Weakly equicontinuous Schauder bases

The various properties of topological spaces in the classical Baire category theorems which imply the Baire property also imply the stronger property of pseudo-completeness. In contrast to some of these properties and to the Baire property, J. C. Oxtoby has shown that pseudo-completeness is productive. The following main result places pseudo-completeness in the context of linear topological spaces: Let E and F be linear topological spaces and g be a continuous linear mapping of E into F. If E is pseudo-complete, g is almost open, and the completion of g[E] has a continuous metric, then g[E] is complete. The proof of this result uses the difference theorem, but not an open mapping theorem. The hypotheses lead to a discussion of conditions for a linear mapping to be almost open and for a linear topological space to have a continuous metric. An example shows that, although a translation invariant continuous metric on a linear topological space E extends to a translation invariant continuous pseudo-metric on the completion of E, this extension need not be a metric, even if it induces a normed topology on E. Othes examples show that a pseudo-complet e linear topological space need not be complete in its natural uniformity, and that the almost open condition of the main result may not be omitted and is not implied by the combination of the other conditions and the conclusion. Pseudo-complete topological spaces, introduced by Oxtoby [8], successfully bind together the classical Baire category theorems. They have been the subject of recent work; Aarts and Lutzer [1], for example, have shown that a metrizable space is pseudo-comple te if and only if it has a dense subspace which is topologically complete. In the context of linear topological spaces, Todd [13] shows that, under certain conditions, a linear topological space which is pseudocomplete is complete in the natural uniformity. Theorem 3.1 extends this result for the image of a pseudo-complete linear topological space under a continuous linear almost open mapping; in contrast. Example 5.5 gives pseudo-complete locally convex linear topological spaces which are not complete, and hence are not Ptak spaces. From open mapping theorems arise restrictions on continuous images of certain types of spaces. As an application of his open mapping theorem, Banach ([2], p. 38), showed that the continuous linear image of a complete metric linear space in a space of the same

This chapter pursues three lines of investigation in the subject of functional analysis—one involving smooth functions and distributions, one involving fixed-point theorems, and one involving spectral theory.Section 1 introduces topological vector spaces. These are real or complex vector spaces with a Hausdorff topology in which addition and scalar multiplication are continuous. Examples include normed linear spaces, spaces given by a separating family of countably many seminorms, and weak and weak-star topologies in the context of Banach spaces. Various general properties of topological vector spaces are proved, and it is proved that the quotient of a topological vector space by a closed vector subspace is Hausdorff and is therefore a topological vector space.Section 2 introduces a topology on the space C∞(U) of smooth functions on an open subset of ℝN. The support of a continuous linear functional on C∞(U) is defined and shown to be a compact subset of U. Accordingly, the continuous linear functionals are called distributions of compact support.Section 3 studies weak and weak-star topologies in more detail. The main result is Alaoglu’s Theorem, which says that the closed unit ball in the weak-star topology on the dual of a normed linear space is compact. In an earlier chapter a preliminary form of this theorem was used to construct elements in a dual space as limits of weak-star convergent subsequences.Section 4 follows Alaoglu’s Theorem along a particular path, giving what amounts to a first example of the Gelfand theory of Banach algebras. The relevant theorem, known as the Stone Representation Theorem, says that conjugate-closed uniformly closed subalgebras containing the constants in B(S) are isomorphic via a norm-preserving algebra isomorphism to the space of all continuous functions on some compact Hausdorff space. The compact space in question is the space of multiplicative linear functionals on the subalgebra, and the proof of compactness uses Alaoglu’s Theorem.Sections 5–6 return to the lines of study toward distributions and fixed-point theorems. Section 5 studies the relationship between convexity and the existence of separating linear functionals. The main theorem makes use of the Hahn-Banach Theorem. Section 6 introduces locally convex topological vector spaces. Application of the basic separation theorem from the previous section shows the existence of many continuous linear functionals on such a space.Section 7 specializes to the line of study via smooth functions and distributions. The topic is the introduction of a certain locally convex topology on the space C ∞com (U) of smooth functions of compact support on U. This is best characterized by a universal mapping property introduced in the section.Sections 8–9 pursue locally convex spaces along the other line of study that split off in Section 5. Section 8 gives the Krein-Milman Theorem, which asserts the existence of a supply of extreme points for any nonempty compact convex set in a locally convex topological vector space. Section 9 relates compact convex sets to the subject of fixed-point theorems.Section 10 takes up the abstract theory of Banach algebras, with particular attention to commutative C* algebras with identity. Three examples are the algebras characterized by the Stone Representation Theorem, any L∞ space, and any adjoint-closed commutative Banach algebra consisting of bounded linear operators on a Hilbert space and containing the identity.Section 11 continues the investigation of the last of the examples in the previous section and derives the Spectral Theorem for bounded self-adjoint operators and certain related families of operators. Powerful applications follow from a functional calculus implied by the Spectral Theorem. The section concludes with remarks about the Spectral Theorem for unbounded self-adjoint operators.KeywordsBanach AlgebraTopological Vector SpaceNormed Linear SpaceInternal PointCompact Hausdorff SpaceThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

