Why we need neurodiversity in brain and behavioral sciences

Learning motivated by electrical stimulation of the brain.

Cardiovascular effects of face immersion and factors affecting diving reflex in man.

A healthy lifestyle is fundamental for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Investment in primary prevention, including modification of health risk behaviors, could result in a 4-fold improvement in health outcomes compared with secondary prevention based on pharmacological treatment. The American Heart Association (AHA) emphasized the importance of lifestyle in its 2020 goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction. In addition to defining “cardiovascular health” based on criteria for blood pressure and biochemical markers (lipids and glycemia), the AHA Strategic Planning Committee further identified lifestyle characteristics of central importance: nutrition, physical activity, smoking, and maintenance of a healthy body weight.1 The World Health Organization estimated that ≈80% of NCDs could be prevented if 4 key lifestyle practices were followed: a healthy diet, being physically active, avoidance of tobacco, and alcohol intake in moderation.2 To support healthy lifestyle initiatives, major changes are necessary at the societal level to improve population health. Numerous strategies might help to create a culture that promotes and facilitates healthy behaviors, including creating laws and regulations, mounting large-scale public awareness and education campaigns, implementing local community programs, and providing individual counseling.3 Physicians are uniquely positioned to encourage individuals to adopt healthy lifestyle behaviors: Approximately 80% of Americans visit their primary care physician at least once a year. Physicians directly communicate with their patients during clinical encounters across numerous settings, and research indicates that patients highly value recommendations provided by their physicians.4,5 However, data further indicate that lifestyle counseling does not routinely occur in physicians’ offices, thereby representing a lost opportunity. Physicians report that they perform lifestyle counseling during ≈34% of clinic visits.4 Patients, in turn, report an even lower frequency of physician lifestyle counseling. For example, obese patients reported receiving physical activity and …

