As generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) becomes increasingly embedded in education, teacher educators play a pivotal role in modelling its pedagogical use. This mixed-methods study explores how pre-service teachers' perceptions and experiences with GenAI align with or diverge from those of their teacher educators in a Norwegian teacher education programme. Survey and interview data from pre-service teachers (n = 209) and teacher educators (n = 17) reveal that both groups recognise GenAI's potential to enhance efficiency and support learning. However, concerns persist regarding trust, ethical use, and the erosion of core teaching competencies. While experienced GenAI users actively model GenAI integration, novice users express uncertainty and caution. The findings highlight differing perceptions and underscore the need for structured AI literacy development and institutional support. This study emphasises the importance of aligning teacher education practices with evolving technological landscapes to prepare future educators for critical, reflective, and pedagogically grounded GenAI use. • Explores GenAI perceptions among pre-service teachers and teacher educators. • Mixed methods study conducted in a Norwegian teacher education programme. • Finds divergence in GenAI use, confidence, and pedagogical integration. • Identifies need for structured AI literacy in teacher education curricula. • Highlights role of teacher educators in modelling ethical GenAI practices.

Since September 2023, England's national immunisation programme has offered the recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) to adults aged 65-79 as a preventative measure against shingles (herpes zoster) and its complications. However, adults aged 80 and over are currently not eligible for the vaccine. We aimed to evaluate the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of providing RZV to adults aged 80 and older in England. This cost-utility analysis employs a static cohort model considering herpes zoster (HZ) cases and severe cases leading to post-herpetic neuralgia, HZ-related hospitalisation, and deaths from the perspective of the National Health Service. The long-term impacts of RZV are assessed using the model, accounting for changing population demographics and the previously-offered live zoster vaccine (ZVL). We consider different eligibility scenarios for RZV focusing on the older population (80+ years old) and provide comparisons to the pre-2023 programme. Expanding the current programme to offer a single dose of RZV to people aged 80 and up is likely to be cost-effective relative to the current programme. Offering two doses to this group would be less cost-effective but would offer greater protection against HZ. For preventing health-related quality of life loss, it is most efficient to vaccinate 60-69-year-olds, but for averting hospitalisation costs, it is most efficient to vaccinate 80-89-year-olds. Providing one or two doses of RZV for older adults can be cost-effective and would reduce the healthcare burden of shingles.

This paper compares the magnitude and stratification of motherhood employment penalties in France and Germany, two countries with contrasting institutional orientations towards maternal employment. While prior research has documented cross-national variation in the size of motherhood penalties, less is known about how macro-level contexts shape their stratification across socioeconomic groups. Using harmonized administrative employment data on 18,948 French and 72,632 German mothers, who were employed prior to first birth between 1997 and 2014, we estimate labour market participation trajectories for five years following childbirth. Across both countries, women with higher pre-birth income, higher education, and employment in higher-wage firms experience substantially smaller reductions in labour supply, with income emerging as the strongest stratifying dimension. Motherhood penalties are markedly smaller in France, amounting to less than one-third of the reduction observed in Germany. Yet penalties in France are more strongly stratified: mothers in the lowest income quintile experience participation losses 3.14 times larger than mothers in the highest quintile, compared to a ratio of 1.17 in Germany. Within Germany, East German mothers face smaller but more stratified penalties than West German mothers. Finally, we test whether the macro-level pattern of larger penalties associated with weaker stratification also generalizes to 65 NUTS-2 regions. We find no systematic association between the size and stratification of motherhood penalties at the regional level. The findings suggest that institutional contexts supporting high maternal employment reduce overall penalties but pose particular challenges for mothers from lower socio-economic backgrounds who reintegrate less rapidly into the labour market.

Blood transfusion is one of the most common interventions in hospitals. Blood tests that support this widespread practice are considered routine, such as 'group and save' (also known as 'type and screen'), yet there has been very limited evaluation of the needs for these tests and the associated costs. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesise international evidence on the costs of group and save and crossmatch tests and their component processes. Seventy-two studies published between 2012 and 2023 were identified and data were extracted. Most cost estimates were derived from local institutional sources with few using national reference data, and reporting methods varied widely. Median unit costs for group and save tests were £19.8 (interquartile range [IQR] £11.8-£52.5) overall, £13.8 in the United Kingdom and £57.4 in the United States. Crossmatch costs were £9.6 (IQR £5.9-£37.3). Understanding costs for group and save testing will inform hospital teams making decisions about sample requirements for procedures with a low likelihood of transfusion. It also provides benchmarking to assess the impact of implementing electronic systems to improve safety and efficiency of transfusion practice.

Building energy consumption contributes to approximately 34% of global carbon emissions. Direct current (DC) distribution technology, characterized by its significant advantages in efficiently integrating distributed energy resources (DERs) and flexible loads, alongside high transmission efficiency, presents promising opportunities for the low-carbon transition of the building sector. This review systematically summarizes the key power electronic equipment, coordinated control strategies, and stability analysis methods within building DC distribution systems. First, it introduces the power electronic converters that interconnect system components, and the DC circuit breakers (DCCBs) responsible for fault isolation and operational mode switching. Second, the paper discusses recent advancements in hierarchical control architectures (including primary, secondary, and tertiary levels), considering the electrical characteristics of buildings, and provides a classification thereof. Concurrently, this review systematically covers small-signal and large-signal stability analysis methods. Comparative analyses highlight the existing gaps in stability criteria for multi-voltage-level systems, particularly when considering line impedance. Finally, focusing on the requirements for building decarbonization and efficient, stable operation, this review provides several future research directions.