Web of Things Interoperability Using JSON-LD

The Internet of Things (IoT) is being applied for stovepipe solutions, since it presents a semantic description limited to a specific domain. IoT needs to be pushed towards a more open, interoperable and collaborative IoT. The first step has been the Web of Things (WoT). WoT evolves the IoT with a common stack based on web services. But, even when a homogeneous access is reached through web protocols, a common understanding is not yet acquired. For this purpose, the Semantic Web of Things (SWoT) is proposed for the integration of the semantic web on the WoT. This work analyses the SWoT, presenting its different levels to offer an IoT convergence. Specifically, we analyse the trends for capillary networks and for cellular networks with standards such as IPSO, ZigBee, OMA, and the oneM2M initiative. This work also analyses the impact of the semantic-annotations/metadata in the performance of the resources.

This paper reports on the early-stage development of an analytics framework to support the semantic integration of dynamic surveillance data across multiple scales to inform decision making for malaria eradication. We propose using the Semantic Web of Things (SWoT), a combination of Internet of Things (IoT) and semantic web technologies, to support the evolution and integration of dynamic malaria data sources and improve interoperability between different datasets generated through relevant IoT assets (e.g. computers, sensors, persons, and other smart objects and devices).

Intelligent, autonomous agents are still not available in the Semantic Web at large scale today. Also the fields of Semantic Web and Multi-Agent Systems are not working together very closely although they could profit much from each other. Existing approaches merely use the Web as a transport layer and are not properly aligned to the architectural style of the Web. The Internet of Things, which would be very useful for agents to act upon Things in the real world, on the other side is very fragmented and not easily inter-operable. The Web of Things has emerged as an approach to use the (Semantic) Web as an application layer for Things. It is still unclear however, how agents on the WoT should look like. We propose that the Semantic Web is a suitable integration layer, both for agents and Things. We investigate how a Multi-Agent System in the Semantic Web of Things can be build by utilizing simple reflex agents and the communication paradigm of stigmergy. We map Things and artifacts to Web resources that are managed by a Web server and provide affordances to agents through hypermedia.KeywordsMulti-Agent SystemsWeb of ThingsSimple reflex agentsStigmergyRestHypermedia

A Semantic Web of Things (SWoT) brings together the Semantic Web and the Web of Things (WoT), associating semantically annotated information to web-enabled physical devices, services and their data, towards seamless data integration and better understanding of real-world information. A missing element in order to realize SWoT is a standardized, scalable and flexible way to globally discover in (near) real time web-connected embedded devices, as well as their semantic data. To address this gap, we propose WOT Semantic Search Engine (WOTS2E), which is a search engine for the SWoT, based on web crawling, being able to discover Linked Data endpoints and, through them, WoT-enabled devices and their services. In this paper, we describe the design, development and implementation of WOTS2E, as well as an evaluation procedure showing its operation and performance across the web.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system that connects all physical devices to the web through switches, allowing them to exchange data. Web application development is advancing at a steady pace, and it is being used by a broad range of people in a variety of different fields and situations. To save human effort and make things easier, IoT often allows remote access to the existing system, which has been put up by different calculating institutions. Programed control of any gadget to get to the framework without human mediation is a unique IoT characteristic termed IoT. IoT, or the Internet of Things, refers to 'things' as a mixture of equipment components, programming information, and provided services. This device collects data from various devices from previous technological advances and exchanges it with other connected devices. IoT innovation can be portrayed as 'Web of Things', wherein this innovation is constructed dependent on the idea that all the ideal gadgets can be associated inside a particular system for sharing information and data with no manual intercession. The gadgets utilized for this can be isolated contingent to their capacity to send, get, and assemble information in the given system. IoT is obvious because of its remarkable properties that are, secure in nature, can be utilized on savvy gadgets, the capacity to interface with a system helps for the quicker network, etc. Thus IoT is a specialty innovation where heaps of work are going on and where the associations are attempting to computerize human exertion so the possibility of mistake will be negligible or zero. IoT will make things significantly simpler for people and associations with their machines to machine collaboration and network.

