Virtual Internet of Things Laboratory Using Node-RED

Design and implementation of an open-Source IoT and blockchain-based peer-to-peer energy trading platform using ESP32-S2, Node-Red and, MQTT protocol

Chapter 6 - Internet of things-enabled virtual environment for U-health monitoring

In this paper, an analysis and monitoring algorithm is proposed for mold health evaluation using vibration data. Two inertial measurement units (IMUs) and an embedded system are first used to acquire vibration data from a powder metallurgy molding machine. These data are collected on an Internet of Things (IoT) platform using the Message Queueing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol. For data analysis, the vibration signal on the Z axis is segmented to label the contact section of the upper and middle molds, and the corresponding vibration data of the stamping friction on the X, Y, and Z axes are extracted. Using only historical vibration data from normal stamping, a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) model with an attention mechanism is trained to predict normal stamping vibrations several minutes in advance. By comparing the predicted stamping vibrations with the observed data at the current time, the mean square errors (MSEs) are calculated to evaluate the health status of the mold. Several ablation experiments were conducted to assess the performance of the trained model. The average MSE values for normal samples and abnormal samples were smaller than 0.5 and larger than 1.0, respectively. The experimental results confirm that the trained prediction model and evaluation indicators can effectively notify operators in advance. An early warning system using vibration data for mold damage was successfully implemented, enhancing predictive maintenance.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a framework of interconnected computing devices mechanical and digital machines, internationally identifiable physical objects (or things) or people that are have unique identity and the ability to transfer data over a network without human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction., their combination with the Internet, and their representation in the digital world. The accessibility and availability of cheap components of IoT devices enables a extensive range of applications and provide smart environments. These devices perform actuating and sensing tasks and identified through unique addresses. The IoT devices are connected to the Internet and expected to use the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) at the application layer as a main web transfer protocol. Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) does not enforce the use of a particular security approach for its applications, but instead leaves that to the application designer. Therefore, IoT solutions can be based on application context and specific security requirements. MQTT is a Client Server publish/subscribe messaging transport protocol. It is lightweight, open, uncomplicated, and designed to make implementation more easier. These characteristics of MQTT make it perfect for use in most of the situations, including communication in Machine to Machine (M2M) and Internet of Things (IoT). In IOT there is major use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) which connects virtual world to physical world. In this paper focus is given to application layer of IOT. In application layer two important protocols are MQTT and CoAP. Security mechanism is proposed in the paper for these protocols.

Messaging protocols for the Internet of Things (IoT) play a crucial role in facilitating efficient product creation and waste reduction, and in enhancing agricultural process efficiency within the realm of smart greenhouses. Publish–subscribe (pub-sub) systems improve communication between IoT devices and cloud platforms. Nevertheless, IoT technology is required to effectively handle a considerable volume of subscriptions or topic adjustments from several clients concurrently. In addition, subscription throughput is an essential factor of the pub-sub mechanism, as it directly influences the speed at which messages may be sent to subscribers. The primary focus of this paper pertains to a performance assessment of the proposed message categorization architecture for the Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) broker. This architecture aims to establish a standardized approach to pub-sub topics and generate new topics with various performance characteristics. We also standardize the form of MQTT protocol broker topic categorization and payload based on greenhouse specifications. The establishment of topic classification enhances the operational effectiveness of the broker, reduces data volume, and concurrently augments the number of messages and events transmitted from the greenhouse environment to the central server on a per-second basis. Our proposed architecture is validated across multiple MQTT brokers, including Mosquitto, ActiveMQ, Bevywise, and EMQ X, showing enhanced flexibility, extensibility, and simplicity while maintaining full compatibility with greenhouse environments. Key findings demonstrate significant improvements in performance metrics. The message processing time for the proposed Active MQ broker was increased approximately five-fold across all QoS levels compared to the original. Subscription throughput for the Bevywise MQTT Route 2.0 broker at QoS0 reached 1453.053, compared to 290.610 for the original broker. The number of messages in the Active MQ broker at QoS0 surged from 394.79 to 1973.95. These improvements demonstrate the architecture’s potential for broader IoT applications in pub-sub systems.

Some Internet of Things (IoT) platforms use blockchain to transport data. The value proposition of IoT is the connection to the Internet of a myriad of devices that provide and exchange data to improve people’s lives and add value to industries. The blockchain technology transfers data and value in an immutable and decentralised fashion. Security, composed of both non-intentional and intentional risk management, is a fundamental design requirement for both IoT and blockchain. We study how blockchain answers some of the IoT security requirements with a focus on intentional risk. The review of a sample of security incidents impacting public blockchains confirm that identity and access management (IAM) is a key security requirement to build resilience against intentional risk. This fact is also applicable to IoT solutions built on a blockchain. We compare the two IoT platforms based on public permissionless distributed ledgers with the highest market capitalisation: IOTA, run on an alternative to a blockchain, which is a directed acyclic graph (DAG); and IoTeX, its contender, built on a blockchain. Our objective is to discover how we can create IAM resilience against intentional risk in these IoT platforms. For that, we turn to complex network theory: a tool to describe and compare systems with many participants. We conclude that IoTeX and possibly IOTA transaction networks are scale-free. As both platforms are vulnerable to attacks, they require resilience against intentional risk. In the case of IoTeX, DIoTA provides a resilient IAM solution. Furthermore, we suggest that resilience against intentional risk requires an IAM concept that transcends a single blockchain. Only with the interplay of edge and global ledgers can we obtain data integrity in a multi-vendor and multi-purpose IoT network.

