Wireless sensor prototype platform

Remote sensor network and radio frequency identification innovation are on the world's outskirts. In this age of data innovation, the library as a repository for information gathering and distribution is critical. Innovations such as the personal computer, the Internet, and universal identification have sped the shift to the digital age. New improvements were integrated to configure Radio Frequency Identification remote organization with Wireless sensor network comprising hubs to work on the intelligent administration of the library, relying on manual and data the board. The three modules that were basically researched were writing seek positioning framework, book full casing framework, and programmed getting and returning entry monitor warning framework. The intelligent library framework based on Wireless sensor organization and Radio Frequency Identification incorporated sophisticated RFID and ZigBee technologies for the simplification and inclusion of writing assets, administration interface, and the library's administrative procedure. The significance of library computerization and smart collaboration was recognized, and the notion of individuals situated was fully explored. According to the findings, the smart library framework, which is based on wireless sensor organization and radio frequency identification, was able to fundamentally understand the smart library executives. To summarize, the framework creates an unpredictable library administration and board framework at any time and in any location.

As increasing research effort has been made, pervasive computing is on the step closer to realization. Recent technologies have allowed smaller-scale computational devices with characteristics such as low-cost production, low energy consumption and wireless communication to capture and manage information. The technologies of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) are gaining high attention for their promising applications in the field of pervasive computing. Integrating RFID and WSN has been researched extensively in recent years, and deployed in variety of applications. In this paper, WSN architecture, sensor node hardware and RFID system are discussed firstly. According to RFID and WSN architectures and taking into account the specific circumstances of pervasive computing, the integrations of RFID and WSN are classified into three main categories. Each category of integration is described in details through some prototypes.

Inteli-Straw (I-S) devices equipped with radiofrequency identification (RFID) technology were developed for gamete and embryo packaging, storage, and information retrieval to benefit the assisted reproduction industry. The aim of this study was to develop and test software for use with I-S technology. Two types of I-S were used, those with 125 and 134 kHz RFID chips, in conjunction with corresponding wireless RFID readers. Two different RFID chip designs were tested: (1) Mini: 0.25-mL straw, RFID tag dimensions = 1.25 × 7 mm and 1.4 × 8 mm; Standard: 0.5-mL straw, RFID tag dimensions = 2 × 12 mm; and (2) µ-chip (Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) of 0.4 mm square and 0.06 mm thick. Inteli-Straw RFID chips can be written or have codes that can be associated with information in a database. The present RFID chips were used with the idChamp DX1 Veterinary & Livestock RFID Reader that uses Bluetooth to connect to an iOS platform for cloud computing. The iScanBrowser (Serialio, TX, USA) LED, an app for an iOS platform for use with a wireless RFID reader, was utilised, as well as a proprietary gamete and embryo database software. The present system allows for quickly accessing the RFID codes from the various I-S gamete and embryo packaging (before or after I-S filling) and entering the data into a computer or cloud-based database that can track their status, movement, metadata, and so on. The ability to acquire I-S information with wireless entry into the cloud-based database was achieved. When the RFID wireless reader detects an I-S, the RFID code is displayed almost immediately (~1 s) in a cell in the software system. The I-S (n = 194) were scanned for automatic database entry. For the wireless-enabled proof of concept, 17 scans of I-S [i.e. RFID chip design 1 (n = 15) and design 2 (n = 2)] were made with wireless scanner detection (< 2.5 cm from RFID reader to I-S) and online database entry with a 100% success rate. By using this I-S method, the present invention provides a wireless, cloud-based system for local or remote access, potentially benefiting both laboratory and field logistics. For AI and embryo transfer, the user can scan an I-S and the information is automatically detected; wireless cloud computing and RFID data crosschecking can occur; and the information can be uploaded to a database for later retrieval or analysis. Further, one can use an iphone or ipad to enter other information such as cow number into the cloud-based database during AI or embryo transfer. The present system can allow for near real-time viewing of the data, locally and remotely, or cross-checking of materials and associated information to reduce errors and improve assisted reproductive technology efficiency.

A framework for enhancing the performance of Internet of Things applications based on RFID and WSNs

Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) technology successfully integrates radio transmitter and receiver, small size memory space and control circuitry to remotely store and retrieve data via wireless RF transceiver. As low-cost RFID tag can be massively manufactured by semiconductor industry, new applications associated with RFID technology have emerged rapidly such as inventory tracking, book storage and management, and airport baggage handling. Generally an RFID system is composed of many RFID tags (or tagged objects), at least one RFID reader, and one backend application system with database. An RFID tag gains its operation energy from query signals that are radio waves transmitted by RFID reader. Once a tag responds the query with its stored information to RFID reader, usually a unique identity number or string, the RFID system can recognize the tag carrier and perform required business logic operation. As RFID technique is widely used in supply chain management, the corresponding RFID application systems are expected to process and manage large amount of tagged objects at a predefined period of time regularly. Therefore, for large-scaled RFID applications, tag reading throughput is very critical since it will affect the total data processing time. To measure tag reading throughput of a RFID system, two performance criteria are usually adopted: tag reading delay and reader energy consumption [5]. As RFID reader and tag always communicate over a shared wireless channel, it is very easy to have signal collisions during a normal tag identification process when multiple tags exist in reader’s interrogation area. Signal collision results in query or data retransmission and eventually increases communication overhead and time delay of tag identification. Hence, an efficient tag collision arbitration mechanism is very important and critical for RFID systems to achieve effective performance. Existing RFID tag identification schemes can be classified into aloha-based solutions [3, 10, 12-13, 16, 21, 23-24] and tree-based solutions [1, 2, 4, 6-9, 14-15, 17-20, 22]. In aloha-based schemes, a reader estimates the number of tags in its interrogation area and broadcasts the total number of timeslots to each tag. Then each RFID tag randomly selects its own timeslot to transmit its ID without knowing which timeslots have been selected by other tags. By distributing tag responses to distinct timeslots instead of getting all tag responses at the same time, aloha-based schemes effectively reduce the probability of signal collision. However, aloha-based schemes have tag starvation problem in which certain tags may not

Wireless radio frequency identification (RFID) has been widely used as the core technology of the Internet of Things, but it also brings many potential security risks. In this paper, two typical RFID security authentication protocols are analyzed in depth. The results show that the two protocols have security risks, and two targeted attack methods are proposed. Next, two RFID security authentication protocols which can resist the DoS, replay, and tracing attacks are designed. The first protocol uses index grouping and dynamic renewal mechanism. Since the Rabin public key encryption algorithm verification only requires square and modulo operations, the second protocol introduces the public key encryption algorithm into the cost-sensitive RFID tag, and formally verifies the functionality of the proposed scheme by SPIN. Furthermore, the security of the protocol is proven by the BAN logic. The grouping index method can effectively improve the ability to locate tags in a large database and enhance the practicability of the protocol. The introduction of the Rabin public key algorithm improves the security of the protocol under the condition of cost control.

In the last decade, many articles have been pub­lished that demonstrate the susceptibility of cryptographic devices against implementation attacks. Usually, such devices draw their energy from a contact-based power supply. This power-supply connection is often exploited to extract the secret key by applying fault-injection methods and power-analysis attacks. In this article, we present implementation attacks on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags which are usually powered contactlessly by an electromagnetic field. We describe a contact-based measurement setup that allows both injection of faults and measuring of the power consumption of passive RFID tags. Furthermore, we demonstrate the applicability of our setup by providing practical results of attacks on commercially available HF and UHF RFID tags. The results have led us to the conclusion that RFID tags are as susceptible to such attacks as contact-based powered devices. Appropriate countermeasures are needed to thwart these attacks.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) operates in different frequency bands (e.g., 125 kHz, 13.56 MHz, 868/915 MHz, 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz). Nowadays, indoor environment communications at frequency range 2.45 GHz have Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1) of wireless personal area networks (WPANs) and RFID systems working altogether which occur interference signals mainly by IEEE 802.15.1 of WPANs. This paper analyzes about interference effect from IEEE 802.15.1 to performance of RFID system at 2.45 GHz. From our study, it indicates that IEEE 802.15.1 interference can cause a significant increase in the bit error rate (BER) and the radio propagation loss of RFID system.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) has become widespread thanks to its important advantages over traditional identification technologies, like barcodes. Compared to this technology, RFID is, in fact, able to cover larger distance and does not require line-of-sight, that represent important improvements in the considered field of application. An RFID system is formed by a set of n tags, that represent clients in the identification process, and a tag reader, that is the identification server. Each tag is associated with an identifier (ID), that must be transmitted to the reader upon receipt of a suitable identification query. Tags can be active, i.e. provided with an independent power supply (like a battery), or passive. In the latter case, tags depend on energy provided by the tag reader through its queries (Want, 2006). For this reason, active tags can have some data processing ability, while passive tags are limited to doing only elementary operations and replying to the reader’s queries. An important issue in Radio Frequency Identification systems concerns the reading of colocated tags, that must be managed through suitable Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols, specifically designed for low power devices. Efficiency of MAC protocols for RFID systems directly influences the time needed by the tag reader for completely identifying a set of co-located tags, so it has great impact on the whole system performance. A deep analysis of the MAC technologies adopted in RFID is the aim of this chapter. We denote by Ttot(n) the time needed by the tag reader for completely identifying a set of n tags. Under ideal conditions, it should be Ttot(n) = nTpkt, where Tpkt is the time needed to transmit one identification packet. However, in order to ensure collision-free transmission to each tag, a MAC protocol is needed that, inevitably, produces a time waste with respect to the ideal condition. The time actually needed for identification depends on several factors, like the technology adopted, the working frequency, etc. So, RFID systems can exhibit very different reading rates, typically ranging between 100 Tag/s and 1000 Tag/s. The most common MAC protocols used in RFID systems can be grouped into two classes: deterministic protocols and stochastic protocols. Deterministic protocols basically coincide with tree traversal algorithms: all RFID tags form a binary tree on the basis of their identifiers, and the reader explores the tree in a systematic way, by repeating queries based on bit masks. Randomness is only in the tree structure (due to the choice of the co-located tag set), while the algorithm execution is pre-determined. Stochastic MAC protocols are instead based on the framed slotted Aloha (FSA) algorithm, that requires each tag to make a constrained pseudo-random choice of an integer number in order to reduce the probability of collisions.

