YSS YXR3

In the field of mechanical engineering, engineers are always looking for ways to improve the properties of materials. Cryogenic treatment of tooling steels is a proven technology to increase wear resistance and extend intervals between component replacements. The main idea of this paper is to apply Taguchi method to optimize cutting parameters in turning operation using cryogenic treated (CT) and untreated (UT) high speed steel (HSS) tools, so that the scope of cryogenic treatment on HSS tool material may be presented for the benefit of medium and small scale industry using HSS tools for cutting operation. Taguchi L25 orthogonal array is employed to study the performance characteristics in turning operations of AISI 1020 steel bars using CT and UT HSS tools. The microstructure has been found more refined and uniformly distributed after cryogenic treatment of HSS tool. It has been observed that optimum machining parameters in both the cases (CT HSS and UT HSS tools) are higher cutting speed (49.9 to 75.7 m/min.), lower feed rate (0.15 mm/rev.), medium depth of cut (0.40 mm). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicates that the cutting speed is most significant parameter followed by feed rate in case of CT HSS tool and depth of cut in case of UT HSS tool.

Tool materials have to fulfil a very wide range of duties and in consequence a large variety of steels have been developed. The composition and properties of high-speed, hot-work, cold-work, and other specialized tool steels are reviewed in relation to their respective fields of application. The desire for increased efficiency both in tool manufacture and in use in high-output operations has led to heavy demands upon the steel producer for improved and more consistent quality. Steelmaking and process developments in response to this challenge are outlined and the contribution that particle metallurgy techniques can make in the future is discussed. In view of the high cost and strategic vulnerability of the alloying elements used in high-speed steels and many tool steels mention ismade of the possible scope for steels of lower alloy content and for the use of composite materials or coatings.

This article discusses the classifications of high-speed tool steels and describes alloying elements and their effects on the properties of high-speed tool steels. It analyzes the heat treatment of high-speed tool steels, namely, preheating, austenitizing, quenching, and tempering. Surface treatments for the high-speed tool steels are reviewed. The article emphasizes the properties and applications of high-speed tool steels and provides information on the factors in selecting high-speed tool steels.

High Speed Steel (HSS) tool is commonly used in engineering applications, especially as cutters. The shortfall of this materials are wear and corrosion. However, these can be reduced by coating the surface of the material. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of Diamond Like Carbon (DLC) coating, quenching heating treatment, and tempering on the physical and mechanical properties of HSS surface. The physical characteristics which will be investigated is the micro structure, while the mechanical characteristics are hardness, wear and corrosion rate. HSS has variations in their chemical composition (% mass): 0.75–1.5 C, Co >12, V > 5, 4–4.5 Cr,10–20 W and Mo. Furthermore, DLC coating uses Plasma Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (PACVD) technique with variation in the duration of coating (1,2,3,4,5 and 6 hours) at temperature of 300℃, with pressure variations of 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 and 2.0 millibar. DLC coating material be treated from methane or ethane gas, which is streamed into the fire with Argon (Ar). The result shows variations in DLC coating and the hardness grade depends on the coating time and pressure variation. DLC coating for a duration of 4 hours under 1.8 mbar pressure can reduce the surface hardness of HSS tool by 62% accompanied by increased ductility.

Manufacturing industries are presently using many tool materials, such as high speed steel, carbide tool and diamond tools etc. The most widely and commonly used tool in the engineering industries is high speed steel (HSS). The HSS tools are the cheapest and reliable for medium and small scale industries. In this work, the HSS single point cutting tool is taken as substrate material and coated with two different combinations of TiAlN composite coating using Physical vapour deposition (PVD) technique. Also, Tool life was calculated and compared with uncoated HSS tool. The hardness and surface roughness value for both the tools have been taken under same condition. The loss of weight in the tool after machining has been weighed using standard equipments. The differences have been closely observed with sufficient trials and find out the loss in weight in both the tools. The weight loss percentage was calculated after proper machining trials. The tool life of the Titanium Aluminium Nitride (Ti 70%, Al 25%) coated tool has been increased by 3.74 times than that of uncoated tool. The surface finish for TiAlN (Ti 70%, Al 25%) coating is better than the uncoated tool. The PVD coated tools having better performance comparing with uncoated HSS tool.

Micro-Melt T15 Plus alloy is a high-speed powder metal tool steel. It may be considered for many types of tooling applications where either conventional or powder metal high-speed steels of either the M or T types are being used. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, and hardness. It also includes information on wear resistance as well as forming, heat treating, and powder metal forms. Filing Code: TS-620. Producer or source: Carpenter Specialty Alloys.

The electrochemical polishing behaviour of P/M high-speed steel (ASP 23) in perchloric–acetic mixed acids

In this study, a cutting tool is developed from duplex stainless steel (DSS) using the superplastic boronizing technique. The feasibility of the development process is studied, and the cutting performances of the cutting tool are evaluated and compared with commercially available carbide and high-speed steel (HSS) tools. The superplastically boronized (SPB) cutting tool yielded a dense boronized layer of 50.5 µm with a surface hardness of 3956 HV. A coefficient of friction value of 0.62 is obtained, which is lower than 1.02 and 0.8 of the carbide and HSS tools. When tested on an aluminum 6061 surface under dry condition, the SPB cutting tool is also able to produce turning finishing below 0.4 µm, beyond the travel distance of 3000 m, which is comparable to the carbide tool, but produces much better results than HSS tool. Through superplastic boronizing of DSS, it is possible to produce a high-quality metal-based cutting tool that is comparable to the conventional carbide tool.