Previous articleNext article No AccessMagic and Witchcraft: An Interpretation from Dissonance TheoryTheodore Rosenthal, and Bernard J. SiegelTheodore Rosenthal Search for more articles by this author , and Bernard J. Siegel Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 15, Number 2Summer, 1959 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.15.2.3628803 Views: 10Total views on this site Citations: 32Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in the Southwestern Journal of Anthropology (1945-1972), which is continued by the Journal of Anthropological Research (1973-present). PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Thi An Tran From Dichotomy to Multipolarity: A Case Study of the Four Ladyship Saints Worshipping Practices in Vietnam, (Oct 2021): 167–187.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5055-0_10Patrick Kwaku Ofori, David Tod, David Lavallee An exploratory investigation of superstitious behaviours, coping, control strategies, and personal control in Ghanaian and British student-athletes, International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 16, no.11 (Feb 2016): 3–19.https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2016.1142460Richard Sosis, W. Penn Handwerker Psalms and Coping with Uncertainty: Religious Israeli Women's Responses to the 2006 Lebanon War, American Anthropologist 113, no.11 (Feb 2011): 40–55.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1433.2010.01305.xJules J. Wanderer, George Rivera, Jr. Black magic beliefs and white magic practices: The common structure of intimacy, tradition, and power, The Social Science Journal 23, no.44 (Dec 2019): 419–430.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0362-3319(86)80016-7Nicholas P. Spanos Hypnotic behavior: A social-psychological interpretation of amnesia, analgesia, and “trance logic”, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no.33 (Feb 2010): 449–467.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00046537John O. Beahrs The “special-process” controversy: What is at issue?, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no.33 (Feb 2010): 467–468.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00046549Patricia G. Bowers Understanding reports of nonvolition, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no.33 (Feb 2010): 469–470.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00046562Nathan Brody Cognitively induced analgesia and semantic dissociation, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no.33 (Feb 2010): 470–470.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00046574William E. Edmonston Hypnosis and social suggestibility, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no.33 (Feb 2010): 470–471.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00046586Frederick J. Evans Hypnosis and behavioral compliance: Is the cup half-empty or half-full?, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no.33 (Feb 2010): 471–473.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00046598Kenneth R. Graham Explaining “virtuoso” hypnotic performance: Social psychology or experiential skill?, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no.33 (Feb 2010): 473–474.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00046604John F. Kihlstrom Strong inferences about hypnosis, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no.33 (Feb 2010): 474–475.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00046616Irving Kirsch Role playing versus response expectancy as explanations of hypnotic behavior, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no.33 (Feb 2010): 475–476.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00046628Peter L. N. Naish Hypnosis: Towards a rational explanation of irrational behaviour, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no.33 (Feb 2010): 476–477.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0004663XMartin T. Orne, David F. Dinges, Emily Carota Orne Hypnotic experience: A cognitive social-psychological reality, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no.33 (Feb 2010): 477–478.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00046641Campbell Perry, Jean-Roch Laurence Social and psychological influences on hypnotic behavior, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no.33 (Feb 2010): 478–479.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00046653Robert Rosenthal Nonsignificant relationships as scientific evidence, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no.33 (Feb 2010): 479–481.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00046665Ted L. Rosenthal Hypnotic phenomena: Who really sees the emperor's new clothes?, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no.33 (Feb 2010): 481–481.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00046677John Sabini, Debra A. Kossman What grandma thinks about hypnosis, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no.33 (Feb 2010): 481–482.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00046689Richard St. Jean Hypnosis: Artichoke or onion?, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no.33 (Feb 2010): 482–482.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00046690Peter W. Sheehan Theories of hypnosis – useful or necessary paths to truth?, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no.33 (Feb 2010): 483–483.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00046707David Spiegel Painstaking reminders of forgotten trance logic, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no.33 (Feb 2010): 484–485.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00046719Dennis C. Turk, Thomas E. Rudy Hypnotic behavior dissected or … pulling the wings off butterflies, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no.33 (Feb 2010): 485–485.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00046720Geoffrey Underwood Using simulations to disprove hypnosis amnesia? Forget it, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no.33 (Feb 2010): 485–486.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00046732Graham F. Wagstaff State versus nonstate paradigms of hypnosis: A real or a false dichotomy?, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no.33 (Feb 2010): 486–487.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00046744Edwin A. Weinstein Attentional capacities have neurological basis, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no.33 (Feb 2010): 487–488.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00046756Nicholas P. Spanos More on the social psychology of hypnotic responding, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no.33 (Feb 2010): 489–502.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0004677XThomas Frank Lazar Indigenous Curing Patterns in a Samoan Migrant Community, Oceania 55, no.44 (Feb 2015): 288–302.https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4461.1985.tb02094.xTED L. ROSENTHAL Social Cueing Processes, (Jan 1980): 111–146.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-535610-7.50009-8 References, (Jan 1978): 287–320.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-596750-1.50010-1DAVID LANDY role adaptation: traditional curers under the impact of Western medicine 1, American Ethnologist 1, no.11 (Oct 2009): 103–127.https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.1974.1.1.02a00060Ted L. Rosenthal, Ronald W. Henderson, Arline Hobson, Maure Hurt Social Strata and Perception of Magical and Folk-Medical Child-Care Practices, The Journal of Social Psychology 77, no.11 (Feb 1969): 3–13.https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1969.9919842

PROJECTION OF THE RETINA ON SUPERIOR COLLICULUS OF CATS

Previous articleNext article No AccessDiscussion and CriticismIn Defense of Murdock: A Reply to DickemannJohn HartungJohn Hartung Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Current Anthropology Volume 24, Number 1Feb., 1983 Sponsored by the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/202954 Views: 9Total views on this site Citations: 18Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1983 The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological ResearchPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Laura Betzig Means, variances, and ranges in reproductive success: comparative evidence, Evolution and Human Behavior 33, no.44 (Jul 2012): 309–317.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.10.008Bobbi S. Low Men, women, and sustainability, Population and Environment 18, no.22 (Nov 1996): 111–141.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02208407John Hartung Matrilineal inheritance: New theory and analysis, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8, no.44 (Feb 2010): 661–670.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00045520Irwin S. Bernstein Sociobiological metaphor, the rules of evidence, and matrilineal inheritance, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8, no.44 (Feb 2010): 670–670.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00045532Gerald Borgia Do we need cultural inertia to explain matrilineal inheritance?, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8, no.44 (Feb 2010): 670–671.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00045544David M. Buss Inheritance strategies, resource allocation, and causal alternatives for individual traits, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8, no.44 (Feb 2010): 671–672.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00045556Peter T. Ellison Lineal inheritance and lineal extinction, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8, no.44 (Feb 2010): 672–672.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00045568Susan M. Essock-Vitale, Richard A. Vitale Assessment of paternity, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8, no.44 (Feb 2010): 672–673.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0004557XMark V. Flinn How can evolutionary theory help explain inheritance practices?, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8, no.0404 (Feb 2010): 673.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00045581Robin Fox Paternity irrelevance and matrilineal descent, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8, no.44 (Feb 2010): 674–675.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00045593Patricia Adair Gowaty Low probability of paternity or… something else?, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8, no.44 (Feb 2010): 675–675.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0004560XJeffrey A. Kurland Mother knows best?, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8, no.44 (Feb 2010): 675–676.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00045611Chet S. Lancaster Matrilineal inheritance: Sociobiological versus ethnological interpretations, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8, no.44 (Feb 2010): 676–677.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00045623Monique Borgerhoff Mulder Resource certainty or paternity uncertainty?, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8, no.44 (Feb 2010): 677–678.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00045635William M. Shields Uncertain paternity, matrilineality, and cross-cousin marriage: Hidden connections?, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8, no.44 (Feb 2010): 678–679.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00045647Nancy Wilimsen Thornhill, Randy Thornhill Matriliny and sexual selection and conflict, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8, no.44 (Feb 2010): 679–680.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00045659Daniel R. Vining Sociobiological theory and contemporary humans, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8, no.44 (Feb 2010): 680–681.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00045660John Hartung Lineal extinction — A bridge to ecology?, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8, no.44 (Feb 2010): 681–688.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00045672

