Wireless Broadcast with Short Labels

A wireless body area network (WBAN) consists of a single coordinator and multiple low-power sensors to monitor the biological signals and functions of the human body. Due to the highly mobile and social nature of WBANs, the performance of the individual WBANs could be degraded due to the adverse co-channel interference that results from their uncoordinated coexistence with other nearby wireless networks. Like other wireless networks, energy and spectrum in WBANs are both scarce resources. In fact, the limited spectrum resource is the cause of competition among WBANs and leads to interference. Dynamic and efficacious energy and interference management taking into account the channel state and traffics are both crucial and substantial to further upgrade the capacity and enhance the goodness of user experience. In addition to the co-channel interference, the individual communication links between the body-mounted sensors and the WBAN’s coordinator experience high signal attenuation and distortion due to the nonhomogeneous nature of the human body tissue. In this chapter, the issues related to the coexistence among WBANs and between WBANs and other wireless networks will be analyzed. A comparative review of the radio co-channel interference mitigation and avoidance techniques in the literature will be provided. Furthermore, we show that the existing solutions fall short from achieving satisfactory performance, and outline open problems that warrant more investigation by the research community.

Power efficient ultra-wideband based wireless communication for wireless body area network applications

The overlap of transmission ranges between wireless networks as a result of mobility is referred to as dynamic coexistence. The interference caused by coexistence may significantly affect the performance of wireless body area networks (WBANs) where reliability is particularly critical for health monitoring applications. In this paper, we analytically study the effects of dynamic coexistence on the operation of IEEE 802.15.4-based health monitoring WBANs. The current IEEE 802.15.4 standard lacks mechanisms for effectively managing the coexistence of mobile WBANs. Considering the specific characteristics and requirements of health monitoring WBANs, we propose the dynamic coexistence management (DCM) mechanism to make IEEE 802.15.4-based WBANs able to detect and mitigate the harmful effects of coexistence. We assess the effectiveness of this scheme using extensive OPNET simulations. Our results indicate that DCM improves the successful transmission rates of dynamically coexisting WBANs by 20%-25% for typical medical monitoring applications.

The Qualitative Study on Input – Output Channel Configurations in Wireless Body Area Network

Wireless body area network (WBAN) being a sub-domain of wireless sensor network (WSN) is a new emerging technology for healthcare applications. A WBAN consists of low-power tiny wireless nodes placed on or around the human body that continuously observe vital health signs of a patient. These sensors are capable of sending information of physiological parameters taken from human body to other devices for diagnosis procedures and prescription. WBAN provides ubiquitous healthcare services and enables greater mobility without restricting human normal activities, as the medical personnel can observe the patient health conditions based on the data received through the wireless network. This research work provides a WBAN based healthcare monitoring system that can provide the electrocardiogram (ECG), heartbeat, and human body temperature information. The wireless transmission of the received data from human body is performed by using Zigbee IEEE802.15.4 communication standard. The physiological data will be communicated to remote medical server where data is stored and analyzed. In case any disease is diagnosed, medical personnel can provide immediate assistance to the patients.

Interference is a serious problem in Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) and heavily weakens system performance. In this paper, we propose an exchange-free resource scheduling scheme to overcome the interference of dynamic coexisting WBANs. For each data transmission period, we design a transmission channel/slot allocation scheme based on a Latin square, where each character denotes a specific combination of a channel and a time slot. For each data retransmission period, we design a retransmission time-slot selection scheme based on a hash function, in which the unique identity information of the collided node is used to calculate the retransmission slot. Compared with existing solutions, our work has two key advantages. First, all nodes can independently allocate and coordinate resources rather than exchange information with each other in traditional methods, and thus guaranteeing strong adaptability to the fast changes of WBANs. Second, the contention-free resource allocation pattern is implemented for both the data transmission period as well as the data retransmission period, and thus guaranteeing no intra-WBAN interference and extremely low probability of inter-WBAN interference. Our simulation results show that interferences can be well addressed based on the metrics of the packet loss rate, throughput, power dissipation, and data delivery delay.

