WindEurope Summit 2016

PrefaceOn behalf of the European Academy of Wind Energy (EAWE1) and WindEurope (formerly the European Wind Energy Association EWEA), we hereby have the pleasure of presenting the Scientific Proceedings of the WindEurope Conference 2018.Global Wind Summit 2018 (WindEurope Conference & WindEnergy Hamburg) took place in Hamburg on 25-28 September 2018. It is one of the largest and most important meeting places of the wind energy community. This year’s conference has featured 50 thematic sessions with a total of more than 500 speakers. As in previous years, the sessions mixed industrial content with scientific works, in order to increase the visibility of relevant scientific research and to facilitate an interchange of ideas between industry and academia.In continuation of the successful agreement between WindEurope and IOP Publishing, the scientific contributions of the WindEurope Conference 2018 are published in the Journal of Physics: Conference Series, an Open Access journal managed by the Institute of Physics (IOP). All papers in this volume originate from scientific contributions presented at WindEurope Conference 2018, and have been peer-reviewed in order to ensure strict, international standards, coordinated by the Scientific Proceedings Editors and aided by the EAWE Wind Europe Scientific Committee.New this year was the possibility for every accepted scientific abstract to submit a paper for the Scientific Proceedings. In previous years only the scientific papers presented in oral sessions were given this opportunity, but this year authors could submit a manuscript also for accepted scientific poster presentations. We believe this is an important development that benefits our community, and that greatly increases the attractiveness of WindEurope Conference. In particular, this guarantees long-term storage and easy electronic reference of conference papers, and we thank WindEurope for making this possible. Of course this positive development has also meant a much higher workload than previously. This year, a total of 46 original papers were submitted, of which 40 were eventually accepted for publication.

Wind energy has for many years been the fastest developing energy source. This is most easily demonstrated by some numbers. In 2006 a total of about 7.6 GW of new wind energy capacity was installed in Europe, an increase of more than 20% over the year before. Europe's cumulative wind power capacity has now reached more than 50 GW. At the beginning of 2007, the European Commission published its new energy strategy, which recommends a 20% target for the share of renewable energy in the EU by 2020. New initiatives have also been launched in the U.S. and Asia to comply with the need for a reduction in the emissions of CO2 and to create a cleaner environment based on renewable energy. Since 1980 the average size of wind turbines has grown by a factor of 100 from 50 kW to today's 5 MW machines. This enormous increase in size would not have been possible without the involvement of well-educated engineers and scientists. Research institutions and universities have contributed significantly to this development by providing basic knowledge as well as sophisticated software and measuring campaigns. In order to comply with the fast development in wind turbine technology there is a growing need for both well-educated scientists and for a further development of sophisticated predictive tools. For many years progress in technology development was presented at the European Wind Energy Conference (EWEC) conference organized by the European Wind Energy Association (EWEA). Because of the maturity of the industry and the many important topics involved in the continued development of wind power, the relative share of the technical and scientific sessions at EWEC has decreased dramatically. Hence it was desirable to find an alternative forum for the exchange of ideas and techniques within more specialized topics. As a consequence the European Academy of Wind Energy (EAWE) was created in 2003 in order to support education and research. It is the intention of this special topics conference to bring together scientists and engineers working in the fields of aerodynamics, aeroelasticity, aeroacoustics, aeroelastic control, wind conditions and wind farms.The first conference entitled `The Science of making Torque from Wind' was organized by DUWIND and held at Delft University, 19-21 April 2004. Owing to the great success of this conference where more than 60 papers were presented, we decided to follow it with a similar conference at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) in Lyngby. It is our hope that others will take up the idea and continue this series of conferences. An explicit objective of the conference is to meet the high standards applied in several other branches of science and technology. The EAWE has the responsibility for the scientific quality of the content. All papers presented at the conference have had an abstract review as well as a full paper review by at least two reviewers. Out of the approximately 120 submitted abstracts, 86 papers were finally approved to be presented at the conference. It is expected that many of the papers will subsequently be published in scientific journals. Toward that end, the editors of Wind Energy and Journal of Solar Energy Engineering have expressed their interest in letting the most promising papers be subjected to a second review, for the purpose of having them published as journal papers. The EWEA staff is thanked for organizing the PR on the conference and the EAWE board members for valuable help in the reviewing process and for delivering session chairmen. Staff members at the Department of Mechanical Engineering at DTU and Risø were responsible for the organization. Special thanks go to DTU for providing lecture and meeting rooms, and to LM Glasfiber, Vestas Wind Systems and Siemens Wind Power for financial support. Jens Nørkær Sørensen, Conference Chairman 21 June 2007

YOUR NEWS WANTED The news section gives updates on what has been happening in physics education worldwide. Items included show how events in one country could be relevant to good practice elsewhere in the world. Contributions are welcome from all our readers and should be about 200 to 300 words and can include a picture.

