Water toxin and heavy metal quantification using a color sensor system

Heavy metals in the water can accumulate in the organs of fish, which was reported in various continental fish farms in Peru. The objective of the present study was to know the situational state of the water bodies and their effect on rainbow trout meat, determining the level of contamination by heavy metals. The present investigation was carried out in the Lagunillas lagoon, a high Andean zone of Santa Lucía, Puno. The physicochemical parameters of the water were determined and the quantification of heavy metals in the muscle, kidney, and liver of trout was carried out, by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in the Testing Laboratory accredited by the Peruvian Accreditation Agency INACAL-DA (CERPER - Certifications of Peru SA). The results in the concentration of Sb (0.002 ml/Kg), As (0.0347 ml/Kg), Cd (0.001 ml/Kg), Cu (0.0024 ml/Kg), Cr (0.003 ml/Kg), Hg (0.0001 ml/Kg), and Pb (0.0004 ml/Kg) are below the maximum permissible limits established by the Ministry of the Environment and SANIPES. It is concluded that the water quality of the Lagunillas lagoon in the district of Santa Lucía, Lampa - Puno, is suitable for the cultivation of rainbow trout meat for human consumption.

Pemphigus are autoimmune bullous diseases with production of autoantibodies against keratinocyte adhesion proteins. The Northeast (NE) of So Paulo (ESP) is endemic to foliaceus (PF) and pemphigus vulgaris (PV). Heavy metals -lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) -have been related to autoimmunity and pemphigus. The possible contamination of the Guarani Aquifer and river basins ESP NE region by heavy metals has been inquired. Objectives. Were evaluated: (i) cadmium (Cd), Pb, Cu, chromium (Cr), mercury, manganese (Mn) and Zn in residential water samples in Ribeiro Preto (representing the Guarani Aquifer) and Pardo rivers, Mogi Guau and Sapucai / Mirim; (ii) Pb, Cu and Zn in samples of patients with PF, PV and controls; (iii) occupational or leisure exposure at different exposures to heavy metals in patients and controls. Materials and methods. The quantification of heavy metals in water samples, and whole blood and serum of 118 patients with pemphigus (PV 56; 62 PF) and 135 controls was performed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Results. The analysis of Cu (0.01825 mg L-1) in the river Sapuca / Mirim and Hg (0.00024 mg L-1) in Mogi Guau showed values above the legislation. Limnological results characterized the basin of the Mogi-Guau as impacted. The metal concentrations in urban water supply samples showed great variation between households. The blood Cu concentration resulted higher in females (111.9 g%; 94.5 g%). Compared to residents, higher Zn concentrations (89.1g%%) were observed in the city of Batatais, compared to Ribeiro Preto (76.5 g%). Pb concentrations above the reference value were found more often in PV group compared to controls (31.1%; 15.7%, respectively). Zn concentrations were lower in PV and PF, compared to controls (75.4 g%; 80.1 g%; 83.4 g%, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed higher concentrations of Pb for the elderly and exposed to metals. The variables age, exposure to pesticides, occupational exposure, rural, contact rivers and concentration of Zn were the most significant influence on the incidence of pemphigus in the endemic region. Conclusions. Heavy metals in the water samples complied with current legislation, except Cu in the river Sapuca / Hg at Mirim and Mogi-Guau. The etiopathogenesis of pemphigus may be associated with the presence of Pb and Zn deficiency in genetically predisposed individuals.

The study was primarily conducted to assess the stakeholders' knowledge regarding the contamination caused by heavy metals in poultry feedstuffs. The concentration of some heavy metals (lead, chromium, cadmium, and nickel) and macro-minerals (sodium, potassium, and calcium) was also analyzed in poultry feeds collected from selected local markets in Sherpur district, Bangladesh. A well-structured questionnaire survey was used to investigate different stakeholders' perspectives in relation to metal contamination in feed. Heavy metals and calcium were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The flame emission spectrophotometric technique was applied to determine sodium and potassium. The majority of the stakeholders (90%) were found to have no knowledge regarding heavy metal contamination. Lead and nickel concentrations were below the detectable level in the collected samples. The average concentration of chromium in Jhenaigati upazila was four times higher than in Nalitabari upazila, at 21.806 mg kg-1 and 5.452 mg kg-1, respectively. The concentrations of cadmium in both brand and nonbrand samples exceeded the maximum allowable limit set by the European Union at 1.329 mg kg-1 and 1.328 mg kg-1, respectively. Sodium, potassium, and calcium were found in the ranges of 0.0011%-0.0035%, 0.0010%-0.0013%, and 0.0080%-0.0305%, which were extremely low in concentration compared to the minimum requirement in poultry feed. Regular surveillance and governance systems should be incorporated into national policy to cease the hazardous impacts of heavy metals through feed contamination. From a nutritional viewpoint, poultry feeds need to be critically formulated.

