Work environment development using cognitive work analysis’ decision ladders.

Cognitive work analysis is a widely applied method within Human Factors. To date, applications have mainly focused on the first two stages of the method - Work Domain Analysis and Control Task Analysis. The latter stages have been neglected and are consequently not as well developed methodologically. This paper proposes an approach for strategies analysis, the third phase, which builds upon the output of the earlier phases and provides a structured, repeatable method for identifying potential strategies for completing control tasks. An Apple iPod is used to exemplify and evaluate the proposed approach. Future directions include validation of the approach with more complex systems. Language: en

Cognitive work analysis is a widely applied method within Ergonomics. To date applications have primarily focused on the first two stages of the method – Work Domain Analysis and Control Task Analysis. Compared to the initial stages, the latter stages have been relatively neglected and are consequently not as well developed methodologically. This paper proposes a new approach for the third phase, strategies analysis, which builds upon the output of the earlier phases and provides a formative structured method for identifying potential strategies to complete control tasks. An Apple iPod is used to exemplify and evaluate the proposed approach. Future directions include validation of the approach with more complex systems.

Cognitive work analysis and cognitive task analysis approach the analysis of decisions in ways that are at least superficially dissimilar. In this paper, I review the two approaches, work (or control) task analysis and naturalistic decision making, to identify similarities and differences, and I assess the implications of looking at decisions from these two different perspectives. I conclude that although these two approaches are superficially dissimilar, they are theoretically compatible. However, the standard form of decision ladder, which is the representational product of work (or control) task analysis, does not take full account of contemporary insights from the three-stage model of situation awareness, the distinction between implicit and explicit cognitive processing, or the principles of naturalistic decision making. I propose modifications of the decision ladder to incorporate these ideas.

The rapid increase in the number of schools necessitates the evaluation of educational quality across all institutions, including both private and state-run schools, with a particular focus on Islamic schools. Organizational performance serves as a key indicator of an institution's effectiveness. This study aims to analyze the impact of organizational structure, conflict management, and internal control on the work environment and effectiveness of teachers in Islamic schools in Banten. The study population comprised teachers from Islamic schools in Banten, with a total sample size of 58 teachers. Data analysis was conducted using path analysis to assess the relationships between the variables. The analysis revealed that organizational structure, conflict management, and internal control positively influenced the teachers' work environment. Furthermore, the organizational structure was found to have a significant impact on work effectiveness. However, conflict management and internal control did not show a significant effect on teachers' work effectiveness. Additionally, the work environment had a positive effect on the effectiveness of the teachers' work. The findings indicate that a well-defined organizational structure enhances both the work environment and the effectiveness of teachers in Islamic schools. While conflict management and internal control are beneficial for improving the work environment, they do not directly influence work effectiveness. The positive correlation between the work environment and teacher effectiveness underscores the importance of fostering a supportive and well-structured organizational setting. This study underscores the critical role of organizational structure in enhancing teacher effectiveness in Islamic schools. While conflict management and internal control improve the work environment, their direct impact on effectiveness is limited. Creating a conducive work environment remains essential for maximizing the performance of teachers.

Leadership conceptions and leadership behavior have been in the focus of science for a long time. The concepts are developed constantly and are frequently the subject of empirical research. During the last decades the concept of the transformational leadership emerged. In addition to this common approach this article displays the health-oriented leadership. Keeping the health of the employees in focus the Workplace Health Management (WHM) as well is an upcoming approach and provides many possibilities in this context. The aim of this paper is to investigate if there is a different leadership behavior in companies with a WHM and in companies without a WHM. For this purpose an empirical examination was conducted in Hungary and in Germany. This survey shows that there are significant differences in certain leadership behaviours within companies which have established a sustainable and long-term-oriented WHM and those who don´t.

The Workplace Psychosocial Hazards (WPH) agenda has gained policy currency in the context of the United Nations' 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). For instance, SDG#8 explicitly aims to protect labor rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers under the umbrella term of decent work. More importantly, WPH has become a significant priority of workplace health and safety management (WHSM) practices because of the high cost associated with workers' well-being and reduced productivity and performance. Nevertheless, a comprehensive analysis of WPH-related literature remains scant. This article responds to this gap and analyses scholarly research outputs between 1993 and 2022 available in the Scopus database (n=521) with two specific objectives: (a) to identify key research trends, key focus areas, collaboration networks, and prominent research institutions/countries and (b) generate insights into informing workplace safety and health management (WSHM) practices and future research. The analysis revealed that the research topics with the most emphasis were occupational health, mental health and stress. In contrast, topics such as policy assessment, sustainable development, and shift work received the least attention. Given that the scientometrics analysis has the potential to inform the WPH agenda, this article contributes to the discussions on three thematic implications of the analysis in the context of future research directions: (a) policy initiatives, (b) WHSM practices, and (c) research partnerships.