Cognitive Mapping and the Origin of Language and Mind

[Author Affiliation]Sara Anne Haack. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.Paul R. Borghesani. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.Aaron J. Green. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.John F. Neumaier. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.Stanley I. Shyn. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.Address correspondence to: Stanley I. Shyn, MD, PhD, Box 359911, Harborview Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, E-mail: stanshyn@uw.eduTo The Editor:Catatonia was first described in 1874 by Karl Kahlbaum, and in the American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (DSM-5) is a specifier (not an independent disorder) requiring 3 of 12 possible symptoms, including: Stupor, catalepsy, waxy flexibility, mutism, negativism, posturing, odd mannerisms, stereotypies, agitation, grimacing, echolalia, and echopraxia (American Psychiatric Association 2013). Historically linked with schizophrenia, catatonia can also present in other mental disorders, as a result of other medical issues, and drugs. Notably, in situations where there is another mental disorder, as many as two thirds of patients with catatonia meet criteria for a mood disorder, often bipolar disorder (Weder et al. 2008).Benzodiazepines are first-line treatments for catatonia, and lorazepam response is often considered diagnostically corroborative. Still, only 70% of cases remit with benzodiazepines (Hawkins et al. 1995), and a variety of treatments are now used as adjuncts, including amantadine (Northoff et al. 1997; Hervey et al. 2012), memantine (Thomas et al. 2005; Obregon et al. 2011), and zolpidem (Thomas et al. 1997). In refractory cases, the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is supported by a limited case literature, with initial remission rates of 75% and sustained recovery at 6 months in 46% of pediatric catatonia cases (Rey and Walter 1997).In this report, we discuss a young patient admitted to our care following a 1.5-year-long course, whose catatonia responded well to ECT but who, nevertheless, continued to present diagnostic and management challenges.Case ReportJ., an 18-year-old Caucasian male, was transferred to our facility to initiate ECT for catatonia following two outside hospitalizations during the previous 5 weeks. On admission, J. was bedridden and on tube feeds, with stupor, waxy flexibility, mutism, negativism, and posturing. Prior to this, he had undergone extensive evaluation that included brain MRIs, electroencephalogram (EEG), lumbar puncture, a paraneoplastic antibody panel, transthoracic echocardiogram, and serologies for HIV, Herpes simplex virus (HSV), Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptococcus, and West Nile virus. None of these studies were revealing.Prior to age 17, J. had had an unremarkable history. He first became symptomatic his junior year in high school, when he began having more difficulty making decisions, and withdrew socially. After treatment-emergent anxiety and suicidality on paroxetine, and with positive depressive scores on two mood scales, bipolar disorder became the leading diagnosis. To target bipolar depression, olanzapine, ziprasidone, venlafaxine, sertraline, and quetiapine were successively trialed in outpatient care, but with prohibitive side effects or nonresponse.J.'s difficulties continued with a romantic breakup and plummeting grades. He mentioned, My body doesn't feel right. By spring of his senior year, J. exhibited compulsions, for example, repeatedly exiting and re-entering cars. Soon his deterioration became so severe that he stopped attending school. …

Factors Associated With Stigma Among Caregivers of Patients With Bipolar Disorder in the STEP-BD Study