Wireless body area network (WBAN) is an emerging technology which is getting a lot of attention these days due to its application in medical field and health monitoring system. In this technology by using different bio-sensors which could be implanted or worn by patient, he/she get his/her health conditions at regular intervals. Wireless connectivity makes it more popular because of its patient could use it in his daily life activities also. There are various fields in WBAN where a lot of development could be made, as this field is still in its developing stages. Efficient energy utilisation techniques have been explained. Routing metrices which consists of residual energy, delay, packet collision, network lifetime, complexity, network traffic etc. is also an interesting area where we will be working to develop intelligent routing metrices for wireless body Area Network (WBAN).Fuzzy Logic(FL) is a powerful tool used to develop solution of various problems today which maps the crisps inputs to give corresponding outputs. Momdani Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) provides the atmosphere needed for Fuzzy Logics where depending on degree of membership functions maps the variables and a surface is generated with respect to various factors in routing metrics. In this paper we had reviewed its basic aspects like its constituents, layered architecture and Issues as well as requirements of WBAN with Fuzzy Inference System (FIS). Keywords: Wireless Body Area Network, WBAN, Routing Metrices, Layered Architecture, Fuzzy Logic, Energy efficiency, Fuzzy Inference System (FIS).

Fractional Link scheduling is one of the most fundamental problems in wireless networks. The prevailing approach for shortest fractional link scheduling is based on a reduction to the maximum-weighted independent set problem, which itself may not admit efficient approximation algorithms. In addition, except for the wireless networks under the protocol interference model, none of the existing scheduling algorithms can produce a link schedule with explicit upper bounds on its length in terms of the link demands. As the result, the polynomial approximate capacity regions in these networks remain blank. This paper develops a purely combinatorial paradigm for fractional link scheduling in wireless networks. In addition to the superior efficiency, it is able to provide explicit upper bounds on the lengths of the produced link schedule. By exploiting these upper bounds, polynomial approximate capacity regions are derived. The effectiveness of this new paradigm is demonstrated by its applications in wireless networks under the physical interference model and wireless MIMO networks under the protocol interference model.

SummaryThe cognitive radio network (CRN) is an emerging technology where communication among secondary users (SUs) takes place in an opportunistic manner. Since, a backbone eases the routing, reduces communication overhead, and efficiently handles the dynamic changes in the network. Therefore, we intend to propose a backbone formation algorithm in CRN. However, finding optimal backbone is equivalent to find minimum connected dominating set (CDS) for the given network, which is NP‐complete. Hence, the backbone construction problem can be better handled by optimization algorithms than the deterministic ones. The bio‐inspired is an interesting category of optimization algorithms. Therefore, it has been popularly used to handle various optimization problems in wireless networks. However, it has never been used for backbone construction in CRN. The ant colony optimization (ACO) is a promising bio‐inspired method because it has been effectively used to handle many problems in wireless networks, e.g. cluster head selection, leader election, routing etc. Therefore, we use ant colony system (ACS) for backbone formation in CRN. Also, the approach helps us to find optimized path between any pair of nodes to ensure efficient communication. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first bio‐inspired backbone construction algorithm in CRN.

Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are an emerging technology expected to revolutionize mobile healthcare via the real-time monitoring and analysis of medical data. This article describes the generalized WBAN concept and examples of WBAN medical applications for a variety of users and scenarios. The properties of wireless communication channels used in WBANs - specifically the human body communications channel and the 60 GHz Millimeter-wave (mmWave) - highlight the challenges facing modern WBAN development. Several research topics related to WBAN implementation in 5G networks are examined, including simulating extremely high-frequency communications, routing protocols, energy harvesting, tailoring WBANs to individual users, and user satisfaction. Future WBAN developments related to 6G networks and quantum technologies are also explored to demonstrate the potential future of mobile health.

In the field of health care, the Wireless Body Area Networks(WBANs), through placed miniaturization, low power consumption of sensor nodes in patient's body or on the surface to measure a variety of physiological parameters, to monitor or diagnose the health of human body. However, in this process, WBANs nodes usually use batteries, especially for implantable flexible node it is difficult to accomplish the replacement of batteries, the energy that the node can carry is very limited, so the efficient use of energy is the most important problem to consider when designing WBANs routing algorithm. By considering the factors such as residual energy of node, the importance level of node, path cost and path energy difference ratio, this paper gives the definition of Optimal Path of Energy Consumption(OPEC) in WBANs, and The Optimal Energy Consumption Artificial Bee Colony(ABC) Based WBANs(OEABC) is designed. The performance simulation is carried out to verify the effectiveness of the OEABC, compared with Genetic Algorithm and Ant Colony Algorithm, it shows that t the OEABC has a fast convergence rate.

