ZPD Technological Learning Environment In Learning Computational Thinking Skill-Based Mathematics

This research aims to determine the relationship between computational thinking ability and mathematical critical thinking ability of seventh-grade students at SMPN 49 Jakarta. Computational thinking ability is skills or processes in solving problems effectively, while mathematical critical thinking ability is a process of analyzing problems to make an accurate decision. This research used correlation research with research subjects consisting of 14 female students and 16 male students. The instrument in this study is a test in the form of a description, which is measured using indicators. This study used decomposition, pattern recognition, abstraction, and algorithm thinking as indicators of computational thinking ability. This study uses elementary clarification, essential support, inference, advanced clarification, strategy, and tactics as indicators of mathematical critical thinking. The outcome of this research showed a positive correlation between computational thinking ability and students’ mathematical critical thinking ability. The relationship analysis shows a simultaneous and significant relationship between computational thinking and essential mathematical thinking abilities. The correlation test results using Pearson Product Moment obtained a result of 0.897 with a coefficient of determination of 80.5%. The magnitude of the correlation indicates that the two abilities have a solid relationship. If computational thinking ability is high, then mathematical critical thinking ability is also high, and if computational thinking ability is low, then mathematical critical thinking ability is also low.

Background and Aim: Based on relevant policies and literature, such as higher education planning at home and abroad, policies of the Chinese Ministry of Education, educational concepts, cognitive learning theories, project-based learning methods, teaching strategies, and teaching evaluations, researchers interviewed teachers and students on the current foundation of the programming design course. This research and development aimed 1 to study the background information focusing on the course components of the foundation of programming design course to enhance students’ computational thinking ability. 2) To develop the foundation of a programming design course based on Cognitive learning theory, combined with Project-based learning to enhance students’ computational thinking ability. 3) To determine the effectiveness of implementing the foundation of programming design course based on Cognitive learning theory combined with Project-based learning. Materials and Methods: The sample of this research was 30 first-year students (1 class) majoring in Network Engineering class 1, in the academic year 2024-2025 of Zhoukou Normal University, Henan Province, China. They are derived from using a cluster random sampling method. The experimental design adopted in this research was a group posttest-only design. The research instruments from each Phase of the study were as follows: Phase I: Interview forms for teachers and students on course-related questions. Phase II: 1) Foundation of programming design course based on Cognitive learning theory combined with Project-Based Learning. 2) 12 lesson plans for the foundation of the programming design course. 3) Evaluation form of computational thinking skills. 4) Learning achievement test. 5)Satisfaction questionnaire. The data were analyzed by using mean, standard deviation, and the one-sample t-test. Results: The results of this research were as follows: 1) The researcher reviewed the related documents about the Foundation of Programming Design Course and interviewed the 4 teachers and 30 students about problems of the Foundation of Programming Design Course, and the information gathered was used to develop the course. 2) The course development in six aspects: Course principles, Course objectives, Course content, Course instructional strategies, Course media and resources, and Course evaluation. 3) After implementing through Foundation of Programming Design Course based on Cognitive Learning Theory combined with Project-Based Learning, students’ computational thinking ability (Knowledge) was higher than the determined criterion of 70% at a significance level of 0.05; students’ computational thinking ability (Skills) was higher than the determined criterion of 70% at a significance level of .05. 4) The mean scores of students’ satisfaction after implementing the Foundation of Programming Design Course based on Cognitive Learning Theory combined with Project-Based Learning was 4.838 from a possible full mark of 5, and the standard deviation was 0.176, which was statistically higher than the criterion of 70% at the .05 level of statistical significance. Conclusion: This research confirms the effectiveness of the teaching model based on Cognitive learning theory combined with Project-Based Learning to enhance students' computational thinking ability.

