Virtual Robots in E-Learning: A Pathway to Enhanced Academic Self-Esteem, Math Performance, and Engagement in Children

The economic status of families and their children's learning outcomes are closely related. For example, children living in poverty tend to score worse on measures of reading and math performance than their more affluent peers, and this achievement gap is present by kindergarten. In this study, we identified protective factors associated with school readiness among an Arizona sample of children living at or below the federal poverty line (N = 230). Using multiple linear regression, we examined the association between assessments of school readiness, health status, childcare hours, home language, parent engagement, and parent education. We found that increased weekly childcare hours and better health were associated with higher proficiency in math, literacy, and approaches to learning, and may serve as resilience factors for children in poverty that may contribute to closing the achievement gap.

Objectives The purposes of this study was to examine the effects of mathematics instruction, incorporate Universal Design for Learning(UDL) and evidence-based instruction, on the multiplication and division achievement and mathematical learning attitudes of 4th grade elementary school students with typical or low achievement in mathematics. Methods The study involved 46 subjects, comprising students from two 4th-grade classes in a public elementary school in Seoul. The subjects were divided into experimental and control groups, with each group further subdivided based on their level of mathematics achievement. The experimental design employed a pretest-posttest control group design along with a repeated measures design. Improvements in students’ multiplication and division achievements were analyzed using a hierarchical linear growth model, while differences in attitudes towards mathematical learning were assessed using paired samples t-tests and analysis of covariance(ANCOVA). Results First, the rate of change in multiplication and division achievement among students with typical math performance in the experimental group was statistically significantly higher than that in the control group. Second, the rate of change in multiplication and division achievement among students with low math performance in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group. Third, within the experimental group, students with low math performance demonstrated a significantly greater rate of improvement in achievement compared to students with typical math performance. Fourth, students in the experimental group showed statistically significant improvement in most areas of mathematical learning attitudes. Finally, there was no statistically significant difference in mathematical learning attitudes between the two subgroups of the experimental group, except for their level of confidence in multiplication and division. Conclusions First, mathematics instruction incorporating Universal Design for Learning (UDL) and evidencebased instruction was effective in improving multiplication and division achievement as well as mathematical learning attitudes among 4th grade elementary students. Finally, it can be inferred that this approach could be an effective method for ensuring foundational academic skills and bridging achievement gaps in general education settings with diverse student characteristics.

In positive human-human relationships, people frequently mirror or mimic each other's behavior. This mimicry, also called entrainment, is associated with rapport and smoother social interaction. Because rapport in learning scenarios has been shown to lead to improved learning outcomes, we examined whether enabling a social robotic learning companion to perform rapport-building behaviors could improve children's learning and engagement during a storytelling activity. We enabled the social robot to perform two specific rapport and relationship-building behaviors: speech entrainment and self-disclosure (shared personal information in the form of a backstory about the robot's poor speech and hearing abilities). We recruited 86 children aged 3–8 years to interact with the robot in a 2 × 2 between-subjects experimental study testing the effects of robot entrainment Entrainment vs. No entrainment and backstory about abilities Backstory vs. No Backstory. The robot engaged the children one-on-one in conversation, told a story embedded with key vocabulary words, and asked children to retell the story. We measured children's recall of the key words and their emotions during the interaction, examined their story retellings, and asked children questions about their relationship with the robot. We found that the robot's entrainment led children to show more positive emotions and fewer negative emotions. Children who heard the robot's backstory were more likely to accept the robot's poor hearing abilities. Entrainment paired with backstory led children to use more of the key words and match more of the robot's phrases in their story retells. Furthermore, these children were more likely to consider the robot more human-like and were more likely to comply with one of the robot's requests. These results suggest that the robot's speech entrainment and backstory increased children's engagement and enjoyment in the interaction, improved their perception of the relationship, and contributed to children's success at retelling the story.

