Water and wastewater management in a small tanning facility

The study navigates how circular economy (CE) principles can be applied to water and waste management to address critical issues like water scarcity and practicing sustainability at an age marked by consumption of water, ignoring the consequences of contaminated water. The purpose of this study is to examine recycling at a household (individual) level and industrial wastewater treatment practices to improve water use and reduce discharge of toxic waste. Adopting a circular approach in water management compels one to accept waste water as a reusable and recyclable resource. This paper focuses on analysing recent methods, economic factors, and technological advancements that influence CE adoption in water management and preservation strategies. The existing literature indicates that domestic water recycling techniques, such as utilising grey water for irrigation, may drastically reduce the need for freshwater and support sustainable water management at a large scale. However, when it comes to industry level, there are far more complex issues involved in the treatment of water due to existence of harmful contaminants in wastewater, such as heavy metals and chemical pollutants, which are usually not present in the wastewater discharged by households. In order to properly recycle industrial wastewater, support resource efficiency and minimise the environmental impact of industrial operations, treatment techniques such as improved filtration, biological treatment, and detoxification have proved to be efficient. However, the high cost and complexity imposed by these technologies often limits their wider adoption, especially for small and medium sized businesses and at places where water resources are scarce. One can reduce the amount of impurities added to water during industrial processes, if the individuals build the habit of computing carbon footprint of the products they are willing to purchase, this will motivate the producers to manufacture eco- friendly products with low carbon footprints, this will help in preserving potable water. Whereas at the domestic level, rainwater collection and grey water reuse can be achieved with minimal investment. This review paper also identifies a number of research gaps, such as economic studies of water recycling systems are not common, particularly when it comes to cost- benefit analysis for low-income households and small businesses. Also, there is still a dearth of research on low-energy methods for treating industrial wastewater, which puts smaller businesses at a disadvantage when it comes to implementing CE standards. The lack of comprehensive legislative framework demotivates businesses and households to engage in waste water management and then, water recycling becomes another concern. Furthermore, studies do not indicate a lot about the social aspects that would affect the adoption of CE in water usage, thus emphasising the need for observing community participation and awareness campaigns.

Membrane distillation crystallization for simultaneous recovery of water and salt from tannery industry wastewater using TiO2 modified poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) nanocomposite membranes

The paper covers the analysis of water management problems in the cross-border reservoir basin of Bukówka, located at the Bóbr river, at 271+540 km of its course, below the Czech-Polish border, in Dolnośląskie Voivodeship. The problems of water management in the context of the reservoir’s functions have been analyzed; these are: flood control, the provision of water during low water level periods for the Water Treatment Plant in Marciszów, the provision of drinking water for the city of Wałbrzych as well as the provision of proper flow in the Bóbr river bed downstream from the reservoir. Due to its localization right below the border with the Czech Republic, the reservoir is exposed to a number of problems. The study has found that the main problems of water management in the basin area included unsatisfactory state of water and wastewater management in the basin, unsatisfactory state of the surface water quality in the basin area of the reservoir, poor condition of streams and drainage ditches, improper arrangement of arable lands and large downslopes and a lack of monitoring stations on tributaries of the reservoir. It has been found that the hydrochemical conditions in the Bukówka reservoir’s section are unfavorable for it. From the eutrophication point of view, the water flowing into the tank is characterized by a large content of nutrients, especially nitrates, phosphates and BOD₅. In order to counteract eutrophication it is necessary to lower the concentration of nutrients in the water flowing into the tank. One of the basic ways to do so is to restore the water and wastewater management in the reservoir’s basin. Studies in the Bukówka reservoir provide important information concerning the state of the purity of the water supplying the reservoir. In order to obtain accurate information on the state of purity, a monitoring of hydrological and water quality should be continued. The studies are a part of the strategy of protection of the quality of transboundary waters, proposed in the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes of 1992.