Melatih kemampuan berpikir komputasional mahasiswa membuka peluang untuk lebih menguasi konsep, menganalisis permasalahan, dan membangun solusi dunia nyata. Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis kemampuan berpikir komputational mahasiswa Pendidikan Ilmu Komputer berupa kemampuan abstraksi, dekomposisi, berpikir algoritmik, dan generalisasi. Metode penelitian yaitu studi kasus dengan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif. Pembelajaran dilakukan kepada 40 mahasiswa semester 1 (satu) secara kolaboratif dalam penyelesaian masalah luas daerah dengan pendekatan limit. Pada akhir pembelajaran mahasiswa diberikan soal tes kemampuan berpikir komputasional mahasiswa. Jawaban tes setiap mahasiswa dianalisis dari segi sisi fungsi mental yang muncul untuk mengetahui karakteristik akusisi kemampuan penyelesaian masalah. Pada penelitian yang telah dilakukan mahasiswa dikategorikan dalam kelompok novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, dan expert berdasarkan karakter penyelesaian masalahnya. Pada umumnya setiap mahasiswa telah memiliki kemampuan berpikir algoritmik. Sebagian besar mahasiswa (kecuali kategori novice) juga telah mampu mengabstraksi dan mendekomposisi permasalahan. Sedangkan kemampuan pengenalan pola baru terlihat pada mahasiswa dengan kategori competent, proficient, dan expert. Training students' computational thinking ability provides opportunities to comprehend concepts, analyse problems, and build solutions in real-life contexts. The purpose of the study was to analyse the computational thinking abilities of Computer Science Education students, i.e., abstraction, decomposition, algorithmic thinking, and generalization abilities. The research method used was a case study with a descriptive qualitative approach. The learning process was conducted by 40 students for semester 1 (one) semester collaboratively in solving area problems using the limit approach. At the end of the lesson, the students were tested through students' computational thinking abilities. Each student's answers were analyzed in terms of the mental functions that emerged to determine the characteristics of the acquisition of problem-solving ability. In this study, the students were categorized into groups of novices, advanced beginner, competent, professional, and expert based on the natures of their problem solving. In general, every student had the ability to think algorithmically. Most students (except the novice category) were able to abstract and unravel the problems. Meanwhile, the ability to recognize new patterns were demonstrated by the students in the competent, professional, and expert categories.

Interactive multimedia is one of the most popular types of learning media and provides a significant increase in the success of the learning process. The achievement of mathematics learning objectives can be seen based on the level of students' computational thinking abilities and learning motivation. Therefore, this research was conducted to develop interactive multimedia that can improve students' computational thinking skills and learning motivation. This development research uses the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation) model. The sample for this research was class IX students at Tunas Karya Batangkuis Middle School. The research results show that the interactive multimedia developed meets the criteria of being valid, practical and effective in improving students' computational thinking skills and learning motivation. Interactive multimedia obtained a validity value of 3.6 with very good criteria. Interactive multimedia obtained a practicality score of 3.4 (very good category) from the response questionnaire and 3.2 (good category) from the learning implementation questionnaire. The effectiveness of interactive multimedia can also be seen from several aspects, including students' classical completion level which reached 92%, achievement of learning objectives by 80%, very positive student responses, and good levels of student activity. Apart from that, the use of interactive multimedia also succeeded in increasing computational thinking abilities by 0.54 (medium category) and student learning motivation by 0.65 (medium category).

The main objective of this study was to measure the level of computational thinking readiness in prospective first-year mathematics education students. In addition, this study also aims to identify factors that influence their level of readiness towards computational thinking. This research is qualitative and descriptive in nature. This study describes first-year mathematics education students' mathematical computational thinking ability based on the theory of mathematical computational thinking. This study was conducted on first-year mathematics education students in the academic year 2023/2024. There were 16 first-year mathematics education students, all of whom were taken as samples in this study, to obtain more in-depth information about the computational thinking ability of first-year mathematics education students for further research development. The instruments used to collect data on first-year mathematics education students' mathematical computational thinking ability are (1) a mathematical computational thinking ability test and (2) an interview. The data obtained were calculated using statistical tests, and the results will be explained in depth. The mean score of the first-year mathematics education student's computational thinking ability test was 59.68, indicating that students generally have a fairly good level of computational thinking ability.

Many teachers in kindergarten do not know how to stimulate early childhood computational thinking ability. One way to stimulate early childhood computational thinking ability is through coding games, either using digital device media or without digital device media. This article aims to analyze the types of coding games as a medium that can help stimulate early childhood computational thinking ability. The method used is a systematic literature review using descriptive qualitative data analysis to analyze relevant previous studies. This study examined 40 articles on coding games to stimulate early childhood computational thinking ability in various international journals between 2020 and 2025. The results of the analysis of theoretical studies show that coding games can stimulate early childhood computational thinking ability. This is because coding games involve children getting used to thinking logically, being structured, processing tasks systematically, and solving problems by developing the right solutions. The implications of this study can provide an overview of the types of coding games that can be implemented or practiced by teachers to stimulate early childhood computational thinking ability, by adjusting facilities in schools can use digital media or without digital media.