Background: Workplace health promotion (WHP) as a part of workplace health management (WHM) was strengthened in German legislature with the Prevention Act of 2015. However, smaller enterprises often do not offer WHM or WHP. Accordingly, a model-project for improving the uptake and implementation, particularly in micro-, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) was carried out. The aim of the study was to determine reasons for non-participation in WHP offers and analyze communication issues, both from the employee’s and employer’s perspective. Methods: In total, 21 managers or persons responsible for WHP participated in the first online survey between March and April 2020, and 156 employees responded to the second online survey between June and October 2021. The importance of barriers and communication issues was investigated. Based on a principal component analysis on non-participation, differences regarding sociodemographic variables were analyzed. Results: Most employees knew about the offered measures and that the measures were cost free. There was no significant association between having communicated the offers to the employees and considering them suitable for their needs. Most of the managers or persons responsible for WHP rated the measures as sufficiently varied and allowed staff to take part during working-time. Reasons for non-participation from the managers’ point of view were travel time to the location of the offers, lack of time, and a missing fit between offers and employees’ needs. From the employees’ point of view, workload (including working time) was the main barrier to participation. Conclusions: For the practical implementation of model projects in MSMEs, special attention should be paid to ensuring opportunity to participate, which may be easier with in-house offers.

This study aims to analyze the effect of communication and work environment on employee morale at the Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Service of Bima Regency. A quantitative approach was employed using a Likert-scale questionnaire distributed to 80 respondents selected through purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression with SPSS for Windows. The results reveal that communication (β = 0.551; t = 18.459; p < 0.05) and work environment (β = 0.401; t = 16.786; p < 0.05) have a significant partial effect on employee morale. Simultaneously, these two variables contribute 94.4% to the increase in employee morale (R² = 0.944; F = 43.288; p < 0.05). These findings indicate that effective communication and a supportive work environment can enhance motivation and productivity among public sector employees. The practical implication of this study suggests that organizational management needs to improve the quality of internal communication and create a conducive work environment to optimize organizational performance.

Purpose: The position of reason in management and the study of its utilization is one of the issues that has received much attention today. In this regard, wisdom management is an approach that emphasizes the use of knowledge, experiences, and correct understanding in the decision-making and management process. This management model effectively promotes deep learning and decision-making effectiveness to achieve organizational goals successfully. Therefore, the present study was conducted to identify the antecedents of wisdom management in organizations.Methodology: This study is applied in terms of purpose and survey in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the present study consists of management professors from universities in Lorestan province, from whom 30 people were selected as sample members using purposive sampling based on the principle of theoretical saturation. The data collection tool is used in the qualitative part of the research interviews, and a questionnaire is used in the quantitative part. The content analysis approach was used to analyze the data in the qualitative part using Atlas software. In the quantitative part, the fuzzy cognitive mapping method was used. The validity and reliability of the research interview were confirmed using the content validity method, theoretical validity, and intra-coder and inter-coder reliability. The validity and reliability of the research questionnaire were also measured using content validity and test-retests.Findings: The research findings showed that the most important antecedents of wisdom management in organizations are having human-cognitive skills with a central index (26.45), promotion based on competence with a central index (26.27), problem-solving ability (25.57), knowledge and experience of the manager (25.56), strong learning ability (25.44), and independence from sources of power with a central index (25.09).Research limitations: Regarding the limitations of the present study, it should be noted that the most critical limitations of this study include the novelty of its subject and the lack of relevant study resources in this field both inside and outside the country. The lack of resources to compare the results makes the generalizability of the results difficult. Also, the lack of other tools to collect data due to the lack of relevant study resources, a management background, and being thoroughly familiar with different management forms can be considered a limitation. To ensure greater accuracy and precision in the results, experts with a management background and who are thoroughly familiar with different management forms should also be used as sample members, which resulted in a limitation in the number of samples.Originality/value: According to the research results, organizations should focus on individuals' abilities and personality traits in the early stages of selection and recruitment to create the basis for implementing wisdom management in the organization and strengthen these skills in later stages.