Isfahan industrial province with its numerous industrial estates in its area and consequently the amount of wastewater produced by these settlements is very difficult to deal with. Therefore, the need for proper wastewater treatment and efficient management of industrial waste water from the industrial estates of this province should be seriously addressed and followed up by the authorities. The purpose of this study is the feasibility of reuse of wastewater from industrial settlements for agricultural and irrigation purposes. The present study is a descriptive cross-sectional study. In this study, the average values obtained from the sampling and the results of the experiments on waste water from the industrial waste water treatment plant in Isfahan, 2017, have been used. Average values of BOD5, COD, TSS and so on were compared with the standards set by the Environmental Protection Agency and analyzed in Excel software. According to the results, the average values of COD, BOD5, TSS, SO4, pH and catalyst quality parameters were determined from wastewater effluents of 315,162,93,164 (mg /L), 8.3 and 32.5 (NTU) respectively. The results of the study show that the average values of the quality parameters examined from the effluent of the treatment plant other than BOD5 and COD are within the standard range and the limit for agricultural and irrigation purposes, which may lead to undesirable environmental performance of these two parameters.

The increasing awareness of the sustainability of water resources has become an important issue. Many process industries contribute to high water consumption and wastewater generation. Problems in industrial water management include the processing of complex contaminants in wastewater, selection of wastewater treatment technologies, as well as water allocation, limited reuse, and recycling strategies. Therefore, a water and wastewater treatment network design requires the integration of both economic and environmental perspectives. The aim of this work was to modify and develop a generic model-based synthesis process for a water/wastewater treatment network design problem utilizing the framework of Quaglia et al. (2013) in order to effectively design, synthesize, and optimize an industrial water management problem using different scenarios (both existing and retrofit system design). The model- based mathematical problem was formulated as mixed integer linear (MILP) and mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) and strived to identify the best wastewater treatment processes among a set of predefined alternatives that produce a minimum total annualized cost, while meeting all wastewater specification criteria. In addition, the effluent options (for different retrofit scenarios) in the modified superstructure could be set as discharge only, zero liquid discharge (total recycling), or a combination of recycling and discharge with the aim of minimizing the amount of fresh process water consumption through the recycling of treated wastewater. Also, an industrial case study of a refinery wastewater treatment plant was implemented. Alternative recycling schemes (retrofit design problem) were proposed and solved. The retrofit design solution using developed generic model-based synthesis offered a preliminary guideline for a better wastewater treatment network in terms of economic benefits and environmental impact compared to the existing process and accomplished it in an effective time frame.

Coastal areas (shorelines and waters) are valuable nature resources, but due to their economic importance, are used intensively by mankind (recreation, tourism, aqua-culture, fishing etc.). These uses create pollution problems and the subsequent deterioration of the aquatic ecosystem. The pollution problems are created from the discharge of domestic and industrial waste waters, the drainage waters from agricultural areas, the oil-spills and the construction of coastal works. A methodology towards the management of coastal water quality may be based on the decision analysis approach. This work describes the application of such a methodology to the pollution problem of Thermaikos Bay. The Thermaikos Bay, a semi-enclosed bay in the NW Aegean Sea, with the city of Thessaloniki (about one million inhabitants) in its northern coast, is particularly sensitive to pollution problems. The most important source of pollution is the domestic sewage and the industrial waste waters. The sewage waters are estimated at 160.000 nrVday, of which the 25% are treated, while a new treatment plant is under construction for the whole sewage quantity. An outfall will discharge the waste waters after treatment into the bay, at a depth of 20m. To evaluate the different scenarios of the waste water management and the outfall design, a mathematical model of the baroclinic coastal circulation has been applied to the Thermaikos Bay. A mass balance equation is added to the baroclinic model to simulate the concentration of a conservative tracer. This approach provides the concentrations of the polluting particles dissolved in

Bioadsorption and membrane technology for reduction and recovery of chromium from tannery industry wastewater