Backscatter modulation in radio frequency identification (RFID) tags will potentially connect billions of tomorrow's devices to the Internet-of-Things. Current passive RFID systems have power constraints that limit RFID tag communication to short ranges, but these limitations can be overcome by employing reflection amplifiers. In this paper, we show that negative differential resistance devices, such as tunnel diodes, exhibit 27 dB more gain and 10 dB lower power consumption than state-of-the-art reflection amplifiers. Two 5.8 GHz prototypes using off-the-shelf tunnel diodes show reflection gains of 40 dB and 29 dB for a total biasing power consumption of 45 <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">μ</sub> W and 39 <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">μ</sub> W , respectively, at impinging RF power levels as low as -84 dBm. A 5.8 GHz RFID link of 23 m was achieved when transmitting only -14 dBm of effective isotropic radiated power from a transceiver with a sensitivity of -90 dBm.

The implementation of radio frequency identification (RFID) in the manufacturing industries specifically the production lines has enabled the creation of fully automated monitoring and tracking system. An investigation on the effects of various speeds and placements of product on a conveyor using statistical analysis is introduced in this paper. The experiment was conducted at the Auto-ID Laboratory (AIDL) at USM by setting up the RFID system on a conveyor set to determine whether the various speeds and placements of an RFID tag that was attached on the products would affect the performance of the proposed RFID system. The Design of Experiments (DOE) method known as two-factor factorial design was performed to find out the factors that influenced readability of an RFID tag detection. The Minitab statistical software was used to analyse the experimental results using interaction plots and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedure. The two factors investigated were conveyor speed at three different levels 0.1143 m/s, 0.1476 m/s and 0.179 m/s and orientation of the RFID-tagged product on the conveyor set for six different orientations. The statistical analysis showed that conveyor speed had no significant effect on the RFID system as its P-value was 0.369 which was greater than 0.05 level of significance. Product orientation had a significant effect with a P-value of close to 0.00. Therefore the orientation of an RFID-tagged product plays an important role in an RFID system. The best orientation to place the RFID-tagged product on a conveyor is by having its RFID tag directly facing an antenna. The latter was determined by looking at the mean tag detection percentage for the six orientations. The highest percentage of 95% was obtained when the tag directly faced the antenna.

Study and Application of Typical Disaster Monitoring and Early Warning System in Metal Mine

Internet of things (IoT) is considered as the next evolution of the Internet. IoT is considered as a global network of things, having a distinct identity, and these are interconnected via a wide range of the network to exchange data and present it into vital information. IoT is an emerging technology that shaping the development of the ICT sector at large. The Internet of Things can also be considered as a uniquely recognizable smart object and their virtual representation in an Internet-like structure. To interchange data, IoT resources using the internet makes use of multiple interconnected technologies like Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). Also, integration of IoT with cloud provides improved services to end-user. For beneficence to the growing body of research on IoT, authors have presented the four-layered architecture of IoT, services offered by IoT, current IoT applications as well as issues and challenges of IoT technology in detail in this paper.

Knowing consumers’ shopping paths is an essential part of successful retailing. Good space management requires accurate data about consumer behavior. Traditionally, these data have been collected through, for example, panel interviews, camera tracking, and in-store observation. Their nature is more or less subjective. Modern technology makes it possible to use more objective methods, such as wireless local area network (WLAN) and radio frequency identification (RFID). In this article we examine the possibilities WLAN provides information systems studies. The empirical data is collected from a large DIY (do-it-yourself) store. The results show that WLAN has great potential for accurate and objective data collection processes and modeling data in retailing.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been popular in the industrial field, and both have undergone dramatic development. RFID and WSNs are well known for their abilities in identity identification and data transmission, respectively, and hence widely used in applications for environmental and health monitoring. Though the integration of a sensor and an RFID tag was proposed to gather both RFID tag and sensed information, few previous research efforts explore the integration of data transmission modes in the RFID and WSN systems to enhance the performance of the applications. In this paper, we propose a hybrid RFID and WSN system (HRW) that synergistically integrates the traditional RFID system and WSN system for efficient data collection. HRW has hybrid smart nodes that combine the function of RFID tags, the reduced function of RFID readers, and wireless sensors. Therefore, nodes can read each other's sensed data in tags, and all data can be quickly transmitted to an RFID reader through the node that first reaches it. The RFID readers transmit the collected data to the back-end servers for data processing and management. We also propose methods to improve data transmission efficiency and to protect data privacy and avoid malicious data selective forwarding in data transmission. Comprehensive simulation and trace-driven experimental results show the high performance of HRW in terms of the cost of deployment, transmission delay and capability, and tag capacity requirement.