Organizational Culture, Rule-Governed Behavior and Organizational Behavior Management is an introduction to concepts that link organizational behavior management (OBM) with the fields of organizational ecology, cultural anthropology, organizational development, and organizational behavior. This important book can help OBM researchers and managers more precisely analyze complex work environments to develop more comprehensive yet highly focused interventions to improve individual and organizational effectiveness. Organizational Culture, Rule-Governed Behavior and Organizational Behavior Management includes theoretical accounts of rule-governed behavior and cultural practices that expand the OBM’s boundaries to include more comprehensive analyses and intervention designs that can lead to more effective and larger scale interventions.Although OBM researchers have long recognized that the relationships between an organization and its environment are important for survival, they have not made organization-environment relations a primary focus of their interventions. In addition, most descriptions of OBM interventions have not included a precise account of how the components of the interventions bring about ultimate performance changes they produce. With this book, OBM researchers will learn how to identify organizational behavior/performance targets that can be changed and adapted to constantly changing competitive environments to improve an organization’s chances of survival. It also outlines two theories of rule-governed behavior. These theories characterize and explain how rules and their descriptions work to change or maintain effects of delayed rewards on current behavior/performance relationships. In so doing, they fill in the missing links required to achieve more valid and precise analyses of work environments that can be expected to result in more precise and effective OBM interventions.In Organizational Culture, Rule-Governed Behavior and Organizational Behavior Management, OBM researchers will learn how organizational cultural practices, organizational effectiveness, and rule-governed behaviors in organizations interact in complex ways to determine, in part, the adaptability and long-term survival of organizations. Reading this book will help academics, researchers, and practitioners better understand and predict how people in organizations will react to OBM interventions. All OBM managers including high-level managers, members of boards of directors and their consultants who are attempting to develop more effective organizations, will benefit from these discussions of organizational adaptation changing competitive environments. This essential volume presents organizational culture concepts cast in OBM terms that can be understood by all OBM researchers and practitioners and will be useful to anyone interested in organizational development on a large scale. Professors teaching OBM courses will find this presentation of rule-governed behavior an essential ingredient to every course in OBM.

The COVID-19 phenomenon led to an increase in the digitalization of the tourism sector, reducing the demand for services and affecting business performance. There is no doubt that leadership plays a fundamental role in the management of organizations. Therefore, it is necessary to delve deeper into the study of the collaborative style to build social capital and measure the impact it can generate on the performance of tourism companies. The influence of collaborative leadership, in its dimensions of resources and work environment, as well as the mobilization of interest groups, on financial and non-financial performance was analyzed, in addition to the mediation of social capital in this relationship. It was carried out under a quantitative approach, not experimenting in the design, taking the data only once, the sample was made up of 782 representatives of Peruvian tourism companies, using self-administered questionnaires and SEM for the analysis. The results indicate that resources and the work environment positively impact financial performance, but not social capital. Furthermore, stakeholder management influences both non-financial performance and social capital. Likewise, it is confirmed that social capital positively affects both dimensions of organizational performance. A partial mediation of social capital was found, as stakeholder management was associated with non-financial performance, with no mediation in the relationship between resources and work environment on financial performance. These findings highlight the need to strengthen collaborative leadership to improve the performance levels of companies that provide tourism services.

Many small businesses have hazardous work environments and exposures to significant occupational health and safety risks. Differences in understanding of risks by employers and employees are one of the factors leading to the hazardous work environment and risk exposures in small businesses. Employees generally describe “the tools of the trade” as the sources of risks of accidents and injuries, whereas employers generally identify “bad employees” or “bad luck” as the cause of accidents. It seems that employer and employees having the same or a shared understanding of occupational health and safety problems, their causal relations and the course of action is essential to remedy the work environment problems in the workplace. This paper describes a study that explores owner/managers’ and employees’ understandings of occupational health and safety risks in small business workplaces within the framework of the Local Theory of Work Environment. A case study of an independently operated restaurant and café in New Zealand employing 6-­19 employees was undertaken.. Data was collected using participant-­as-­observer ethnographic observation of the workplace followed by semi structured interviews of the owner, a manager and more than fifty per cent of employees employed in the business. Preliminary findings based on interview data are reported in this paper. The results suggest that the owner/manager and employees mainly consider physical safety problems experienced by employees or food safety problems affecting the customers as the key work environment problems. The owner/manager and employees generally link common sense and breach of norms with the causal relation behind these problems. Social exchange and external certification, among others, are found to be prominent reasons for bringing to attention the perceived problems in the wider work environment context. Implicit individual element of action and explicit organizational element of action are recognised as the two courses of action remedying the occupational health and safety problems. Further studies can be directed at finding how a shared understanding of the OHS risks occurs and what influences this process.

