What is the primary issue in type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Answer from top 1 papers

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is primarily a problem with insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, leading to impaired glucose metabolism and chronic hyperglycemia (). The pathogenesis of T2DM involves multiple factors, including genetic predisposition, lifestyle choices, and metabolic abnormalities ( and ).
Interestingly, recent research has highlighted the crucial role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of T2DM. Impaired mitochondrial structure, function, and bioenergetics in various tissues contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of the disease ( and ). This mitochondrial dysfunction leads to oxidative stress and systemic inflammation, which in turn exacerbate insulin resistance (). Additionally, the concept of galanin resistance has emerged as a potential factor in T2DM development, alongside insulin resistance ().
In conclusion, while insulin resistance remains a central issue in T2DM, the disease is increasingly recognized as a complex metabolic disorder involving multiple systems and pathways. Understanding these intricate mechanisms, including mitochondrial dysfunction and hormetic responses, may lead to novel therapeutic approaches for prevention and treatment of T2DM ( and ).

Source Papers

115
10.3389/fendo.2024.1359685

Animal models for type 1 and type 2 diabetes: advantages and limitations.

Feb 20, 2024
Frontiers in Endocrinology
Raj Singh + 2 more +2

Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by chronic elevation in blood glucose levels, resulting from inadequate insulin production, defective cellular response to extracellular insulin, and/or impaired glucose metabolism. The two main types that account for most diabetics are type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), each with their own pathophysiological features. T1D is an autoimmune condition where the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This leads to lack of insulin, a vital hormone for regulating blood sugar levels and cellular glucose uptake. As a result, those with T1D depend on lifelong insulin therapy to control their blood glucose level. In contrast, T2DM is characterized by insulin resistance, where the body's cells do not respond effectively to insulin, coupled with a relative insulin deficiency. This form of diabetes is often associated with obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and/or genetic factors, and it is managed with lifestyle changes and oral medications. Animal models play a crucial role in diabetes research. However, given the distinct differences between T1DM and T2DM, it is imperative for researchers to employ specific animal models tailored to each condition for a better understanding of the impaired mechanisms underlying each condition, and for assessing the efficacy of new therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the distinct animal models used in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus research and discuss their strengths and limitations.