Improving Medical and Psychiatric Outcomes Among Individuals With Bipolar Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial

To examine the validity of subthreshold pediatric bipolar I disorder (BP-I), we compared the familial risk for BP-I in the child probands who had either full BP-I, subthreshold BP-I, ADHD, or were controls that neither had ADHD nor bipolar disorder. BP-I probands were youth aged 6-17 years meeting criteria for BP-I, full (N=239) or subthreshold (N=43), and also included were their first-degree relatives (N=687 and N=120, respectively). Comparators were youth with ADHD (N=162), controls without ADHD or bipolar disorder (N=136), and their first-degree relatives (N=511 and N=411, respectively). We randomly selected 162 non-bipolar ADHD probands and 136 non-bipolar, non-ADHD control probands of similar age and sex distribution to the BP-I probands from our case-control ADHD family studies. Psychiatric assessments were made by trained psychometricians using the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children Epidemiological Version (KSADS-E) and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) structured diagnostic interviews. We analyzed rates of bipolar disorder using multinomial logistic regression. Rates of full BP-I significantly differed between the four groups (χ23 =32.72, P<.001): relatives of full BP-I probands and relatives of subthreshold BP-I probands had significantly higher rates of full BP-I than relatives of ADHD probands and relatives of control probands. Relatives of full BP-I, subthreshold BP-I, and ADHD probands also had significantly higher rates of major depressive disorder compared to relatives of control probands. Our results showed that youth with subthreshold BP-I had similarly elevated risk for BP-I and major depressive disorder in first-degree relatives as youth with full BP-I. These findings support the diagnostic continuity between subsyndromal and fully syndromatic states of pediatric BP-I disorder.

The authors measured intracellular Ca2+ concentrations in four manic and five bipolar depressed patients and seven comparison subjects. Platelet and lymphocyte intracellular Ca2+ concentrations were comparable. The patients' mean intracellular Ca2+ concentrations were higher than those of the comparison subjects and demonstrated more interindividual variation. These findings suggest a diffuse abnormality in mechanisms affecting intracellular calcium homeostasis in bipolar disorder.

Special Report: Women’s Reproductive Mental Health—A Clinical Framework

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article EditorialsFull AccessBipolar Disorder Treatment: An Evidence-Based Reality CheckJ. Raymond DePaulo Jr., M.D.J. Raymond DePaulo Jr.Search for more papers by this author, M.D.Published Online:1 Feb 2006https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.163.2.175AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail Results from the largest treatment study of bipolar disorder ever performed, the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD), are presented in this issue by Perlis et al. The authors report that just over one-half of their bipolar patients achieved full remission during the 2-year study and that almost one-half of these recovered patients relapsed at least once before the end of the study. They conclude that “these results suggest that in spite of modern evidence-based treatment, bipolar disorder remains a highly recurrent, predominantly depressive illness.” The STEP-BD data reported here are not the usual comparative assessment of treatments in a homogeneous sample of patients (i.e., an efficacy study). As a study carried out in a broadly representative sample of patients, it is an effectiveness study, and it describes a full 2 years of treatment. In addition, this study employed a “best-treatment-available” rather than a “treatment-as-usual” protocol, so I would call it an “effectiveness-plus” study. Nonetheless, the results are so similar to those observed in lithium treatment studies reported 20 to 35 years ago (1–5) that the question of whether today’s best treatments available for bipolar disorder are better than older treatment begs for an answer. Although not ideal, these outcomes are better than those reported by other large effectiveness studies of schizophrenia (the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness [CATIE] [6]) and of major depression (Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression [STAR*D] [7]). The three studies taken together, however, underline the suggestion that modern pharmacological treatments may be no more beneficial than older ones, despite their added cost.The authors also report that the relapses in their sample were strongly correlated with residual symptoms of depression or mania. And they suggest that if clinicians were to target residual symptoms, the overall treatment results for bipolar patients might improve. However, given the rigorous assessment and treatment protocols of the STEP-BD, which includes both psychological and pharmacological interventions, these symptoms already were the primary targets of the clinicians. It is not at all clear therefore whether clinicians could get better results with the treatments now available to them. So what should our field do today to address the needs of patients with bipolar disorder who have residual, chronic, or relapsing symptoms?Three articles in this issue (two by Perlis et al. and one by Lin et al.) point us toward logical places to look for help. Perlis et al. (in this issue), in a symptomatic comparison of depression in patients with unipolar and bipolar disorders, show, as have earlier studies, that many patients initially diagnosed and treated for depression later turn out to have bipolar disorder. Although not firmly established in the literature, if treatment of bipolar illness occurred earlier in its course, remission rates might improve. Indeed, patients might do better not only in symptomatic terms but also in social development. The diagnosis of bipolar disorder, which regularly begins in late adolescence (8; Perlis et al. in this issue), is often delayed for a decade (9). The illness is a significant hurdle on the path to normal adulthood, and delayed treatment can only make it harder to overcome.A third article in this issue, by Lin et al., on the clustering of age at onset in families as a marker of genetic heterogeneity reminds us that we still do not understand this largely genetic illness—from its origins, its molecular pathogenesis, or its pathophysiology. The sine qua non of translational research is that we must have some basic science findings in bipolar disorder to translate, i.e., to create rational treatment advances.Because we already have modestly effective, albeit empirical, treatments for bipolar disorder, we might not have to wait for decades after genes and pathways are illuminated to develop treatments, as is contemplated for Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s disease. Translatable clues to the biology of bipolar disorder could make today’s treatments much more effective by directing treatments to the patients who can best respond to them. The results of the STEP-BD study argue strongly that genetic, brain imaging, and neurobiological studies of bipolar disorder must be accelerated to help define who will respond best to which treatments in the long term. What seems clear from STEP-BD and the other major treatment studies is that we must provide clinicians and our patients with substantially better treatment options than are now available.Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. DePaulo, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer 4-113, Baltimore, MD 21287-7413; [email protected] (e-mail).

