrived, as a factor for some people’s decisions to migrate internally or externally. Some work currently underway considers approaches to dealing with climate change-related migration and the possible related issues around human rights protections and practical management. Climate change is an amorphous, complex and politically challenging issue for governments and stakeholders to deal with. Its effects on peoples’ lives can be significant, especially in conjunction with existing development, environmental, and economic challenges. It is important to ensure that any approach created is necessary, in light of existing mechanisms and available resources, and that it does not disadvantage any other groups of people through its creation or functioning. This thesis considers the state of the international approach to the potential problem of climate change-related migration. One recently developed approach was a proposed Climate Change Displaced Persons Convention, which has been formulated by Hodgkinson, Burton, Anderson and Young (2010). A range of information was considered to try and find a balance between the attempt to deal with climate change as a public and foreign policy issue and the human reactions and subsequent choices people make in dealing with the effects of climate change. Due to the complications of holding a position as a public servant working in the field of responses to climate change, I decided to use a methodology that would enable me to remain a step removed from the process, to avoid influencing responses. The thesis reviews current literature and experiences on climate change and migration, particularly in the Pacific, identifies key issues, and assesses the potential effectiveness of the Convention in addressing the issues identified. Information sources included drawing on reports of first hand experience of climate change related migration and those living in the front line on the islands, experiences of working in the public and NGO sectors, and academic considerations of how to address climate change and migration.</p>

Sensitivity and attribution analysis based on the Budyko hypothesis for streamflow change in the Baiyangdian catchment, China

Nutrient inputs from the atmosphere and rivers to the ocean are increased substantially by human activities. These increasing inputs of nutrients from human activities promote oceanic NPP, potentially partially counteracting decreases caused by climate change. Then, increases in export of organic matter to the ocean interior and its decomposition consumes dissolved oxygen. Therefore, nutrient inputs to the ocean promote carbon uptake and amplify climate-driven ocean deoxygenation. However, the previous generation of Earth system models that participated in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), which contributed substantially to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, did not account for anthropogenic nutrient inputs to the ocean. Several CMIP phase 6 (CMIP6) Earth system models do consider anthropogenic nutrient inputs to the ocean for the historical period, but their impact on ocean biogeochemical cycles has not been fully assessed, even for individual Earth system models. Therefore, our understanding of the impact of such perturbations on ocean biogeochemistry is even less complete than that associated with climate change. In particular, the quantitative relationship between the effects of climate change on ocean biogeochemical cycles and those of anthropogenic nutrient inputs remains poorly understood.In this study, using historical simulations by one of the CMIP6 models (MIROC-ES2L) that considers anthropogenic nutrient inputs, we demonstrate that the contribution of anthropogenic nutrient inputs to past changes in global oceanic productivity, carbon uptake, and deoxygenation is of similar magnitude to the effect of climate change. In particular, two noteworthy results are obtained: (1) that anthropogenic fertilization could more than counteract the expected decrease in NPP caused by ocean warming and stratification for the historical period, and (2) that it could accelerate climate-driven deoxygenation in the upper ocean, helping to close the gap between models and observations. Additionally, current estimation of the imbalance in the carbon budget could be explained partially by increase in oceanic carbon uptake associated with anthropogenic nutrient inputs to the ocean. These improvements provide support regarding the significant contribution of anthropogenic nutrient inputs to global changes in ocean biogeochemistry. Considering the effects of both nutrient inputs and climate change is crucial in assessing anthropogenic impacts on ocean biogeochemistry.