The fact that samples prepared by a high frequency induction melting and centrifugal casting method is excellent in uniformity suggests that this method is adequate for the preparation of tool and high speed steel samples containing a large amount of carbide-forming elements for instrumental analysis. In this study remelted samples which were prepared from tool (JSS 600∼605) and high speed (JSS 606∼611) steels for chemical analysis by this method were analyzed in comparison with the same standared samples for instrumental analysis. The method for the assessment of the remelted samples was as follows. The equations of the working curves were derived from the data for the standard samples for instrumental analysis by curve fitting with orthogonal polynominals. The F-test was performed for comparison of the mean squares of both data. Emission spectral analysis (Cu, Ni, Cr, Mo, V, W) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (Ni, Cr, Mo, V, W) of tool steels showed that some of the standard samples gave abnormally higher values in tungusten analysis. The working curves successfully constructed from the standard samples when excluded those samples with abnormal tungsten content and included Fe-W alloy samples (JSS FXS 375∼378). In order to make clear the cause of this higher analytical value, the microstructures were investigated with an optical microscope and an electron probe X-ray microanalyzer. It was inferred as a main cause that comparatively large tungusten carbide scattered non-uniformly in one standard sample, while there was no carbide in the remelted samples. In X-ray fluorescence analysis (Co, Cr, V, Mo, W) of high speed steels, there was a discrepancy in analytical values of vanadium between the standard sample and the remelted one with a high vanadium content (V: 3.19%), and the analytical values of tungsten in the high tungsten standard samples showed considerable scattering in positive errors. Microstructure observations confirmed that the positive errors were due to the presence of coarse unmelted carbide in the standard samples.

TATMO-V is a high-speed tool steel with superior abrasion resistance because of its high contents of carbon and vanadium. It is an excellent choice for premium grade tools which require an outstanding balance of red hardness, edge toughness, and wear resistance. Increased tool life of Tatmo-V is noted in the machining of semi-hard, heat-treated steel pats (300-350 Brinell). This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and elasticity as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on forming, heat treating, and machining. Filing Code: TS-434. Producer or source: Latrobe Steel Company.

Micro-Melt 23 is a general-purpose alloy with a good combination of properties. This high-speed tool steel is made from powder with all its inherent values. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and elasticity. It also includes information on corrosion and wear resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and powder metal forms. Filing Code: TS-627. Producer or source: Carpenter Powder Technologies.

Daido DRM2 is a high-speed tool steel with both high hardness (62 HRC maximum) and toughness for improved life in dies. The alloy is a matrix type for warm and cold forging tools. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and elasticity as well as fatigue. It also includes information on high temperature performance as well as heat treating. Filing Code: TS-618. Producer or source: International Mold Steel Inc., Daido Steel.

Daido DRM3 is a high-speed tool steel with both high hardness (66 HRC maximum) and toughness for improved life in dies. The alloy has excellent hardenability. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and elasticity as well as fatigue. It also includes information on high temperature performance as well as heat treating. Filing Code: TS-619. Producer or source: International Mold Steel Inc., Daido Steel.

We report a new industrial application of aluminum magnesium boride AlMgB14 (BAM) coatings to enhance the hardness of tungsten carbide ceramic (WC-Co) and high-speed steel tools. BAM films were deposited by RF magnetron sputtering of a single dense stoichiometric ceramic target onto commercial WC-Co turning inserts and R6M5 steel drill bits. High target sputtering power and sufficiently short target-to-substrate distance were found to be critical processing conditions. Very smooth (6.6 nm RMS surface roughness onto Si wafers) and hard AlMgB14 coatings enhance the hardness of WC-Co inserts and high-speed R6M5 steel by a factor of two and three, respectively. Complete coating spallation failure occurred at a scratch adhesion strength of 18 N. High work of adhesion and low friction coefficient, estimated for BAM onto drill bits, was as high as 64 J/m2 and as low as 0.07, respectively, more than twice the surpass characteristics of N-doped diamond-like carbon (DLC) films deposited onto nitride high-speed W6Mo5Cr4V2 steel.

TiN and Ti(CN) coatings have been deposited by conventional CVD, MT CVD and PVD processes on different substrates such as hard metal (K 10/20 WC), stainless steel, high speed steel, tool steel and martensitic stainless steel. The residual stresses have been measured by the sin2Y X-ray diffraction technique. It is shown that the residual stresses depend strongly on the substrate type and on the deposition process. The adhesion of the coatings has been measured by determining the critical load when submitted to the CSEM scratch test. CVD coatings on hard metal have the lowest stresses and the highest adhesion. The residual stresses in PVD boatings are nearly twice those in CVD coatings. An evident relation is found between residual stresses and adhesion.