In the vision of the Internet of Things (IoT), an increasing number of embedded devices of all sorts (e.g., sensors, mobile phones, cameras, smart meters, smart cars, traffic lights, smart home appliances, etc.) are now capable of communicating and sharing data over the Internet. Although the concept of using embedded systems to control devices, tools and appliances has been proposed for almost decades now, with every new generation, the ever-increasing capabilities of computation and communication pose new opportunities, but also new challenges. As IoT becomes an active research area, different methods from various points of view have been explored to promote the development and popularity of IoT. One trend is viewing IoT as Web of Things (WoT) where the open Web standards are supported for information sharing and device interoperation. By penetrating smart things into existing Web, the conventional web services are enriched with physical world services. This WoT vision enables a new way of narrowing the barrier between virtual and physical worlds.In this paper, we elaborate the architecture and some key enabling technologies of WoT. Some pioneer open platforms and prototypes are also illustrated. The most recent research results are carefully summarized. Furthermore, many systematic comparisons are made to provide the insight in the evolution and future of WoT. Finally, we point out some open challenging issues that shall be faced and tackled by research community.

Chapter 13 - WoX: Model-Driven Development of Web of Things Applications

The concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) has fundamentally redefined the connectivity landscape by integrating physical devices with the Internet for data exchange. The Web of Things (WoT) takes this integration a step further by embedding IoT devices within the web, thus facilitating their interoperability. However, the inherent complexity of WoT architecture requires a layer of abstraction to simplify development and integration. Patterns and reference architectures (RAs) provide such an abstraction, modeling solutions for recurrent problems within this domain. In this paper, we aim to develop an RA for the WoT ecosystem. We use architectural patterns to build the RA of the WoT. Here, we present the WoT gateway pattern, which provides a clear and adaptable framework for integrating diverse IoT devices, ensuring seamless communication and functionality within the broader web ecosystem. The purpose of this pattern is twofold: to ensure the interoperability of WoT implementations and to serve as a foundational guide for developers navigating the multifaceted challenges of WoT system design. The pattern also paves the way for building an RA for IoT environments. KEYWORDS Architectural patterns, Internet of Things, reference architecture, web development, web science, WoT

Interacting with the Web of Things

The upsurge of the population with an associate exponential ratemakes feeding everyone an enormous concern for the agricultural sector. One little-explored business that the web of things has the potential to revolutionize utterly is agriculture. From farmer to logistics and client, the Block-chain And the Internet of Things (IoT) and is revising the food manufacturing industry. With the unfolding of IoT and Block-chain, it is become important to ensure food safety for everybody brings confidence and transparency within the food chain. In this paper, we are designing an IoT-based Farm robot and Block-chain-based mobile application by shrinking environmental footprint, escalating client contentment, improving transparency throughout the provision chain, and promising genuine financial gain to the farmer are some key highlights. The crop monitor application alerts the farmer in case of unfavorable conditions to take appropriate actions. There is also a route created for mutual interaction between the farmers, logistics, and consumers through the Smart Agritech application for increased transparency. It allows the customer order for his items which will be notified via mail and then the logistics team does the job of transportation which can be traced. The outcome of this project is to ensure the best quality crop production because of real-time monitoring. The mobile application is a direct platform for e-commerce between farmers and customers without the involvement of middlemen. Easy supply chain traceability also ensures a fairer transaction. The farmer is provided with respect, income, and involvement in mainstream agronomics.