Computational thinking skills can help students in solving problems. Teaching materials such as student worksheets are still limited to textbooks. Physics learning can use GeoGebra to help visualise phenomena. This study aims to analyse the computational thinking ability of students through the implementation of GeoGebra integrated student worksheets on motion material on indicators of abstraction, decomposition, algorithm thinking, and generalisation. This type of research is a combination of quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative data analysis uses formula calculations to assess student worksheets. Meanwhile, qualitative data analysis uses an interactive approach by Miles and Huberman. The results showed that the students' computational thinking ability on the abstraction indicator of as many as 25 people, decomposition on as many as 20 people, and algorithmic thinking on as many as 25 people are classified as very good. This is indicated by students being able to determine important information, identify problems to be simpler, and explain steps systematically. In the generalisation indicator, students' average computational thinking ability is in a good category. In short, most students in computational thinking skills on abstraction, decomposition, and algorithm thinking are classified as very good, while the generalisation indicator is classified as good.

The PISA data results show that computational thinking abilities are still lacking. Computational thinking ability is influenced by gender. This research aims to analyze patterns of computational thinking skills of prospective elementary school teachers based on gender at 8 universities in Indonesia. In this research, the components of computational thinking skills analyzed are abstraction, algorithmic, decomposition, and pattern recognition. This research is a mix method research with research subjects as many as 234 prospective elementary school teachers at 8 higher educational institutions. The instruments used were test and interviews. The data analysis technique used is a quantitative data analysis technique using SEM PLS and for qualitative data analysis using miles and Huberman. The research results show that computational thinking skills are still low on the decomposition and pattern recognition components. Based on the SEM PLS test results, it shows that computational thinking abilities are related to gender. In general, the computational thinking ability of female students is slightly higher in all sub-indicators than men and there are differences in the pattern of computational thinking ability between male and female elementary school teacher prospective. The ability of prospective female elementary school teachers to answer in more detail and more structured, while the answers of male prospective teachers are shorter and less comprehensive. Recommendations for developing computational thinking skills by developing problem-based learning, contextual project-based learning and STEAM based learning.

Computational thinking is a person's ability to present problems and their solutions through certain algorithms so that the algorithms can be reused by other people and computers to solve the same problems. This study aims to comprehensively examine students' computational thinking skill reviewed from different self-efficacy levels. This research is descriptive qualitative research. The subjects in this study were 3 seventh grade students of Bumi Cendekia Junior High School in the 2022/2023 school year who were selected based on low, medium, and high self-efficacy levels. The instruments used were test, questionnaire, and interview. Data analysis was carried out using qualitative data analysis which included data reduction, data presentation, verification, and conclusion. The results showed that students with low self-efficacy level were only able to fulfill 2 indicators of computational thinking ability, students with moderate self-efficacy level fulfilled 3 indicators of computational thinking ability. Meanwhile, students with high self-efficacy level have excellent computational thinking ability by being able to fulfill 4 indicators of computational thinking ability.

This study aims to provide an overview of the computational mathematical thinking abilities of male and female students in solving mathematical problems and the aspects (abstraction, decomposition, algorithmic thinking, and generalization) that influence these differences. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach in a junior high school in Jakarta for the academic year 2023/2024. The participants in this study are 36 students. Data were collected through written examinations and interviews and analyzed using the triangulation technique. The results of the study showed different patterns of computational thinking skills between male and female students. Male students excel in decomposition and algorithmic thinking but are weak in abstraction and generalization. Female students excel in abstraction and decomposition but are weak in algorithmic thinking and generalization. Both male and female students master the context of decomposition for computational thinking skills but lack mastery in the context of generalization. In conclusion, gender differences influence specific aspects of computational thinking skills, indicating the need for tailored educational strategies to address these differences.

With the development of the digital age, online teaching and learning is becoming more widespread in schools around the world. In the online teaching environment, the teaching mode of the course is an important element that receives attention in education and teaching. The online teaching mode based on the cultivation of computational thinking can improve students' learning interest and cultivate their innovative thinking ability. However, the author found through educational internship that there are problems such as single teaching activities, lack of teacher-student interaction, poor cooperative learning, and short independent learning time in high school information technology classrooms, which lead to low computational thinking ability and are not conducive to the development of students' innovative ability. The development of students' computational thinking ability is a requirement put forward by the high school information technology curriculum to secondary school students, and the improvement of computational thinking can help students adapt to the future society and meet the demand of future innovative talents. Therefore, this study takes high school students as the research object, under the guidance of constructivism and cognitivism theories, adopts survey research, experimental research and other research methods to construct and verify the online teaching mode based on the cultivation of computational thinking in high school information technology courses. The results of the study show that the online teaching mode based on the development of computational thinking can effectively improve students' algorithmic, evaluation, decomposition, abstraction and generalization thinking abilities, and thus enhance the online learning effect.