(a) This is a systematic scheme for the examination of industrial water and industrial waste water. The order of application of methods for chemical and physical measurements permits the determination of existing constituents and properties in logical sequence. (b) This scheme is intended to aid the water analyst in choosing an analytical course that he can follow to determine one or all of the constituents or properties of industrial water. The outline indicates by general groupings of water constituents and properties the general procedures that must be followed in obtaining the sample, depending upon the information desired. By further subgrouping it also indicates what general precautions must be observed in preserving the character of the sample with respect to the desired analysis. (c) There are four schematic outlines. The first (Fig. 1) shows the general schematic relationship of the principal groups of samples. The remaining three (Tables I to III) list the constituents and properties that can be determined on each group of samples. (d) The constituents or properties in each group appear in alphabetical order, where possible. Where a simple, acceptable test for a given constituent or property is desirable in providing information useful in subsequent analyses to be performed on a sample, it is indicated by an asterisk. For example, a colorimetric silica determination would indicate the volume of sample that would contain silicon compounds equivalent to at least 10 mg of SiO2, as specified in the referee method for SiO2 in the Methods of Test for Silica in Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water (ASTM Designation: D 859). Completion of such a simple preliminary test would save considerable time. (e) Each constituent or property of a sample group that is listed without indentation from the margin (see Table I to III) indicates that a separate portion is required for the analysis for that particular constituent. Where an analytical scheme is possible or desirable, and one or more constituents may be determined on a single sample by a scheme of successive analyses of filtrates or aliquots, the constituents determined in the scheme are indented in reference to the appropriate preceding constituent.

Industrial water always contains impurities consisting of substances present in the supply water or added, intentionally or unintentionally, during its use. The character and quantity of the impurities depend on the environmental and service conditions to which the water is exposed. Methods of analysis applicable to both industrial supply or process waters and to industrial waste waters are discussed in this chapter. The difference between the two types of waters is often only academic. In fact, waste water from one industrial process may become the supply water for another process. Industrial supply or process waters may contain higher concentrations of some constituents than some industrial waste waters. From the analytical standpoint, the same methods can often be used for both types of waters. Selection of constituents to be measured and methods of analysis for supply waters is based on the need for determining the suitability of the supply for a process use. Similarly, selection of constituents to be measured and the methods of analysis for waste water is based on determining the suitability of the water for reuse, disposal, or treatment prior to disposal.

The issue of rationalizing water consumption and preserving it for future generations is one of the most important indicators of sustainable development referred to in the Agenda 21. This study aims to assess the sustainability of water resources for the city of Erbil in terms of quantity and quality. In this study, the amount of water available in the existing water sources was evaluated and compared with the volume of water demand. The reliability of water sources, especially groundwater, in the selected area was evaluated and confirmed. The study also focused on the management of groundwater by the concerned authorities and the identification of factors that help to develop the sustainability of these sources. The problems facing the management of groundwater and the proposed solutions to solve these problems were also identified. Due to the rapid growth of the populations and lack of both water demand and water supply system, Erbil City required a fundamental evaluation of water supply systems and good planning for future. However, in this study, the assessment was conducted based on the existing data and the accurate archived documents as well. As a result, the study concluded that there have been a lot of problems that should be taken into consideration in order to provide good managing of the groundwater system. It was also observed that there was slightly higher depletion in groundwater table due to poor supplying. This study can be used as a fundamental reference for future investigations especially for those areas having the same problems in sustainable management of the subsurface basins.

