What's Wrong with the Global Slavery Index?

This study investigated psychosocial predictors of involvement of women as victims of human trafficking using. This descriptive study had four independent variables- “coping strategies”, “self-esteem” “risk taking attitude” and “social support”. The dependent variable was involvement of women as victims of trafficking in persons. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 300 participants from Lagos and Ogun States for this study. Four survey instruments were adopted in this study – The Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL), Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (COPE), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES), Domain–Specific Risk-Taking Attitude Scale (RAS) and Involvement in Trafficking in Person Scale (ITPS) was developed by this researcher Two hypotheses were tested and findings indicated significant combined and relative contributions of psychosocial factors identified as predictors of involvement of women as victims of trafficking in persons. These findings emphasized the roles of communities in preventing rather than punishing the crime of human trafficking .The young girls that were denied necessary social support either perceived or tangible might have high propensity to take risk, have poor self esteem and adopt emotional coping strategies. This situation coupled with high level of poverty serve as plausible to fall prey or enticed by the bait of traffickers. It was recommended that various government agencies and parastatal should ensure enforcement of compulsory universal basic education, discourage disparity against girl child education and educate family exposing children to danger through cultural practices such as child fostering. Gender and Behaviour Vol. 6 (1) 2008: pp. 1480-1493

A Path to Protection: Collateral Crime Vacatur for Wisconsin's Victims of Sex Trafficking

Victims of trafficking in persons are understood as Victims of crime are persons who have suffered personal or collective harm, including physical or mental injury, mental suffering, financial loss, or substantial damage to their basic rights, as a result of acts or omissions that violate applicable criminal laws and laws. That prevents criminal abuse of power. Victims of human rights crimes, namely the right to obtain restitution, medical rehabilitation, social rehabilitation, social reintegration, and refoulment. This study uses normative legal research methods with a research approach, namely the statutory approach and the legal concept analysis approach. As well as the data analysis technique used is a qualitative descriptive analysis technique. the result of the social reintegration of victims of trafficking in persons as a process of reuniting victims with their families or communities includes physical, psychological and rehabilitation protection and ensures that the reintegration process of applicable social norms can be understood by victims who wish to return to their hometowns. In the Indonesian context, especially the Social Service in Malang, victims must also ensure that they have identity cards, family cards, and other supporting data as tools for identification and a complete assessment of human trafficking victims. However, considering that human trafficking victims are vulnerable, especially in population data and administration, other identification options are needed to make integrating human trafficking victims easier. Keywords: Social Reintegration; Victims; Human Trafficking; Indonesia.

Introduction: An estimated 20 million people are victims of human trafficking around the world annually. In the United States, human trafficking is a federal crime under the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000. US studies have shown that up to 88% of human trafficking victims seek medical care. Therefore, as physicians we have a unique opportunity to recognize these acts and potentially intervene. The human gastrointestinal cavity is often used for illegal purposes, such as narco-trafficking leading to foreign body ingestion. We present a unique case of a 28-year-old female who was a sex trafficking victim and presented to the hospital after she was forced to swallow two global positioning system (GPS) trackers by her traffickers. Case Description/Methods: A 28-year-old female with history of seizures, presented to the emergency department with 1 week of hematemesis. She reported that she was a human trafficking victim, forced to swallow two GPS trackers 8 days prior. Blood pressure was 106/72, pulse 67, temperature 97.8 °F. Physical examination was negative for abdominal tenderness or distention. Hemoglobin was 10.1 g/dL. CT scan of abdomen and pelvis showed two metallic disc shaped objects in the gastric antrum measuring 2.1 × 0.6 cm each. The gastroenterology team was consulted and performed an urgent esophagogastroduodenoscopy. At EGD, 2 “TILE” tracking GPS devices were found in the antrum, and were removed with Roth net without complication. The social work team was involved, and the retrieved objects were transferred to Homeland Security. Prior to further investigation, the patient left against medical advice, without subsequent return (Figure). Discussion: To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of endoscopic removal of GPS trackers from a patient’s stomach in the US. This case highlights use of GPS devices for malicious purposes and the clinical challenges posed for healthcare providers. Human trafficking is underrecognized in medicine due to the associated legal and social stigma, with women, children, and financially challenged populations being more likely targets. Victims may not disclose any history of abuse due to fear of retribution. Physicians should have a high level of suspicion when potentially encountering such patients as one interaction and physician intervention may be potentially life-altering or lifesaving for victims of human trafficking.Figure 1.: Two GPS trackers in the gastric antrum.