Modern Korean society is experiencing fundamental transformations in industrial structures and working environments driven by complex factors, including demographic shifts, the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, and digital transformation. The evolving dynamics between the manufacturing and service industries, the emergence of technology-driven sectors, and the proliferation of new occupational categories are reshaping traditional employment models. This has directed the labor market toward nonstandard employment forms, including temporary, contract-based, and platform labor. Consequently, issues such as employment instability and reduced accessibility to workplace health programs, including occupational safety training, health examinations, and workplace health management, have become increasingly prominent. Although occupational and environmental medicine has subsequently gained significance, the current occupational health and safety framework inadequately addresses the nuances of emerging labor forms. Legal gaps persist, leaving vulnerable groups such as nonregular workers, platform laborers, and older workers insufficiently protected under existing systems. Furthermore, systemic issues are evident in the inadequate follow-up care during occupational health examinations, lacking continued adherence to hazard-centric approaches, and insufficient attention to chronic diseases and mental health challenges. This study proposes strategies that occupational and environmental medicine can address these issues. First, legal and institutional reforms must encompass new labor forms, accompanied by modernized safety and health guidelines. Second, state-of-the-art technologies should be leveraged to enhance predictive disease management and personalized healthcare for workers. Third, a preventive approach integrating chronic disease management, mental healthcare, and psychosocial risk factors must be established. Fourth, fostering interdisciplinary research collaboration across medicine, engineering, and psychology is essential for developing practical solutions to emerging challenges. In conclusion, occupational and environmental medicine in Korea must adapt to effectively address the evolving labor landscape. Through systematic innovation, integrated health-management approaches, technological advancements, and interdisciplinary cooperation, the health and safety of all workers in the rapidly changing world can be ensured.

The main question addressed in this study is how the implementation of the Independent Curriculum and the work environment influence the work motivation of SLB teachers, and the extent to which social competence strengthens or weakens this relationship. This study aims to analyze the influence of the implementation of the Independent Curriculum and the work environment on teacher work motivation, with social competence as a moderating variable. The method used was quantitative with an explanatory research approach. The study sample consisted of 92 teachers from 12 SLBs in Tulungagung Regency, selected proportionally. Data analysis used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) based on Partial Least Squares (PLS). The results showed that the implementation of the Independent Curriculum (β = 0.846; p < 0.001) and the work environment (β = 0.846; p < 0.001) had a positive and significant effect on work motivation. However, social competence, as a moderator variable, weakened this relationship (β = -0.563; p < 0.001), indicating that teachers with high levels of social competence tend to face emotional burden and role conflict that hinder motivation. This study suggests the need for psychosocial support and workload management to ensure that social competence does not become a burden, but rather a professional strength for teachers. These findings are expected to serve as a reference for formulating policies to continuously improve the quality of special education teachers.

The goal of the present research was to contribute to an understanding of the transfer of training process. This study used a conceptual model based on a comprehensive training evaluation model to examine the extent to which secondary influences on training effectiveness, motivational elements, environmental elements, ability/enabling elements, and learning from computer-based training were associated with and explained the variance in supervisory ratings of performance. Subjects were production operators in a Fortune 500 size petrochemical manufacturing firm. This study examined a revised conceptualization of transfer climate, one in which transfer climate variables were determined based on their referent or source in the work environment. As a set, transfer climate variables were shown to account for the largest proportion $\rm (R\sp2 = .36, p \le .001)$ of the variance in performance ratings. Of seven climate dimensions measured, the most powerful predictors of performance to emerge were interpersonal climate dimensions. Peer support, group resistance to change, and supervisor sanctions all emerged as significant predictors of performance. These findings strongly suggest that interpersonal transfer climate dimensions such as work group members belief about themselves as a group, normative expectations about group members work behavior, and supportive interpersonal relationships are highly influential factors dictating the use of training on the job. Results also showed that content validity was (a) positively and significantly correlated (r =.53, p $\le$.001) with performance utility; (b) correlated to a lesser degree with performance (r =.18, p $\le$.08); and (c) a significant predictor of performance $\rm (\beta = .44,\ p \le .001)$ in a regression model. In terms of the conceptual model used for this study, the results suggest that content validity may be appropriate as a secondary variable influencing performance through its motivational value as well as an ability/enabling variable influencing performance directly. The results of this study provide partial support for a conceptual model based on Holton's (1996) comprehensive training evaluation and measurement model. The findings suggest that only through the use of comprehensive, integrated models of the training process can the cause and effect of training success or failure be reliably identified.