This study determined the effect of mobile Damath game on Grade 8 students’ academic performance on integer operations and their level of engagement with the game. Conducted at Badas National High School, Mati City Division, Mati City, Davao Oriental, Philippines, the study employed a quasi-experimental design with 60 respondents equally distributed to experimental and control groups. The experimental group was given the mobile Damath learning intervention while the control was taught with traditional instruction for three (3) weeks. Data were gathered through validated researcher-made test and AI-assisted survey questionnaire. Statistical tools including mean, standard deviation, independent sample t-test, and Pearson correlation were utilized to assess math performance and engagement levels. Data on pre-test conducted to experimental group (male-16, female-14), showed an average score of 64.29%. Meanwhile, the control group (male-20, female-10) resulted with a mean of 64.04%, both under the Beginning proficiency level. The t-test revealed a statistically significant difference (P=0.004) in the post-test results between the experimental group (M=77.35, SD=4.23) and control group (M=73.61%, SD=5.44). Findings further explained that although both groups initially performed at the Beginning level, they improved, with the experimental group progressed to Developing level, indicating the effectiveness of the mobile Damath intervention. However, while the experimental group revealed a significant improvement, their engagement with the game did not exhibit a strong correlation with learning outcomes (r= -0.088, P= .645). This indicated that while game-based learning enhances students’ attitude and engagement with the game, it did not directly translate to their academic achievement. Based from these findings, the following recommendations to use mobile Damath game are encouraged: (1) Integrate the mobile Damath game into classroom instruction, (2) Implement the mobile Damath game across schools and grade levels to enhance generalizability, and (3) Conduct future research to explore deeply on the relationship between math performance and engagement.

With a diverse sample of community college (CC) students (n = 94), we investigated how the working memory (WM)-math relation may be moderated by aspects of acculturation, including cultural adoption and cultural maintenance. We predicted that higher levels of each of the above acculturation factors would improve math performance by way of reducing WM load (via cognitive load). Conversely, we expected a weaker WM-math correlation at lower levels of acculturation due to the increased variability in cultural factors and the adverse effect of lower acculturation on WM through heightened cognitive load. In this cohort, WM correlated with math performance, but acculturation did not significantly influence this relationship. Neither cultural adoption nor cultural maintenance moderated the WM-math association. Results suggest that individualized educational interventions based on acculturation status alone may not be an effective strategy. Instead, institutions such as schools and governmental agencies may focus on providing a better foundation for educational success by enhancing academic and non-academic support systems to promote equitable educational opportunities for all students. Further research should explore additional individual and/or demographic factors (e.g. socioeconomic status, experiences of discrimination, cultural background) to better understand these complex relations.

This research examines the role of parents in supporting the education of children with autism in special schools in Langsa City, Aceh. With the increasing number of children with autism spectrum disorders, attention to their educational needs has become very important. This research aims to identify the various roles played by parents and analyze the impact of their support on the social and academic development of the child. Qualitative descriptive methods were employed to assess the impact of parental involvement in the educational process on children's learning outcomes and social interactions. Data was collected using purposive sampling techniques. Data collection techniques used observation, interviews, and document studies, with the instruments used being observation guidelines and interview guidelines. The research results show that parents function as the primary supporters, who not only provide motivation but also play a crucial role in communication with teachers and in monitoring their child's development. Parental support has been proven to enhance children's self-confidence and social skills, thereby creating a more inclusive learning environment. Involving parents in the planning and evaluation of educational programs can significantly improve children's learning outcomes.