Subscribers to the hard-copy of Physics in Medicine and Biology (PMB) will have become accustomed to the twice-monthly arrival of the little red book and may have noted, with due allowance for statistical fluctuation, the ever increasing weight of the same. Indeed the journal in 2004 published 6288 pages compared with 3844 in 2001 (2001 was the last year of monthly publication), so that the mean thickness of each issue is almost the same now as it was in 2001, despite the doubling of frequency. In 2001, 430 articles were submitted for publication; in 2004 the figure was 722.In order to curb the rapid growth of the journal the Editorial Board (EB) has had to make some tough decisions. We have decided to reduce the percentage of articles accepted for publication and referees will be asked to bear this decision in mind when they review papers. Authors will also be asked to reduce the length of their papers to no more than 14 journal pages and they will need to provide robust justification as to why this limit should be exceeded. A further plank to our new policy is that we will no longer publish special conference issues, although we may from time to time invite special issues (for example the 50th anniversary issue to be published in July 2006).The impact factor (IF) of PMB has been steadily rising over the years (again subject to statistical fluctuation) which is generally viewed as evidence of improved quality. However, the IF can also be considered as an average index of topicality or popularity of the various fields covered. PMB traditionally covers a broad church, with some fields being popular, some not, some emerging and some waning as topics of interest to the research community. The trick for the editorial team is to try to keep a reasonable balance of old and emerging fields while improving the overall standard of the journal. The new policy should also gradually increase the IF though this is not the EB's main reason for tightening the screw. Nevertheless, even though some might have private doubts about the link between IF and quality, publishers have to be aware that granting institutions take the IF very seriously.Turning to other matters, readers will be aware that the Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine (IPEM) and Institute of Physics Publishing (IOP) have together introduced an annual prize awarded to the author/s of one of the best papers in a given volume (e.g. 2003). The EB, in discussions with IPEM and IOP, have decided in future to award two annual prizes, one (the current one) determined by a combination of referees' comments and the averaged views of an editorial review panel (currently the EB and IAB members participate in the final selection). The second prize will be determined by citations over the previous five years, i.e. the paper with the most citations wins. The latter prize is therefore based on impact, as judged by citations, so will inevitably be awarded to authors of papers in the most popular fields. In awarding these prizes the EB is fully aware that in one case the selection is biased by the opinion of a few individuals and in the other case is biased towards popular fields. In practice, and this is the important point, both prizes will be awarded to top-quality papers competing with other top-quality papers.

This special issue on Wind Energy contains a collection of contributions covering a variety of topics providing an indication on the research and development trends wind energy underwent last year. Most of the contributions originate from presentations made during the January 2007 ASME Wind Symposium in the United States of America and the European Wind Energy Conference.At machine level, as expected, there is a strong participation of aerodynamics and its companion, aeroelasticity. Progress in this direction is of major importance for the reliability of wind turbines especially when access to the machine is difficult as in offshore installations. Also important is the performance aspect, which is directly linked to costs. In this connection, control can provide great help by allowing either reduction of loads or increase of the energy capture at the same level of loads. The connection of loads to reliability either in terms of extremes or fatigue concludes this thematic area. In aerodynamics, open questions concerning dynamic inflow, stall, and 3D flow evolution, in particular, at stand still, are being considered and progress is reported mainly in terms of modeling. With respect to control, performance aspects of the variable speed concept also in combination to pitch variation are analyzed. Finally, in terms of loads, the present contributions focus on the assessment of the setup in terms of extremes, modeling of the turbulent inflow, and the joint wind-wave effect on offshore installations.At resource level, two important aspects are considered: The first concerns site assessment and the option of speeding up the process by means of numerical simulations and the issue of analyzing the uncertainties connected to measurements. They are both of particular interest for investors and developers. Progress in this direction is expected to further promote the use of wind energy by reducing investment risks.In recent years, interest in wind energy applications has expanded to less friendly sites as compared to earlier practice. Offshore installations as well as projects in remote areas have revealed the necessity of condition monitoring. The experience from such a project together with recommendations is reported. Again, this is a topic of particular interest for developers.Following the history of wind energy progress, it is clear that the sector is undergoing a fast transformation in all aspects. In terms of research, in addition to the existing open questions, the clear trend for larger wind turbines will bring in new problems. At present, the typical commercial size is at 2.5–3MW, while today there are operating designs up to 5MW. Improving the design and at the same time increasing the reliability of the machines will be the main challenges for the next generation of wind turbines. It will involve research on materials, aerodynamic design, power and load control, development of multiphysics simulation procedures, etc. Similarly at the developers’ level, aspects such as site assessment and condition monitoring, more accurate procedures will be needed. Also research on developing faster manufacturing procedures will be needed. The fast market expansion worldwide, with a strong participation of China and India, will increase the demand rendering the already supply shortage more severe. In conclusion, the future for the wind energy sector is promising with the research community having a particular role. We hope that the present issue of JSEE is contributing to this perspective.Closing this editorial note, I would like first to sincerely thank the authors and reviewers for working concurrently to complete the review process for this issue. I would also like to thank Patrick Moriarty from NREL and Takis Chaviaropoulos from CRES for their assistance in recruiting papers from the ASME and the EWEA conferences.