In this study, we evaluated the levels of some of the most investigated metals (Cu, Se, Zn, Pb, and Hg) in the blood of patients affected by the most common chronic neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS), in order to better clarify their involvement. For the first time, we investigated a Sicilian population living in an area exposed to a potentially contaminated environment from dust and fumes of volcano Etna and consumer of a considerable quantity of fish in their diet, so that this represents a good cohort to demonstrate a possible link between metals levels and development of neurodegenerative disorders. More specifically, 15 patients affected by AD, 41 patients affected by MS, 23 healthy controls, and 10 healthy elderly controls were recruited and subjected to a venous blood sampling. Quantification of heavy metals was performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). This technique has allowed us to establish that there is a concomitance of heavy metal unbalance associated with AD more than in other neurodegenerative pathologies, such as MS. Also, we can assess that the concentration of these elements is independent from the diet, especially from occasional or habitual consumption of fruits and vegetables, prevalence in the diet of meat or fish, possible exposure to contaminated environment due both to the occupation and place of residence.

Electrochemical modified electrode with bismuth film for ultrasensitive determination of aluminum (iii)

A possible cause associated with urinary lithiasis (UL) is the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the kidney. The aim of this study was to evaluate the content of Cu, Pb, and Cd in kidney tissues removed from patients with nephrological problems and associate it with UL. Samples of 50 kidney sections from patients were analyzed. Results were statistically analyzed using a fixed effects model including the overall mean, the effect of the health status of patients (with or without UL), gender (male and female), the interaction between both factors and the random error (NID (0, σ 2)). Cu level was 8.8 ± 4.4 mg/kg (mean ± DS) and 25.5% of samples had levels above normal. Lead content in 97.9% of the samples (3.6 ± 1.5 mg/kg) was above normal. All results of Cd (13.2 ± 16.6 mg/kg) were below the maximum permissible limits. There was no difference in the amount of heavy metals on patients with or without UL (P > 0.05) nor depending on the gender (P > 0.05). It was concluded that there is no apparent relationship between a very elevated level of Cu or Pb in the kidney on the development of UL.

Industrial wastewater sludge represents a significant environmental burden due to the increasing volume generated and the limitations of conventional disposal methods such as landfilling and incineration. As industries seek sustainable and cost-effective waste management alternatives, energy recovery from sludge has emerged as a promising solution. This study investigates the potential of industrial wastewater sludge as an alternative solid fuel by evaluating the physicochemical characteristics of six sludge types collected from different industrial sectors: Beverage Production, Beverage Recycling, Dairy Processing, Flavour Industry, Oleochemical, and Paper Processing. Comprehensive analyses were conducted, including MC determination, proximate analysis, calorific value measurement using bomb calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and heavy metal quantification via Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The calorific values ranged from 11.85 to 31.31 kJ/g, with Dairy Processing wastewater sludge recorded the highest average HHV at 31.308 kJ/g, placing it within the typical coal range (26.50–34.63 kJ/g). Meanwhile, Beverage Production, and Oleochemical sludges showed lower energy content than coal but surpassed both charcoal benchmarks (19.09 and 20.09 kJ/g). Proximate analysis revealed high volatile matter and fixed carbon content, further supporting their suitability for thermal energy recovery. However, sludges with high MC, particularly from beverage industries, require pre-treatment for efficient combustion. The study underscores the viability of industrial sludge as a renewable energy source and recommends optimization of treatment processes.

The expediency of food safety and security globally informed this research direction, determining the concentration of heavy metals in cassava in two selected council wards in Kwande Local Government Area of Benue State-Nigeria. A total of twenty (20) samples were collected from the two council wards, four (4) samples from the major settlements and four (4) from the minor settlements within the two wards of the local government. The samples were analyzed for heavy metals concentration using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) at the Department of Chemistry, Benue State University Makurdi. Zinc (Zn), Lead and Manganese (Mn) had escalated value above the standard recommended by WHO, USEPA and NSFQ. Copper (Cu) and Cadmium (Cd) have values declined within and below acceptable limit of WHO, USEPA and NSFQ.

Full nutritional spectrum and hazard risk assessment of high commodity value aquaculture species in Penang, Malaysia