The Internet of Things (IoT) platform consists of numerous IoT devices and a small number ofservers. In order for the platform to operate efficiently and reliably, servers need to have completecontrol over many IoT devices. The advantage of using network boot in this environment is thatthe server has control over the device’s boot process. When applying network boot on an IoT platform,the server needs to be able to handle the network boot that many IoT devices request. If theserver does not have enough processing power for the network boot request, IoT device boot wouldbe delayed. In this paper, we propose a resource-efficient network boot to solve this problem. Theproposed framework has three mechanism. First, the server reserves the right to control which systemimage to transfer during the network boot process on the platform. Second, the server appliesdeduplication to the system image to minimize the amount of data required for transmission. Third,the server monitors network boot requests and performs file transfers appropriate to the situation,minimizing time spent on transfers. The proposed system allows the server to efficiently control numerousIoT devices when using network boot on the IoT platform.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has had a considerable influence on our daily lives by enabling enhanced connection of devices, systems, and services that extends beyond machine-to-machine interactions and encompasses a wide range of protocols, domains, and applications. However, despite privacy concerns shown by IoT users, little has been done to reduce and protect individual information exposure. It is extremely difficult to mitigate IoT devices from reidentification threats which is why it is still a major challenge for IoT users to securely protect their information. The trust controls how we regulate privacy in our IoT platforms in the same way that it governs personal relationships. As IoT devices become increasingly linked, more data is shared across individuals, businesses, governments, and ecosystems. Technologies, sensors, machines, data, and cloud connections all rely largely on trust relationships that have been formed. With the rapid growth of additional types of IoT devices that are being introduced, it, therefore, expands privacy concerns and is difficult to develop trust with an IoT system or device without the option to regulate information privacy settings. Privacy has always been a barrier for many devices as they race for the early adoption of IoT technologies. Several Internet of Things devices or systems will continue to pose privacy threats. As a result, the main objective of this study was to examine the individual understanding of privacy and to promote information privacy protection awareness not only to IoT users but also to organizations that use IoT devices or platforms to run their day-to-day business operations. Furthermore, the objective extends to compare user knowledge and concerns about IoT privacy, as well as to identify any common attitudes and variances. However, in terms of enhancing individuals’ knowledge, an artifact was developed to educate and enhance information privacy awareness among IoT users. A pre- and postquestionnaire was generated to test and validate user knowledge regarding information privacy protection in IoT. The study was conducted using a quantitative research method. Findings indicate that IoT users’ awareness of information privacy protection turned out to be average, suggesting a need for education and awareness. Several participants stated that information privacy protection awareness is required within the community to educate, raise awareness, eliminate human error, and enable individuals to be conscious of their privacy when surfing the Internet.

Edge computing is proposed to solve the problem of centralized cloud computing caused by a large number of IoT (Internet of Things) devices. The IoT protocols need to be modified according to the edge computing paradigm, where the edge computing devices for analyzing IoT data are distributed to the edge networks. The MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) protocol, as a data distribution protocol widely adopted in many international IoT standards, is suitable for cloud computing because it uses a centralized broker to effectively collect and transmit data. However, the standard MQTT may suffer from serious traffic congestion problem on the broker, causing long transfer delays if there are massive IoT devices connected to the broker. In addition, the big data exchange between the IoT devices and the broker decreases network capability of the edge networks. The authors in this paper propose a novel MQTT with a multicast mechanism to minimize data transfer delay and network usage for the massive IoT communications. The proposed MQTT reduces data transfer delays by establishing bidirectional SDN (Software Defined Networking) multicast trees between the publishers and the subscribers by means of bypassing the centralized broker. As a result, it can reduce transmission delay by 65% and network usage by 58% compared with the standard MQTT.