The Internet of Things (IoT) primary objective is to make a hyper-connected world for various application domains. However, IoT suffers from a lack of interoperability leading to a substantial threat to the predicted economic value. Schema.org provides semantic interoperability to structure heterogeneous data on the Web. An extension of this vocabulary for the IoT domain (iot.schema.org) is an ongoing research effort to address semantic interoperability for the Web of Things (WoT). To design this vocabulary, a central challenge is to identify the main topics (concepts and properties) automatically from existing knowledge in IoT applications. We designed KE4WoT (Knowledge Extraction for the Web of Things) to automatically identify the most important topics from literature ontologies of 3 different IoT application domains - smart home, smart city and smart weather - based on our corpus consisting of 4500 full-text conference and journal articles to utilize domain-specific knowledge encoded within IoT publications. Despite the importance of automatically identifying the relevant topics for iot.schema.org, up to know there is no study dealing with this issue. To evaluate the extracted topics, we compare the descriptiveness of these topics for the 10 most popular ontologies in the 3 domains with empirical evaluations of 23 domain experts. The results illustrate that the identified main topics of IoT ontologies can be used to sufficiently describe existing ontologies as keywords.

The Semantic Web of Things (SWoT) merges the Internet of Things with knowledge representation and reasoning techniques borrowed from the Semantic Web, in order to improve resource management and discovery. This paper proposes a SWoT framework in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) enabling cooperative discovery of sensors and actuators. A backward-compatible extension of the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) makes possible to use semantic matchmaking via non-standard reasoning to better characterize the resource discovery. The framework also integrates nimble data stream mining to detect and annotate high-level events through raw data gathered from the environment. A cooperative environmental monitoring case study in Hybrid Sensor and Vehicular Networks (HSVN) is presented together with experiments on a real testbed to assess feasibility and benefits of proposal.

Internet of Things (IoT) is the growing invention in the current development of different domains like industries, e-health, and education, etc. Semantic web of things (SWoT) is an extension of IoT that enhance the communication by behaving intelligently. SWoT comprises 7 layered architecture. The perception layer is an important layer for collecting data from devices and to communicate with its associated layer. The data loss at the perception layer is very common due to inadequate resources, unpredictable link, noise, collision, and unexpected damage. To address this problem, we propose a method based on Compressive Sensing which recovers and estimates sensory data from a low-rank structure. The contribution of this paper is three folds. Firstly, we determine the problem of data acquisition and data loss at semantic sensory nodes in SWoT. Secondly, we introduce a compressive sensing based framework for SWoT that recovers the data accurately using low-rank features. Thirdly, the data estimation method is utilized to reduce the volume of the data. Proposed Compressive Sensing based Data Recoverability and Estimation (CS-RE) method is evaluated and compared with the existing reconstruction methods. The simulation results on real sensory datasets depict that the proposed method significantly outperforms existing methods in terms of error ratio and data recoverability accuracy.

Secure computing is essential as environments continue to become intertwined and hyperconnected. As the Internet of Things (IoT), Web of Things (WoT), and the Internet of Everything (IoE) dominate the landscape of technological platforms, protection these complicated networks is important. The everyday person who wishes to have more devices that allow the ability to be connected needs to be aware of what threats they could be potentially exposing themselves to. Additionally, for the unknowing consumer of everyday products needs to be aware of what it means to have sensors, Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID), Bluetooth, and WiFi enabled products. This submission explores how Availability, Integrity, and Confidentiality (AIC) can be applied to IoT, WoT, and IoE with consideration for the application of these architectures in the defense sector.

Smart cities are becoming more and more popular. Currently, there is no unified and interoperable system which could be reused and redeployed in future smart cities. Having an interoperable: (1) system, (2) architecture, (3) workflow to process IoT data, (4) interoperable applications and services, and (5) secure access to data is becoming essential to reduce development cost in smart cities and ensure interoperability among vertical IoT applications (i.e., domain-specific). Firstly, we survey existing work integrating semantic web technologies to Internet of Things, also called 'Semantic Web of Things' and applying it to smart cities. Secondly, we share in this paper, our vision of Semantic Web of Things applied to smart cities and highlight main research challenges. Finally, the main contribution of this work is the semantic engine applied to IoT and smart cities. Moreover, the proposed semantic engine is applied to three use cases: Machine-to-Machine Measurement (M3) framework, FIESTA-IOT EU project and VITAL EU project.