In recent years, computational thinking (CT) skills have been globally recognized as a 21st-century skill that must be developed for future generations. However, the lack of validated CT assessments would be a major impediment in the efforts to incorporate CT into the school curriculum. This study is intended to validate the Computational Thinking Test (CTt) using the Rasch model by identifying whether the data fit the Rasch model measurement, determining the CT abilities among a small sample of Singapore secondary students through the test, and examining the presence of test items that functioned differently for gender and grade level of the students. In this study, 153 upper secondary school students from Grade 9 and Grade 10 were involved in a test that required them to do the CTt which comprises 28 test items. The performance of the students in CTt was utilized as quantitative data in this study and was analyzed using the Rasch model. The findings revealed that the data fit the Rasch model measurement. The majority of the male students and ninth-graders had a high level of CT abilities, while most of the female students and tenth-graders had a moderate level of CT abilities. Hence, the male students and ninth-graders performed better than the female students and tenth-graders. Four items functioned differently between male and female students where one gender had a better chance to get the correct answer in these four items compared to the other gender. Only one test item was functioning differently for Grade 9 and Grade 10. This means that the students of one grade level were more likely to obtain the correct answer in this item than the students in the other grade level. This study hopes to contribute to the literature in the area of CT assessments by providing a reference case for scholars and researchers in assessing CT abilities among the students.

Computational thinking ability need to be trained from an early age through the mathematics ability approach at the primary schools level. This study aims to analyze the effect of the analysis of mathematic ability to computational thinking abilities in primary schools age in sdn 2 sekarteja with 2 measurement variables including: computational thinking ability and math ability. This type of research is quantitative using descriptive methods. The population of this study was class V SDN 2 Sekarteja with a total of 30 students and the entire population becomes the sample, the type of research sample is saturated sample. Data collection techniques in this study used tests and documentation. The technique used to analyze the data was descriptive statistics. The results of this study indicated that, with n = 30 and a significant level of 5%, r table = 0.361, while the result rcount = 0.304. The results obtained were rcount ≤ rtabel, then Ha was rejected and Ho was accepted and the direction of the correlation was negative. It can be concluded that there was no significant relationship between the computational thinking abilities of elementary school age children in terms of mathematics abilities at SDN 2 Sekarteja

This paper presents the results of a project on Computational Thinking education for primary school pupils. During the project – called Computational Thinking for children education – 81 students from a primary school in Italy have been guided to the design and development of computer games through the Microsoft Kodu game development platform. Different activities have been proposed to the pupils with the aim of promoting Computational Thinking abilities and skills. A narrative approach has been adopted throughout the project. Preliminary results of the educational experience highlight as the adoption of narrative learning and physical reproduction of manipulative programming objects provide an affordance for the development of Computational Thinking abilities. Furthermore, constancy during the learning process affects the acquisition of game development skills; finally, the design and implementation of computer games using Kodu have had a significant positive influence on the perception of computer programming.

In the contemporary era, Computational Thinking has emerged as a crucial skill for individuals to possess in order to thrive in the 21st century. In this context, there is a need to develop a methodology for cultivating these skills within a science and mathematics content education framework, particularly among pre-service teachers. This study aimed to investigate the impact of Educational Robotics on the development of Computational Thinking skills, with a particular focus on the role of gender, through a scientific and mathematical content teaching approach. A pre-experimental design with a quantitative approach was employed, and it was implemented with a total of 116 pre-service teachers, 38 males and 78 females. The results demonstrated a notable enhancement between the pre-test (8.11) and post-test (9.63) scores, emphasising specific concepts such as simple functions, while, and compound conditional. With respect to gender, statistically significant differences were identified prior to the intervention, but not following its implementation. The high level of Computational Thinking exhibited by both genders was comparable (53.85% in females and 55.26% in males) following the intervention. This indicates that the intervention is a promising approach for enhancing Computational Thinking proficiency, independent of gender and initial proficiency levels. The implementation of Educational Robotics in the teaching of science and mathematics enables the enhancement of Computational Thinking abilities among pre-service teachers, while reducing the observed gender disparity in this area of skill development.