Energy saving is one of the most investigated problems in wireless networks. In this paper, we introduce two homology based algorithms: a simulated annealing one and a robust one. These algorithms optimize the energy consumption at network level while maintaining the maximal coverage. By using simplicial homology, the complex geometrical calculation of the coverage is reduced to simple matrix computation. The simulated annealing algorithm gives a solution that approaches the global optimal one. The robust algorithm gives a local optimal solution. Our simulations show that this local optimal solution also approaches the global optimal one. Our algorithms can save at most 65% of system's maximal consumption power in polynomial time. The probability density function of the optimized radii of cells is also analyzed and discussed.

In today's world, most individuals are suffering from health complications due to sedentary lifestyles, food habits, and aging. This might have distracted them from their daily activities, and many individuals are not seeking medical help with their busy work schedules. To overcome these challenges, Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) provides challenging solutions with continuous and remote monitoring systems. Tiny sensors are either embedded in the body or worn by the patients for tracking physiological factors, including heart pulse rate (bilirubin), pressures (alkphos), and levels of hemoglobin (albumin). The inserted or implanted sensors collect the data and transmit it to the central sink node for the aggregation of the readings, and reports are comprehensively generated and transmitted to the medical professionals for analysis. While transmitting the sensitive data, a security breach might occur with the wireless channels. To enhance security, Enhanced Juels and Sudan (EJS) encryption algorithm is deployed to safeguard both the data and sensor systems. This prevents unauthorized access to data. Whale Optimization Algorithm is deployed for improving optimized network performance and security. Simulations are conducted in the Cooja simulator and demonstrate enhanced convergence efficacy, optimal weight computation, and mitigated error rates, including False Rejection Rate (FRR) and False Acceptance Rate (FAR) for a robust health monitoring system.

A major cause of energy waste in wireless networks is the interference between nodes working in the same frequency band. This problem appears to be more serious in Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) in which energy is the most valuable resource. In order to cope with this issue, power control techniques can be employed. Amongst potential approaches, those with intelligence which allow WBANs to improve their performance by learning from experience can remarkably increase flexibility and adaptability. Besides, approaches with less inter-node negotiation and cooperation are more attractive in WBANBs due to their low overhead and superior scalability. In this paper, we propose a power controller which employs Reinforcement Learning (RL) to enable WBANs to learn from experience and coordinate their power levels in a distributed manner with no inter-node negotiation and cooperation. We evaluate the performance of the proposed power controller with different RL algorithms and compare them to a counterpart approach based on game theory without learning. Their performances are evaluated in terms of optimality of the solution and convergence. We show that the RL-based power controller can trade off throughput for transmission power level and achieve lower energy consumption compared to the counterpart game.

In this paper, we have reviewed and presented a critical overview of “energy-efficient and reliable routing solutions” in the field of wireless body area networks (WBANs). In addition, we have theoretically analysed the importance of energy efficiency and reliability and how it affects the stability and lifetime of WBANs. WBAN is a type of wireless sensor network (WSN) that is unique, wherever energy-efficient operations are one of the prime challenges, because each sensor node operates on battery, and where an excessive amount of communication consumes more energy than perceiving. Moreover, timely and reliable data delivery is essential in all WBAN applications. Moreover, the most frequent types of energy-efficient routing protocols include crosslayer, thermal-aware, cluster-based, quality-of-service, and postural movement-based routing protocols. According to the literature review, clustering-based routing algorithms are the best choice for WBAhinwidth, and low memory WBAN, in terms of more computational overhead and complexity. Thus, the routing techniques used in WBAN should be capable of energy-efficient communication at desired reliability to ensure the improved stability period and network lifetime. Therefore, we have highlighted and critically analysed various performance issues of the existing “energy-efficient and reliable routing solutions” for WBANs. Furthermore, we identified and compiled a tabular representation of the reviewed solutions based on the most appropriate strategy and performance parameters for WBAN. Finally, concerning to reliability and energy efficiency in WBANs, we outlined a number of issues and challenges that needs further consideration while devising new solutions for clustered-based WBANs.