Surface water, a critical global freshwater resource, faces severe heavy metal contamination threatening ecosystems and human health. Traditional detection methods like ICP-MS are time-consuming and expensive due to complex sample preparation, which is not practical for on-site monitoring. While laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) enables rapid and in situ elemental analysis, its quantitative efficiency in on-site monitoring remains limited by the laborious manual gradient-preparing procedures. Here, we developed a microfluidic-based concentration gradient generator (CGG)-LIBS platform by integrating automated gradient generation with standard addition calibration to enable real-time field quantification of heavy metals in water. The microfluidic CGG device, fabricated via 3D printing, generated six linear concentration gradients (R2 > 0.998) through continuous injection mixing. This method integrates multiple steps of solution preparation into a single process, thereby simplifying the experimental procedure while minimizing errors and contamination associated with segmented operations. The trace heavy metals barium (Ba), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) were tested using CGG-LIBS, where the results (Ba: R2 = 0.999, LoD = 40.9 μg/L; Cu: R2 = 0.998, LoD = 71.1 μg/L; Mn: R2 = 0.999, LoD = 62.8 μg/L) demonstrated the stable, accurate, and sensitive quantitative determination performance of CGG-LIBS. And the LoDs meet the standard limit of China (GB 3838-2002). Furthermore, comparisons with ICP-MS (<5% relative errors) demonstrated CGG-LIBS's reliability for monitoring natural water systems, as validated through Yangtze River and East Lake water samples. In summary, the CGG-LIBS platform is viable for detecting real water bodies and holds promising application prospects.

This dissertation focused on the development of novel miniaturized analytical systems for the determination of several analytes of interest, which can be divided into 2 sections. The first section is the development of alternative methods for the measurement of organic compounds using paper-based/polymer-based analytical device coupled with electrochemical detection. Various target organic compounds including dopamine, glucose, and 4-aminophenol were determined by the proposed systems. The second section is the development of paper-based colorimetric/electrochemical device for the simultaneous quantification of heavy metals (e.g. chromium, nickel, copper, iron, lead, and cadmium). Miniaturized systems were initially designed to allow the appropriate geometry for each assay. Experimental parameters in the detection mode were optimized and selected in order to determine the best analytical conditions. Strategies to improve the selectivity and sensitivity in analysis were discussed. An analytical performance of the system comprising of linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, reproducibility, accuracy, intra-day, and inter-day precision, was investigated. Selectivity for the detection of analytes of interest was demonstrated for common interferences. The results showed that the accuracy and precision of these proposed systems were reported in an acceptable range lower than 5%. A low detection limit was achieved (e.g. 14.8 pmol and 5.8 nmol for detection dopamine and glucose, respectively). In addition, the developed systems were successfully applied to the determination of target analytes in samples (e.g. relevant biological, pharmaceutical, and environmental samples) with satisfactory results, correlating to those obtained from the conventional analytical techniques.

Elimination of the matrix effect is a major challenge in developing a method for the quantification of heavy metals (HMs) in water samples. In this regard, the current research describes the simultaneous analyses of Cu(II), Cd(II), and Ni(II) ions in water matrices through flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS) after preconcentration with carrier element-free co-precipitation (CEFC) technique by the help of an organic co-precipitant, 3-{[5-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]-methyl}-4-[2,4-(dichlorobenzylidene)amino]-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione (CCMBATT). Based on our literature research, CCMBATT was employed for the first time in this study as an organic co-precipitant for the preconcentration of HMs. Factors such as solution pH, concentration of co-precipitant, sample volume, standing time, centrifugation rate, and time were thoroughly examined and optimized to achieve the highest efficiency in terms of HM recovery. The limits of detection (LODs) (with 10 number of tests) of 0.54, 0.34, and 1.95 μg L−1 and the relative standard deviations (RSD %) of 2.1, 3.3, and 3.0 were determined for Cu(II), Cd(II) and Ni(II) ions, respectively. Recovery results of HMs for the spiked samples were in the range of 92.8–101.0%, demonstrating the trueness of the method and its applicability to the water samples matrix.

Context: Caprine milk has beneficial antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, thus the potential to be developed as a topical formulation against the skin-aging process. However, the influence of temperature during topical formulation storage from caprine milk must be explored. Aims: To analyze the physical stability and heavy metal contents of skin lotion from caprine milk, yogurt, and kefir. Methods: All lotions were storage at different conditions, such as 4°C, 25°C without light exposure (LE), 25°C with light exposure, and 33°C for 12 months. The characteristics of color, aroma, separation, viscosity, pH level, and heavy metals were determined periodically. Results: Yogurt lotions showed more maintained color, aroma, and separation under different storage conditions than milk and kefir lotions. The viscosity of all samples was relatively stable, with a minor reduction at 33°C of temperature storage. The longer duration of storage reduced the pH level for all lotions. Heavy metals were slightly detected in safe range values. Conclusions: This study concludes that the physical characteristics of lotions made from caprine milk, yogurt, and kefir were relatively stable during the different storage conditions, and these lotions are proposed as a safe topical formulation for skin application.

Review for "Distance-based paper microfluidic devices for rapid visual quantification of heavy metals in herbal supplements and cosmetics"

A procedure for the voltammetric determination of trace Zn(II), Pb(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), and Mn(II) in deep ocean water samples using a mercury-graphite electrode (MGE) is proposed. The generation of the MGE directly in the test solution ensures the autonomous performance of sequential stripping voltammetric analysis of samples in the field and substantially reduces the amount of the used distilled water.