For sustainable development an integrated cost-effective approach focused on the goal of health and environmental protection is necessary. In Iran more than 22 million people live in rural communities. A little more than 92% of the rural population in Iran have access to safe drinking water supply, but only less than 0.2% have sanitary wastewater disposal system. Groundwater is the main resource of water supply in rural communities in Iran and contaminated or untreated groundwater can be the major reason for waterborne diseases outbreak and wastewater discharge is the main cause of groundwater contamination. In new strategy in Iran's wastewater company, the importance of wastewater treatment is equal to water treatment in rural communities and the main goal in this section is providing sanitary wastewater disposal system for 8% of rural areas until 2010 and 30% until 2020. One of the most important limitations for establishment of wastewater disposal system is the limitation of governmental funds. For this reason, a national program was performed for ranking of rural communities with the goal of improving the funding effectiveness in wastewater management in rural communities. Many important criteria were considered for determination of priorities, these criteria include: population, population density, water consumption and wastewater generation, wastes disposal systems at present, environmental and health risks, agricultural and industrial wastewater, social conditions specially public participation, investment simplicity and type of living (seasonal or permanent). For collection of information about rural community, according to the criteria, a questionnaire was designed with 40 quantified questions. Questionnaires completed for all rural areas with more than 400 people population (more than 77% of rural population of the country). Completed questionnaires were analyzed with specific software for ranking of villages according to above mentioned criteria. Right now the classification of villages is available in provinces of the country from environmental and health crisis and funding points of view and we know whereabouts have priority for establishment of wastewater installations.

In this chapter, aspects of wastewater management are explored with integrated perspective. This chapter shows that a holistic view of the entire waste- water system is required for proper wastewater management, starting from the wastewater generation until the ultimate disposal schemes. The functional elements of integrated wastewater management system are generation and composition, col- lection, treatment (including sludge treatment) and disposal and reuse. A successful wastewater management decision requires a comprehensive, impartial evaluation of centralized and decentralized treatment systems. However, centralized systems should be evaluated based on the investment of the associated collection sewers and their operation and maintenance (O&M). Selecting appropriate technology for wastewater treatment should be based on area-specific integrated factors such as land availability, wastewater quality, desired finished water quality, socio-economic factors and local and provincial regulations.

Industrial water mass balance as a tool for water management in industrial parks

Current sanitation systems are inherently limited in their ability to address the new challenges for (waste)water management that arise from the rising demand to restore resource cycles. These challenges include removal of micropollutants, water (re)use, and nutrient recovery. New opportunities to address these challenges arise from new sanitation, a system innovation that combines elements of source separation, local treatment and reuse, and less use of water. New sanitation is applied, but not yet widespread, in several residential areas in Europe. Implementation is hindered by the lack of insight into the general public's willingness to engage in new sanitation, and the resulting uncertainty about this among decision makers and other stakeholders in wastewater management. Using value-belief-norm theory as a conceptual lens, this paper addresses the individual motivations (pro-environmental personal norms) and personal drivers (benefits) and barriers (risks) for acceptance of new sanitation by the Dutch general public. The results of an online survey (N = 338) indicated that both pro-environmental personal norms and risk and benefit perceptions predict consumers' willingness to accept new sanitation. More specifically, they showed that consumer acceptance is driven by perceived risks relating to the housing market and the need to change behavior, but also by environmental benefits. Overall, new sanitation was favorably evaluated by respondents: 64% indicated that they would likely use new sanitation if they were owner-occupiers. The results of this explorative study are discussed in light of the development of novel sanitation systems that are sensitive to perceptions of end-users and other key stakeholders.

Electricity production requires a very high water consumption. One way to reduce water demand in power plants might be effective wastewater recycling within the power plant, which can lead to almost zero wastewater discharge. The study aims to characterize the functioning of the water and wastewater management system before and after the modernization of a wastewater treatment installation owned by an electricity and heat producer using biomass and other solid fuels. The scope of work covered one of the largest energy companies in Poland: PGE Energia Ciepła SA Branch 1 in Krakow. Water management and the effectiveness of wastewater treatment installation modernization were assessed in terms of the BAT (Best Available Techniques) conclusions. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of changes in the quality parameters of wastewater after the modernization of the wet flue gas desulfurization installation. The research results prove that the modernization of the company’s water and wastewater system significantly reduced the emission of harmful substances into the environment and water consumption. After modernization, an effective reduction in the content of heavy metals and other pollutants in the wastewater was observed. A decrease in the content of cadmium was observed by 99%, nickel—96%, mercury—95%, and copper—83%.