Recently, the social dimension of sustainability has become a focal point for academia and practitioners. Despite this growing attention, several unresolved challenges still exist within supply chain management (SCM), limiting the attainment of satisfactory levels of sustainability. This study fills this gap by proposing a Bayesian Network (BN) model, an Artificial Intelligence (AI) technique, for assessing the risk probability related to the social dimension of sustainability in supplier contracting. This novel approach utilises BN model incorporating the Human Development Index (HDI) and Global Slavery Index (GSI) to ascertain the likelihood of non-compliance risks in social aspects across apparel supply chains. Findings and testing of the BN model in apparel industry revealed that this model represents a proactive tool for decision-makers and practitioners by facilitating the monitoring and control of social burdens across SC tiers. Empirical analysis successfully identified the risk probability levels of non-compliance integrating company-specific data and external sources. The BN model offers a comprehensive understanding of the supply chain to mitigate a company’s risk and leverage its transparency regarding the social dimension of sustainability. The BN model offers an essential resource for practitioners, decision-makers, and academia to address more effectively the social dimension of sustainability in the SCM.

The phenomenon of human trafficking stands out as the starkest example of illegal border crossing. Illegal migration with a difference – trafficking has “victims.” As victims, those who are trafficked fit differently into the imagination than many of those who are rendered illegal by the migration laws of prosperous nations. The label “illegal” will hardly stick, as the victims are innocent. This makes it more difficult for states to rhetorically cast the victims of trafficking as transgressors, thus altering the familiar illegal migration discourse. It is even problematic to equate the victims of human trafficking with those who suffer from the trafficking of drugs. Drug addicts are discursively more blameworthy than human trafficking victims are; they somehow are associated with some initial choice, a lack of willpower, or at the very least, a deep weakness. Trafficked humans have none of these markers. Although people trafficked are not only women and children, they are overwhelmingly so. In addition, while they do not exclusively serve the sex trade of the prosperous, sex work and sexual exploitation predominate as explanations for the success, in market terms, of trafficking in human beings.

Human Trafficking and the Emergency Nurse

Trafficking in Persons (TIP) for the purposes of exploitation is believed to be one of the most prolific areas of international criminal activity and is of significant concern to the United States and the international community. According to Department of State estimates, roughly 800,000 people are trafficked across borders each year. If trafficking within countries is included in the total world figures, official U.S. estimates indicate that some 2 to 4 million people are trafficked annually. As many as 17,500 people are believed to be trafficked into the United States each year and some have estimated that 100,000 U.S. citizen (USC) children are victims of trafficking within the United States.. Since enactment of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA, P.L. 106—386), the Administration and Congress have aimed to address TIP by authorizing new programs and reauthorizing existing ones, appropriating funds, creating new criminal laws, and conducting oversight on the effectiveness and implications of U.S. anti-TIP policy. Most recently, the TVPA was reauthorized through FY2011 in the William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008 (PL. 110-A5T). Obligations for global vol2:68and domestic antiTIP programs, not including operations and law enforcement investigations, totaled approximately $103.5 million in FY2009. Activity on combating TIP may continue into the 112th Congress, particularly related to efforts to reauthorize the TVPA. Ongoing international policy issues include how to measure the effectiveness of the U.S. and international responses to TIP, including the State Department’s annual TIP rankings and the use of unilateral sanctions; and how to prevent known sex offenders from engaging in child sex tourism. Domestic issues that may arise include whether there is equal treatment of all victims—both foreign nationals and U.S. citizens, as well as victims of labor and sex trafficking; and whether current law and services are adequate to deal with the emerging issue of domestic minor sex trafficking (i.e., the prostitution of children in the United States). Other issues are whether to include all forms of prostitution (i.e., children and adults) in the definition of TIP, and whether sufficient efforts are applied to addressing all forms of TIP, including not only sexual exploitation, but also forced labor and child soldiers. On June 14, 2010, the State Department issued its 10th annual, congressionally mandated report on human trafficking. In addition to outlining major trends and ongoing challenges in combating TIP, the report provides a country-by-country analysis and ranking, based on what progress foreign countries have made in their efforts to prosecute traffickers, protect victims, and prevent TIP. For the first time, the United States was included as one of the ranked countries. The report categorizes countries into four tiers according to the government’s efforts to combat trafficking. Those countries that do not cooperate in the fight against trafficking (Tier 3) may be subject to U.S. foreign assistance sanctions. On September 13, 2010, President Barack Obama determined that two Tier 3 countries will be sanctioned for FY2011 without exemption (Eritrea and North Korea). In addition, he determined that four Tier 3 countries will be partially sanctioned (Burma, Cuba, Iran, and Zimbabwe). The 2010 TIP report also included for the first time, a list of six countries that recruit, use, or harbor child soldiers. Inclusion on this list subjects these countries to possible U.S. assistance sanctions.