I work as a group publisher in the journals publishing department at Institute of Physics Publishing (IOP) and look after the Journal of Physics series and our two open access titles New Journal of Physics and Journal of Physics: Conference Series. The journals have fully electronic processes with correspondence arriving via e-mail or the author and referee web pages. Both peer review and production are handled from our Bristol offices and so everyone’s day begins with the new requests, reports and submissions that arrived overnight. I start with my own mail and then handle queries passed on by colleagues in the Journal of Physics group. The publisher, production editor and publishing administrator for each journal sit next to each other and so there are frequent discussions about copy flow, special issues, urgent papers or how to coax a referee report from a particular editor.

This is a call for contributions to a special issue ofJournal of Physics A: Mathematical and General entitled `Geometric Numerical Integration of Differential Equations'. This issue should be a repository for high quality original work. We are interested in having the topic interpreted broadly, that is, to include contributions dealing with symplectic or multisymplectic integration; volume-preserving integration; symmetry-preserving integration; integrators that preserve first integrals, Lyapunov functions, or dissipation; exponential integrators; integrators for highly oscillatory systems; Lie-group integrators, etc. Papers on geometric integration of both ODEs and PDEs will be considered, as well as application to molecular-scale integration, celestial mechanics, particle accelerators, fluid flows, population models, epidemiological models and/or any other areas of science. We believe that this issue is timely, and hope that it will stimulate further development of this new and exciting field.

This is a call for contributions to a special issue of Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical dedicated to the subject of the random search problem. The motivation behind this special issue is to summarize in a single comprehensive publication, the main aspects (past and present), latest developments, different viewpoints and the directions being followed in this multidisciplinary field. We hope that such a special issue could become a particularly valuable reference for the broad scientific community working with the general random search problem.The Editorial Board has invited Marcos G E da Luz, Alexander Y Grosberg, Ernesto P Raposo and Gandhi M Viswanathan to serve as Guest Editors for the special issue.The general question of how to optimize the search for specific target objects in either continuous or discrete environments whenthe information available is limited is of significant importance in a broad range of fields. Representative examples include ecology(animal foraging, dispersion of populations), geology (oil recovery from mature reservoirs), information theory (automated researchers ofregisters in high-capacity database), molecular biology (proteins searching for their sites, e.g., on DNA ), etc.One reason underlying the richness of the random search problem relates to the `ignorance' of the locations of the randomly located `targets'.A statistical approach to the search problem can deal adequately with incomplete information and so stochastic strategies become advantageous.The general problem of how to search efficiently for randomly located target sites can thus be quantitatively described using the conceptsand methods of statistical physics and stochastic processes.ScopeThus far, to the best of our knowledge, no recent textbook or review article in a physics journal has appeared on this topic. This makes aspecial issue with review and research articles attractive to those interested in acquiring a general introduction to the field. Thesubject can be approached from the perspective of different fields: ecology, networks, transport problems, molecular biology, etc. Thestudy of the problem is particularly suited to the concepts and methods of statistical physics and stochastic processes; for example, fractals,random walks, anomalous diffusion. Discrete landscapes can be approached via graph theory, random lattices and complex networks. Such topics areregularly discussed in Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical. All such aspects of the problem fall within the scope and focus of thisspecial issue on the random search problem: trends and perspectives.Editorial policyAll contributions to the special issue will be refereed in accordance with the refereeing policy of the journal. In particular, all researchpapers will be expected to be original work reporting substantial new results. The issue will also contain a number of review articles byinvitation only. The Guest Editors reserve the right to judge whether a contribution fits the scope of the special issue.Guidelines for preparation of contributions We aim to publish the special issue in August 2009. To realize this, the DEADLINE for contributed papers is 15 January 2009. There is a page limit of 15 printed pages (approximately 9000 words) per contribution. For papers exceeding this limit, the Guest Editors reserve the right to request a reduction in length. Further advice on document preparation can be found at www.iop.org/Journals/jphysa. Contributions to the special issue should if possible be submitted electronically by web upload at www.iop.org/Journals/jphysa, or by email to jphysa@iop.org, quoting 'J. Phys. A Special Issue— Random Search Problem'. Please state whether the paper has been invited or is contributed. Submissions should ideally be in standard LaTeX form. Please see the website for further information on electronic submissions. Authors unable to submit electronically may send hard-copy contributions to: Publishing Administrators, Journal of Physics A, Institute of Physics Publishing, Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol BS1 6BE, UK, enclosing electronic code on CD if available and quoting 'J. Phys. A Special Issue—Random Search Problem'. All contributions should be accompanied by a read-me file or covering letter giving the postal and e-mail addresses for correspondence. The Publishing Office should be notified of any subsequent change of address. This special issue will be published in the paper and online version of the journal. The corresponding author of each contribution will receive a complimentary copy of the issue.