The first four sections of this chapter form its core and include classical topics such as bounded linear transformations, the open mapping theorem, the closed graph theorem, the uniform boundedness principle, and the Hahn-Banach theorem. The chapter includes a good number of applications of the four fundamental theorems of functional analysis. Sections 6.5 and 6.6 provide a good account of the properties of the spectrum and adjoint operators on Banach spaces. They may be largely bypassed, since the treatment of the corresponding topics for operators on Hilbert spaces in chapter 7 is self-contained. The section on weak topologies is more advanced and may be omitted if a brief introduction is the goal. The chapter is enriched by such topics as the best polynomial approximation, the Hilbert cube, Gelfand’s theorem, Schauder bases, complemented subspaces, and the Banach-Alaoglu theorem.

A classical result due to M. Eidelheit and B. Yood states that the standard algebra norm on the algebra of bounded linear operators on a Banach space is minimal, in the sense that the norm must be less than a multiple of any other submultiplicative norm on the same algebra. This definition does not assume that the arbitrary algebra norm is complete. In cases when the standard algebra norm is, in addition, maximal, it is therefore unique up to equivalence. More recently, M. Meyer showed that the Calkin algebras of a very restricted class of Banach spaces also have unique algebra norms. We generalise the Eidelheit-Yood method of proof, to show that the conventional quotient norm on a larger class of Calkin algebras is minimal. Since maximality of the norm is a presumed property for the class, the norm is also unique. We thus extend the result of Meyer. In particular, we establish that the Calkin algebras of canonical Banach spaces such as James’ space and Tsirelson’s space have unique algebra norms, without assuming completeness. We also prove uniqueness of norm for quotients of the algebras of operators on classical non-separable spaces, the closed ideals of which were previously studied by M. Daws. One aspect of the Eidelheit-Yood method is a dependence on the uniform boundedness principle. As a component of our generalisation, we prove an analogue of that principle which applies to Calkin algebra elements rather than bounded linear operators. In order to translate the uniform boundedness principle into this new setting, we take the perspective that non-compact operators map certain wellseparated sequences to other well-separated sequences. We analyse the limiting separation of such sequences, using these values to measure the non-compactness of operators and define the requisite notion of a bounded set of non-compact operators. In the cases when the underlying Banach space has a Schauder basis, we are able to restrict attention to seminormalised block basic sequences. As a consequence, our main uniqueness of norm result for Calkin algebras relies on the existence of bounded mappings between, and projections onto, the spans of block basic sequences in the relevant Banach spaces.

Let E be a Hausdorff topological vector space having a Schauder basis $\{ {b_i}\}$ and coordinate functionals $\{ {f_i}\}$. Let $\sigma (E,F)$ be the weak topology on E induced by $F = \{ {f_i}:i \in {\mathbf {N}}\}$. We show that if a series in E is subseries convergent with respect to $\sigma (E,F)$, then it is subseries convergent with respect to the original topology of E.

Application of neustadt's theory of extremals to an optimal control problem with a functional differential equation and a functional inequality constraint

In a Hilbert space, we can introduce the notion of orthogonal coordinates through an orthogonal base, and these coordinates are the values of bounded linear functionals defined by the vectors of the base. This suggests that we consider continuous linear functionals, in a linear topological space, as generalized coordinates of the space. To ensure the existence of non-trivial continuous linear functionals in a general locally convex linear topological space, we must rely upon the Hahn-Banach extension theorems.