This research examines the legal protections available to Indonesian citizens who are victims of human trafficking in Myanmar, focusing on the alignment of Indonesia's domestic laws with international standards. Specifically, it scrutinizes the harmonization of legal protection for witnesses and victims of human trafficking under Act Number 21 of 2007 concerning the Eradication of the Crime of Trafficking in Persons with the protocols established by United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, particularly its supplement, the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women, and Children. The study adopts a legal research methodology using a comparative law approach to analyze domestic and international legal frameworks. It investigates how well Act Number 21 of 2007 integrates the provisions of the UNTOC, noting areas of strong alignment and aspects that require further enhancement. The research finds that while Act Number 21 of 2007 is largely in sync with the UNTOC, it falls short in incorporating specific provisions for the special needs of trafficking victims, such as psychological support, housing, and rehabilitation services. The findings highlight significant steps taken by the Indonesian government to protect its citizens from human trafficking but also underscore the need for a more comprehensive approach that includes provisions for the unique needs of victims. The study advocates for amendments to the national legislation to fill these gaps and suggests a more robust framework for international cooperation to combat human trafficking in the region effectively.

The article deals with the combat of forced labor and human trafficking in Central Asia. It is noted that this problem has emerged since the early 90s, when these countries got the independence, due to the difficult economic situation, activity of extremist organizations. It is pointed out that the victims of trafficking may be men, women and children, but in most cases they are young women and girls who are sexually exploited. It is shown by the examples of each of the countries of the region, what is being done to counter this terrible phenomenon. The Government of the Republic of Tajikistan established the Interdepartmental Commission to Combat Human Trafficking. The commission, in cooperation with international organizations doing some work to inform the public, the search for victims of sexual business, return and rehabilitation of these persons. In Kazakhstan, according to the new law it has become easier to initiate criminal proceedings concerning labor slavery. In addition, a temporary accommodation center for victims of human trafficking «Komek» was created. In Kyrgyzstan, a working group on the development of 3 of the National Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings (2011-2015) under the auspices of the Ministry of Labour, Employment and Migration of the Kyrgyz Republic was created. In Uzbekistan, the law «on combating human trafficking» came into force. In addition, a Republican Interdepartmental Commission to Combat Human Trafficking was created. The law defines the powers of public authorities directly involved in the activities in this direction. In Turkmenistan, the government prohibits all forms of trafficking of persons in accordance with Article 129 of the Criminal Code, adopted in May 2010 and entered into force in July 2010. It provides for penalties ranging from 4 to 25 years in prison. These penalties sufficiently stringent and commensurate with penalties prescribed for other serious crimes, such as rape. At the end of the article conclusions and recommendations are made.