The Internet of Things (IoT) becomes the future of a global data field in which the embedded devices communicate with each other, exchange data and making decisions through the Internet. IoT could improve the quality of life in smart cities, but a massive amount of data from different smart devices could slow down or crash database systems. In addition, IoT data transfer to Cloud for monitoring information and generating feedback that will lead to high delay in infrastructure level. Fog Computing can help by offering services closer to edge devices. In this paper, we propose an efficient system architecture to mitigate the problem of delay. We provide performance analysis like response time, throughput and packet loss for MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport) and HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) protocols based on Cloud or Fog servers with large volume of data from emulated traffic generator working alongside one real sensor . We implement both protocols in the same architecture, with low cost embedded devices to local and Cloud servers with different platforms. The results show that HTTP response time is 12.1 and 4.76 times higher than MQTT Fog and Cloud based located in the same geographical area of the sensors respectively. The worst case in performance is observed when the Cloud is public and outside the country region. The results obtained for throughput shows that MQTT has the capability to carry the data with available bandwidth and lowest percentage of packet loss. We also prove that the proposed Fog architecture is an efficient way to reduce latency and enhance performance in Cloud based IoT.

In this paper we build an MQTT(Message Queue Telemetry Transportation) broker on Amazon Web Service(AWS). The MQTT broker has been utilized as a platform to provide the Internet of Things(IoT) services which monitor and control room temperatures, and sense, alarm, and suppress fire. Arduino was used as the IoT end device connecting sensors and actuators to the platform via Wi-Fi channel. We created smart home scenario and designed IoT massages satisfying the scenario requirement. We also implemented the smart some system in hardware and software, and verified the system operation. We show that MQTT and AWS are good technical candidates for small IoT business applications.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is playing a key role in consumer and business environments. Due to the sensitivity of the information IoT devices collect and share, and the potential impact a data breach can have in people’s lives, securing communication and access to data in IoT has become a critical feature. Multiple application layer protocols are used nowadays in IoT, with the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) and the Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) being two of the most widely popular. In this paper, we propose a solution to increase the security of both CoAP and MQTT based on the distributed Usage Control (UCON) framework. The inclusion of UCON provides dynamic access control to the data shared using these protocols. This occurs by monitoring mutable attributes related to the local protocol nodes and also by sharing data values between remote nodes via the distributed instances of UCON. We present the architecture and the workflow of our approach together with a real implementation for performance evaluation purposes.

Technology is evolving exponentially, and researchers are seeking solutions to answer questions related to the benefits of using advanced IoT cloud computing platforms. There is a tremendous amount of research activity regarding cyberattacks on Internet of Things (IoT) devices. IoT ecosystems consist of physical objects or devices that interact with the environment, extract data, and communicate with a higher authority such as a cloud. Many IoT users are unaware of the underlying platforms that facilitate data collection. These platforms are also known as middleware, sit between the connectivity and application layers. There are more than 1000 IoT platforms on the market today, where many are open-source or commercial and provide services that include a device, data, and connection management. This paper presents a comparative analysis of some commercial and open-source IoT platforms such as Arm Pelion, Microsoft Azure cloud, ThingWorx, FIWARE, and ThingSpeak. We compare system architecture, management schemes, protocols, interoperability, and security. We used experimentation with real-world Internet of Things devices for the comparative study. We proposed a novel design architecture of a fully secure testbed that integrates critical components of an IoT platform. Hopefully, this study will motivate manufacturers to provide a better quality of service to help customers select the best IoT platform for their needs.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is defined as a global network that links together living and/or non-living entities, such as people, animals, software, physical objects or devices. These entities can interact with each other, gather, provide or transmit information to the IoT. Although the Internet of Things is a relatively new concept, various platforms are already available. Some of them are open platforms, enabling both the integration of people, systems, and objects from the physical and virtual world, and the visualization of data. For example, there are already some IoT platforms used, like Google Cloud Platform, Microsoft Azure IoT Hub, Amazon Web Services IoT Platform, IBM Watson IoT Platform, Nimbits, Open.Sen.se, ThingWorx, and ThingSpeak. But what if things could not only “work” and “speak”, but also “sing”? We propose a game in which the things connected to IoT can play in real time different sounds, according to the values of some monitored parameters. These things can be grouped in the IoT platform to create a virtual orchestra and make music. Besides this game allowing the creation of great songs, it can be widely used to explain the new ideas behind the fast emerging areas of the Internet of Things. In addition to many technical challenges, it is also worth considering the effect the IoT concept will have on people, society, and economy as a whole.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is growing rapidly as more and more household appliances, sensors and actuators are connected to the internet and communicate with each other. Because these IoT devices usually have only limited processing and communication capabilities, an efficient communication protocol is required to reduce the protocol overhead. The Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol provides such properties. MQTT is a publish/subscribe protocol, where each client can subscribe to a message topic in order to receive all messages published under that topic. The payload of a message (i.e., the content) can be encrypted to hide private information. However, to forward messages, the topic of a message needs to be read by the broker and thus cannot be encrypted and might reveal private information. This paper presents methods to avoid this problem. It features and evaluates a one-time password approach to provide a fully obfuscated communication method for MQTT topics. Thereby, the user tracking and the generation of profiles is prevented.