: The generalized additive channel was introduced. It is described by an additive noise process with sample functions inducing a measure on a linear topological vector space, and by a constraint which includes dimensionality. The coding capacity of the matched channel was analyzed, with an exact value obtained for the Gaussian channel and an upper bound for a class of nonGaussian channels. Bounds on the coding capacity for the mismatched Gaussian generalized channel were obtained. In this paper, the exact coding capacity of the mismatched Gaussian generalized channel is determined, along with an upper bound for a class of nonGaussian mismatched channels. The set of admissable constraints is also greatly increased over that considered. Although the treatment here is restricted to noise measures induced on a separable Hilbert space, it can readily be seen that the results extended immediately to the class of linear topological vector spaces considered. The results of the present paper are partly based on the Hilbert space results on information capacity given, for the extension of linear topological vector spaces, one would use the corresponding results given. The focus on Hilbert space is useful for application of the results given here to the discrete-time or continuous-time additive channel.

A variation on the uniform boundedness theorem [2, p. 105] of functional analysis is obtained by replacing pointwise boundedness by a slightly stronger type of boundedness. This makes it possible to remove the category requirements from the set over which it is desired to have a collection of functions uniformly bounded. The concept of boundedness to be utilized is called boundedness on Cauchy sequences (see Definition 1). When a Cauchy sequence converges in the domain of a family of continuous functions, boundedness on a Cauchy sequence is equivalent to pointwise boundedness of the family at the limit point of the point of the sequence. When the domain of the continuous functions is a metric space, boundedness on the collection on all Cauchy sequences is equivalent to pointwise boundedness of the continuous extensions on the completion of the domain. The interesting case is when the domain is not metrizable because boundedness on Cauchy sequences does not necessarily imply pointwise boundedness of the extended functions on the completion or even on the sequential completion of the domain. The main result of the paper is given in Theorem 1 which is followed by six corollaries. The sixth corollary is especially interesting in stating that the closure of an infrabarrelled space in its second adjoint space is a barreled space. The theorem on uniform boundedness immediately suggests an absorption theorem which is Theorem 2 of the paper. Theorem 1 does not follow as a corollary of Theorem 2 as is the case of the classical uniform boundedness theorem [2, p. 105]. DEFINITION 1. A family H of continuous linear transformations with common domain a linear topological space E and ranges in a locally convex space F is bounded on a Cauchy sequence {Xn } in E if for every neighborhood V of the origin in F there exists a positive real number r with the property that for each f in H there is an Nf such that f (xn) is in r V for all n > Nf. The following theorem is stated in the context of the definition.

Let S be a nonconvex weakly compact and weakly connected subset of a real locally convex topological linear space L and D a relatively weakly open subset of S containing the set Inc of local nonconvexity points of S with respect to the weak topology. It is proved that ker , where regS denotes the set of regular points of S and . This substantially stregthens a recent result of Stavrakas in which the intersection above was taken over the whole set regS. The intersection formula is shown to hold also for a nonconvex connected weakly compact subset S of L with D being a relatively weakly open subset of S containing the set IncS of local nonconvexity points of S.

It is proved that the following spaces are absolute retracts: every F-space with a Schauder basis and certain function spaces along with their subgroups of integer-valued elements. It is also observed that for every u-compact convex set, the absolute extension property for compacta implies the AR-property.

On an iterative method for solving the time-optimal problem

Altman [1] showed that Riesz-Schauder theory remains valid for a completely continuous linear operator on a locally convex Hausdorflf topological vector space over the complex field. In a later paper [2], he proved an analogue of the Aronszajn-Smith result; specifically, he showed that such an operator possesses a proper closed invariant subspace. The purpose of this paper is to show that Ringrose's theory of superdiagonal forms for compact linear operators [3] can be generalized to the case of a completely continuous linear operator on a locally convex Hausdorff topological vector space over the complex field. However, the proof given in [3] requires considerable modification.

Let $E$ and $F$ be locally convex spaces and $G$ their completed $\varepsilon$-tensor product. It is shown that if $S$ and $T$ are weakly almost periodic equicontinuous semigroups of operators on $E$ and $F$ respectively, then, under mild restrictions on $E$ or $F, S \otimes T$ is a weakly almost periodic equicontinuous semigroup of operators on $G$, and the almost periodic and flight vector subspaces of $G$ are related in a natural way to the corresponding subspaces of $E$ and $F$ via the $\varepsilon$-tensor product. Furthermore, if $E$ and $F$ both decompose into a direct sum of these subspaces then so does $G$.

On contractive and convergence properties of a class of truncated operators represented through Schauder bases with applications