Human trafficking is a complex crime of profit‐driven exploitation facilitated by force, fraud, or coercion. Human trafficking manifests in many forms, including sex trafficking, labor trafficking, and child sex tourism. While many victims of human trafficking are moved across international borders, others are victims of domestic human trafficking within their home country. Traffickers often prey on the vulnerabilities of individuals distressed by poverty, economic upheaval, war, abuse, or marginalization. International and national antitrafficking laws enable law enforcement to protect victims and prosecute traffickers. Nevertheless, in the majority of cases traffickers continue to accumulate large profits with little risk of detection or punishment.

Objectives(1) To estimate the proportion of National Health Service (NHS) professionals who have come into contact with trafficked people and (2) to measure NHS professionals’ knowledge and confidence to respond...

The phenomenon of human trafficking in Indonesia has become a serious problem. The majority of victims who are targeted for human trafficking in Indonesia are women with the aim of being employed as laborers or for sexual exploitation. Women are still considered weak by some in society, making them a vulnerable group to become victims of human trafficking. With the increasing number of cases of human trafficking, the Ministry of Social Affairs, the Ministry of PPPA, the Ministry of Health, and the Indonesian National Police are partnering with LKS Sakura Al Jamaan Bogor in an effort to provide services for women victims of human trafficking. The stages that are carried out after the service delivery is considered complete are social reintegration. This study discusses a thorough understanding of the social reintegration of victims of human trafficking at LKS Sakura Al Jamaan Bogor. This research was conducted using descriptive qualitative methods to provide a thorough understanding of the topics discussed. The results of the study show that the implementation of social reintegration at LKS Sakura Al Jamaan Bogor adheres to the SOP of Permen PP and PA Number 8 of 2021, there are differences in the implementation of social reintegration during and before the pandemic, certain stages of implementing social reintegration, and there are opportunities and obstacles to implementing social reintegration at LKS Sakura Al Jamaan Bogor.

Background: Human trafficking is a crime that degrades human dignity, involving hundreds or even thousands of victims per year both on a global and local scale. In the human trafficking, various types of violence often occur. It is important to identify that the patient is a victim of human trafficking when a doctor encounter a patient due to sexual violence. Doctor must pay more attention to collect evidence through anamnesis, physical examination, and advance examination. Thus, the next strategy to help victims of human trafficking can be carried out. Aim: To identify the characteristics of physical, mental, and sexual health conditions in patients victims of TPPO as well as medical measures taken. Method: This is a systematic literature review of the literature obtained from four databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, Sage Journal, and Semantic Scholar. A literature search using the SPIDER method is initial screening and screening before downloading. Selected literatures then put for further selection with criteria of inclusion and exclusion to obtain eligible literature. The next step is ecstraction by conducting a critical review using a checklist according to the design of literature research. Result: Five literatures are eligibile with 2 literature conduct medical examinations, 4 literature discussing physical health issues, 3 literature discussing reproductive health issues, and 4 literature discussing mental health issues. Some of the literatures show the most common physical health problems are tired, memory impairment, and headaches or dizziness. Sexual health problems are sexually transmitted infections, urination pain in women and the risk of pregnancy. Mental health problems are PTSD, anxiety, and depression, desire and even suicide attempts, substance or alcohol use. Conclusion: Victims of human trafficking (men, women, and children) experience physical, sexual, and mental health problems.

Human trafficking has become a global issue that caught attention of many countries and also this crime has been included as heavy violations of human rights. The Developing countries like Indonesia often become the targets of criminal practices-based on human trafficking. Diverse modes have done which is throught the distribution of labour abroad. Women and children are the most listed as victims of human trafficking with the exploitation purpose. The border area has become a transit point for the distribution of workforce is either legal or illegal so the border is become a vulnerable area of human trafficking practices. In west Kalimantan particularly in Sambas Regency, the current transitions of ilegal labour to Malaysia is an usual and they not aware has a victims of human trafficking. This study attempt to describe and analysis the phenomenon of trafficking in person with mode of lobor distribution especially the case infemale worker (TKW) in Sambas Regency throught qualitative approach of techniques of observation and interview limited and also literature review.