Is the Medical Model Appropriate for Psychoanalysis?Miltiades L. ZaphiropoulosMiltiades L. Zaphiropoulos28 Yale Road, Hartsdale, New York 10530.Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:July 2017https://doi.org/10.1521/jaap.1.1982.10.1.129PDFPDF PLUS ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations AboutReferencesBrown B. S. and Ochberg F. M. (1969), The medical muddle, Int. J, Psych., 9. Google ScholarBusse E. W. (1972), The presidential address: There are decisions to be made, Am. J. Psychiatry, 129, 1–9. Google ScholarChodoff P. (1977), The question of lay analysis revisited, J. Am. Acad. Psychoanal., 5, 431–445. Google ScholarCrowley R. M. (1968), Presidential address: The medical model in psychoanalysis, in Science and Psychoanalysis, Vol. XII, Grune and Stratton, New York, pp. 1–11. Google ScholarDyrud J. (1980), Rememberance of things past and present, Contemp. Psychoanal., 16, 335, 340–342. Google ScholarEngel G. L. (1980a), Need seen for a new medical model, as reported by Dorothy Trainor, Psychiatr. News, February. Google ScholarEngel G. L. (1980b), The clinical application of the biopsychosocial model, Am. J. Psychiatry, 137. Google ScholarFreud S. (1925), An Autobiographical Study, Standard Edition, Vol. XX, The Hogarth Press, London, 1959, p. 70. Google ScholarLudwig A. M. (1975), The psychiatrist as physician, JAMA, 234, 603–604. Google ScholarPattison E. M. (1977), Analysis said in danger in twilight of scientific age, as reported in Psychiatr. News, November 17. Google ScholarRedlich F. (1974), Psychoanalysis and the medical model, J. Am. Acad. Psychoanal., 2. Google ScholarSchimel J. L. (1979), Presidential address: The context of the psychoanalytical enterprise, J. Am. Acad. Psychoanal, 7. Google ScholarSchwartz R. A. (1974), Psychiatry's drift away from medicine, Am. J. Psychiatry, 131, 129–133. Google ScholarStainbrook E. (1974), Psychoanalysis, the sciences of behavior and some aspects of the sociology of science, J. Am. Acad. Psychoanal., 2. Google ScholarWhittington H. G. (1971), Whittington probes role of psychiatry in “medical model,” as reported in Psychiatr. News, July 7, p. 7. Google ScholarYamamoto J. (1980), Presidential address: Medicine, psychiatry, and psychoanalysis – Roots III of progressive psychoanalysis, J. Am. Acad. Psychoanal, 8, 165–184. Google ScholarZaphiropoulos M. L. (1975), Report of the Speaker-Elect, Am. J. Psychiatry, 132, 118–119. Google Scholar Previous article Next article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 10Issue 1Jan 1982 Information© 1982 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.PDF download