Kindergarten is an educational institution intended for children aged 4–6 years to carry out a learning process so children can develop their potential early on. Children must obtain their motor, intellectual, social and emotional stimuli according to their age level. From an early age, children are introduced to folding paper. In kindergarten learning, most teachers pay less attention to children's learning outcomes towards this one learning. Teachers often use paper folding as a relaxation learning for children who pay less attention to children's learning outcomes towards this one learning. Teachers often use paper folding as a relaxation study for children regardless of the results of children's work so that it is found that children's work in learning to fold paper seems without direction. The purpose of this study was to find out that folding paper can increase children's creativity in the B3 Group of Islamic Kindergarten YLPI Marpoyan, Pekanbaru. This study is a Classroom Action Research (CAR) conducted in two cycles, in each cycle of three meetings. The results showed that the paper folding development activities in the B3 group with the assignment of tasks had succeeded and increased. Increasing children's creativity through paper folding activities can be seen in cycle II. Hand speed coordination with the eye in carrying out the activities between the hand and eye are interconnected, careful, concentration on the tasks of activities carried out by students at the time of the activity activities hope that the resulting work is better, neater and faster in completing.

This research aims to develop an early assessment instrument that can be used to improve differentiated learning outcomes in early childhood, especially the age group of 5-6 years old in PAUD Dengilo District. The method used is research and development (R&D) with a mix-method approach, which combines qualitative and quantitative approaches. The research procedure includes needs analysis, product development, expert validation, limited trials, revisions, and extensive trials. Qualitative data was obtained through observation and interviews, while quantitative data was obtained from the results of pretest and posttest children's learning outcomes. The results of the study showed that the initial assessment instruments developed were valid (validity score of 92%), practical, and effective in identifying children's early abilities. After the application of the instrument in differentiated learning, there was a significant improvement in children's learning outcomes, which was shown by an increase in the average score from 67.8 to 83.2. The t-test showed a significance value of p < 0.05, which indicates a statistically significant difference. Thus, this initial assessment instrument can be used as a strategic tool for PAUD teachers in designing learning that suits the needs and potential of each child.

Background: As technology has advanced, educational tools have seen numerous transformations, notably the introduction of game-based platforms like Quizizz and Quizalize. Both media offer interactive approaches to improve learning outcomes. These media can be used in kindergarten learning, but there has been no study comparing their effectiveness in kindergartens in Bengkulu. Aims: To compare the effects of Quizalize and Quizizz media on children's learning outcomes. Methods: Quasi-experiment with 30 students (15 experimental class, 15 control class). Analysis using normality test, homogeneity test, t-test, and Normalized Gain (N-Gain). Results: There was no significant difference in the pre-test (p = 0.936), but the post-test showed a significant difference (p = 0.020). However, when compared based on N-Gain, there was no significant difference between the two media (p = 0.282). Conclusion: These findings indicate that both Quizalize and Quizizz are equally effective in improving children's learning outcomes. There are no statistical findings to support the superiority of either medium.

This study assessed the impact of a cognitive apprenticeship model (CAM)-based stratified teaching module on the mathematical proficiency of high school students. The stratified cognitive apprenticeship model teaching module (SCTM) first involves grouping students based on their mathematical abilities. Students with higher performance are placed in one class, while those with lower scores are placed in another. Instruction for each group is then conducted using the cognitive apprenticeship model, tailoring the teaching approach to align with the specific needs and abilities of each group. A quasi-experimental design was adopted and 150 students were recruited. This study compared the outcomes of a control group, which was instructed using conventional teaching methods (CI), with those of two experimental groups—one instructed using a stratified cognitive teaching method (SCTM)-based on the CAM—and another instructed using the CAM alone. Students’ performance was evaluated based on a mathematics test including the following dimensions: knowing and understanding, investigating, communication, and application (of mathematical knowledge to real-life problems). The data were analyzed using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The results indicated that students instructed using the SCTM outperformed their peers in mathematical achievement, thereby validating SCTM’s effectiveness as a comprehensive educational strategy for mathematics education at the senior high school level.

This research investigates the impact of Non-digital Gamification (NDG) techniques on students' math achievement, focusing on Fractions. Utilizing a quasi-experimental design, the study involved 100 primary school students in Perak. Two groups were formed: the control group, which followed traditional teaching methods, and the experimental group, which experienced NDG learning approaches. The findings indicate that students using NDG perform better in math (fractions) assessments compared to those using conventional methods. This study provides empirical evidence supporting the efficacy of NDG in teaching Fractions. The results underscore the potential for educators to innovate and enhance gamification tools, particularly in mathematics, contributing to educational advancements aligned with the goals of the Malaysian Ministry of Education.