This is a call for contributions to a special issue of Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical dedicated to the subject of Pseudo Hermitian Hamiltonians in Quantum Physics as featured in the conference '6th International Workshop on Pseudo Hermitian Hamiltonians in Quantum Physics', City University London, UK, July 16–18 2007 (http://www.staff.city.ac.uk/~fring/PT/). Invited speakers at that meeting as well as other researchers working in the field are invited to submit a research paper to this issue.The Editorial Board has invited Andreas Fring, Hugh F Jones and Miloslav Znojil to serve as Guest Editors for the special issue. Their criteria for acceptance of contributions are as follows:•The subject of the paper should relate to the subject of the workshop (see list of topics in the website of the conference http://www.staff.city.ac.uk/~fring/PT/).•Contributions will be refereed and processed according to the usual procedure of the journal.•Conference papers may be based on already published work but should either contain significant additional new results and/or insights or give a survey of the present state of the art, a critical assessment of the present understanding of a topic, and a discussion of open problems.•Papers submitted by non-participants should be original and contain substantial new results.The guidelines for the preparation of contributions are the following:•The DEADLINE for submission of contributions is 16 November 2007. This deadline will allow the special issue to appear in June 2008.•There is a nominal page limit of 16 printed pages (approximately 9600 words) per contribution. For papers exceeding this limit, the Guest Editors reserve the right to request a reduction in length. Further advice on publishing your work in Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical may be found at www.iop.org/Journals/jphysa.•Contributions to the special issue should, if possible, be submitted electronically by web upload at www.iop.org/Journals/jphysa or by e-mail to jphysa@iop.org, quoting 'JPhysA Special Issue—PHHQP07'. Submissions should ideally be in standard LaTeX form. Please see the website for further information on electronic submissions. •Authors unable to submit electronically may send hard copy contributions to: Publishing Administrators, Journal of Physics A, Institute of Physics Publishing, Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol BS1 6BE, UK, enclosing the electronic code on CD if available and quoting 'JPhysA Special Issue—PHHQP07'. All contributions should be accompanied by a read-me file or covering letter giving the postal and e-mail addresses for correspondence. The Publishing Office should be notified of any subsequent change of address.•This special issue will be published in the paper and online version of the journal. Each participant at the workshop and the corresponding author of each contribution will receive a complimentary copy of the issue.

This is a call for contributions to a special issue of Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General entitled `Trends in Quantum Chaotic Scattering'. This issue should be a repository for high quality original work. We are interested in having the topic interpreted broadly, that is, to include contributions clearly related to quantum chaotic scattering in any of it repercussions, in particular dealing with resonance phenomena, delay times, survival probability, S-matrix statistics, absorption from random media, random lasers, atoms in optical lattices and chaotic cavities as well as scattering and transport in mesoscopic and/or disordered quantum systems. We believe that this issue is timely, and hope that it will stimulate further development of this new and exciting field. The Editorial Board has invited Y V Fyodorov, T Kottos and H-J Stockmann to serve as Guest Editors for the special issue. Their criteria for acceptance of contributions are the following: • The subject of the paper should relate to quantum chaotic scattering in the sense described above. • Contributions will be refereed and processed according to the usual procedure of the journal. • Papers should be original; reviews of a work published elsewhere will not be accepted. The guidelines for the preparation of contributions are as follows: • The DEADLINE for submission of contributions is 1 July 2005. This deadline will allow the special issue to appear in December 2005 or early 2006. • There is a strict page limit of 16 printed pages (approximately 9600 words) per contribution. For papers exceeding this limit, the Guest Editors reserve the right to request a reduction in length. Further advice on publishing your work in Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General may be found at www.iop.org/Journals/jphysa. • Contributions to the special issue should if possible be submitted electronically by web upload at www.iop.org/Journals/jphysa or by e-mail to jphysa@iop.org, quoting `JPhysA Special Issue—Trends in quantum chaotic scattering'. Submissions should ideally be in standard LaTeX form; we are, however, able to accept most formats including Microsoft Word. Please see the web site for further information on electronic submissions. • Authors unable to submit electronically may send hard copy contributions to: Publishing Administrators, Journal of Physics A, Institute of Physics Publishing, Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol BS1 6BE, UK, enclosing the electronic code on floppy disk if available and quoting `JPhysA Special Issue—Trends in quantum chaotic scattering'. • All contributions should be accompanied by a read-me file or covering letter giving the postal and e-mail addresses for correspondence. The Publishing Office should be notified of any subsequent change of address. This special issue will be published in the paper and online version of the journal. The corresponding author of each contribution will receive a complimentary copy of the issue.

Notes on Contributors

ABSTRACTWind power forecasts are useful tools for power load balancing, energy trading and wind farm operations. Long range monthly‐to‐seasonal forecasting allows the prediction of departures from average weather conditions beyond traditional weather forecast timescales, months in advance. However, it has not yet been demonstrated how these forecasts can be optimally transformed to wind power. The predictable part of a seasonal forecast is for longer monthly averages, not daily averages, but to use monthly averages misses information on variability. To investigate, here a model relating average weather conditions to average wind power output was built, based on the relationship between instantaneous wind speed and power production and incorporating fluctuations in air density due to temperature and wind speed variability. Observed monthly average power output from UK stations was used to validate the model and to investigate the optimal temporal resolution for the data used to drive the model. Multiple simulations of wind power were performed based on reanalysis data, making separate simulations based on monthly, daily and sub‐daily averages, using a distribution defined by the mean across the period to incorporate information on variability. Basing the simulation on monthly averages alone is sub‐optimal: using daily average winds gives the highest correlation against observations. No improvement over this is gained by using sub‐daily averages or including temperature variability. This signifies that to transform seasonal forecasts to wind power a compromise must be made between using the daily averages with debatable skill and the more predictable monthly averages, losing information on day‐to‐day variability.

This research provides an overview of Iraq's renewable energy prospects. One of the most important sorts of renewable energy resources in the world is wind energy. Wind energy is considered environmentally beneficial and very economical. These benefits are cited as the primary reasons for using wind turbines to generate power across the world. An assessment of the country's profile has been made, taking into consideration existing energy generation, crude oil production at current levels, gas flares that generate CO2 emissions, as well as industry, human activities, and grid electricity distribution. Iraq has power shortages, and several obstacles must be solved in order to satisfy projected increases in electrical demand. This analysis discovered that solar, wind, and biomass energy are now underutilized, but that they might play a key part in Iraq's sustainable energy future. Wind energy, for example, has become an important aspect in reducing pollution and improving air quality. The usage of tiny wind turbines to generate power under Iraqi meteorological conditions is examined in this study. The research evaluates the wind system that is necessary to provide electric power for highway services including lighting and parking. According to the study's findings, wind turbines can be used effectively for roadway illumination. The efficiency of a maximum wind turbine is determined by the blade design. For the planned use, the wind speed reported in Iraqi winter is pretty acceptable. Alternative and sustainable energy, wind energy, Iraqi climate are all index terms. The Iraqi government recently joined the Paris Climate Agreement and is now starting to encourage the participation of small and large consumers to generate electricity from renewable energy sources. This article analyzes the hybrid electrical system of solar and wind energy for the city of Dohuk, the northern part of Iraq, to find out the feasibility of this system compared to the local electrical network. First, access to solar and wind energy resources in Dohuk were ensured.

Deep Offshore and New Foundation Concepts

Professor Denis Weaire's period as Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter came to an end on 31 August 1997. As the new Editor-in-Chief, I should like to acknowledge his major contributions to the success of the journal over the past four years. During his tenure Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter's position as a major journal for the dissemination of high quality condensed matter research has been greatly enhanced. With the help of our specialist Editors and the Advisory Board, it is my intention to improve further the quality of papers published. This means, in view of the ever increasing submission rate, that the acceptance threshold will be raised; the Editorial Board is actively seeking the very best papers in our subject and will ensure, in return, rapid publication as well as all the advantages offered by Institute of Physics Publishing. We will continue to give outstanding service to our authors, referees and Board members who so generously give their time to ensure the journal's success. J E Enderby Editor-in-Chief