This study examined the effectiveness of CALL UP Approach, Teachers’ Calibrating action for Lifelong Learning to Upstage Pandemic, on pupils’ performance specifically in English, Mathematics and Science. CALL UP Approach is an intervention strategy formulated by the teacher and employed during the Modular Distance Learning; a modality implemented during the occurrence of Covid 19 pandemic. The quasi-experimental method of research was employed to investigate the effectiveness of CALL UP Approach to improve learners’ performance in English, Math and Science. This pre-posttest design makes use of two group of learners with almost similar characteristics. The learners were divided into two groups to compose the control and experimental groups. The control group were subjected to the usual treatment. Meanwhile, the experimental group were subjected to CALL UP Approach composed of home visits, small group community teaching, scaffolding and feedbacking. The results yielded significant difference on the mean gain score between the control and experimental groups implying that the CALL UP Approach is more effective in improving the pupil’s academic performance in English, Math and Science than the previously available learning model of delivery. The Call Up Approach as an intervention program is found effective to improve the learner’s academic performance as revealed in this study.

How do young children engage with mobile apps? Cognitive, psychomotor, and affective perspective

When are Difficulties Desirable for Children? First Steps Toward a Developmental and Individual Differences Account of the Spacing Effect

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) imposes a significant global health and economic burden, impacting millions globally. Despite its high prevalence, public awareness and understanding of CKD remain limited, leading to delayed diagnosis and suboptimal management. Traditional patient education methods, such as 1-on-1 verbal instruction or printed brochures, are often insufficient, especially considering the shortage of nursing staff. Technology-assisted education presents a promising and standardized solution, emphasizing the need for innovative and scalable approaches to improve CKD-specific knowledge and health literacy. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of an innovative 12-unit virtual health coaching program delivered through interactive robots that is intended to enhance disease knowledge and health literacy among patients with CKD. A quasiexperimental design was used, and 60 participants were evenly assigned to experimental and comparison groups. However, due to attrition, 14 participants in the experimental group and 16 participants in the comparison group completed the study. The intervention involved a 12-unit program, with each unit lasting approximately 20 minutes to 30 minutes and delivered across 3 to 4 learning sessions, and participants completed 3 to 4 units per session. The program addressed key aspects of CKD-specific health literacy including functional, communicative, and critical literacy and CKD-specific knowledge including basic knowledge, prevention, lifestyle, dietary intake, and medication. Data were collected through validated pre and postintervention questionnaires. All 30 participants completed the program and subsequent evaluations, with outcome measures assessing changes in CKD-specific knowledge and health literacy. Postintervention analysis using generalized estimating equations, adjusted for age, revealed that the experimental group (n=14) had significantly greater improvements in health literacy (coefficient=2.51, Wald χ²1=5.89; P=.02) and disease knowledge (coefficient=1.66, Wald χ²1=11.75; P=.001) than the comparison group (n=16). Postintervention t tests revealed significant improvements in CKD-specific health literacy and disease knowledge (P<.001) between the experimental and comparison groups. Additional analyses identified significant group × time interactions, indicating improvements in communicative literacy (P=.01) and critical literacy (P=.02), while no significant changes were observed in functional literacy. Regarding disease knowledge, the experimental group demonstrated a significant improvement in medication (P<.001), whereas changes in basic knowledge, prevention, lifestyle, and dietary intake were not significant. This study demonstrated that interactive robot-assisted eHealth coaching effectively enhanced CKD-specific disease knowledge and health literacy. Despite the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, which constrained sample sizes, the findings indicate that this program is a promising patient education tool in clinical nephrology. Future research should involve larger sample sizes to enhance generalizability and examine additional factors influencing effectiveness.