[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1007/s13205-025-04363-w.].

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was achieved using leaf extract of Tridax procumbens, which served as a reducing, capping, and stabilising agent. The synthesized TP-AgNPs showed a reddish-brown color, with a surface plasmon resonance confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy at 420.32nm. Morphological analysis by SEM revealed spherical nanoparticles, XRD patterns confirmed their crystalline nature. FT-IR spectroscopy identified the presence of various functional groups involved in stabilization, including phenolic, flavonoids, and proteins. DLS analysis showed a hydrodynamic diameter of 150.4nm, with a zeta potential of -15.3mV, indicating moderate colloidal stability. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of TP-AgNPs were evaluated against wound associated pathogens: Acinetobacter radioresistens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella aerogenes. Biofilm-forming capacity, assessed via tube method and Congo red assay, varied among isolates A. radioresistens exhibited strong biofilm formation, K. aerogenes showed moderate activity, P. aeruginosa showed weak activity, and E. coli non-biofilm forming. Quantitative biofilm inhibition assays using crystal violet demonstrated dose-dependent effect, with the highest inhibition (up to 10% inhibition at 43.2µg/mL) observed against K. aerogenes (), while A. radioresistens and P. aeruginosa showed limited susceptibility among the tested strains. These findings highlight the selective antibiofilm potential of TP-AgNPs and support their further development as topical agents for managing biofilm associated infections.

Aluminium (Al) deposition in different parts of the brain contributes significantly for the progression of neurodegenerative changes. The present study was undertaken to find out the influence of Ficus religiosa leaves against Al induced deposition of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and amyloid plaque in Wistar rats. We used rats of around 12-week age for the study. The animals were divided into 7 groups classified as control, Al, T200 & 300 as two extract treatment groups, FR200 & 300 which served as FR extract control and PRL, the prophylactic group. Aluminium exposure increased the expression of NFT and amyloid plaques along with decreased locomotor activity in the present study. However, these deleterious effects were improved in the form of reduced number of NFT and amyloid plaques by Ficus religiosa leaf extract treatment in a dose dependent manner. The outcomes of our study reveal the therapeutic potential of FR leaves against neurological disorders by combating the amyloid plaque and NFT formation.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, characterized by hyperresponsiveness, airflow obstruction, and recurrent respiratory symptoms. Despite advancements in pharmacological treatments, current therapies often have side effects and show variable effectiveness, underscoring the need for safer and more effective alternatives. Pistacia integerrima J.L. Stewart ex Brandis, commonly known as Kakarsinghi, has traditionally been used in South Asia to treat respiratory conditions, including cough, bronchitis, and asthma. This practice is prevalent in Ayurveda, Unani medicine, and local folklore. Phytochemical studies have identified various bioactive compounds in Kakarsinghi, including flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic acids, which exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and bronchodilatory properties. Preclinical research demonstrates that P. integerrima extracts and isolated constituents can modulate key molecular pathways associated with asthma pathophysiology, including the inhibition of NF-κB, suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, modulation of mast cell stabilization, and downregulation of Th2 cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Clinical studies indicate that galls may effectively prevent respiratory attacks and enhance chest expansion and respiratory rate when used in poly-herbal formulations. These findings support the traditional use of galls and suggest their potential as an adjunct therapy. This review speculates on the available data, comprising ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and multifaceted therapeutic prospects of P. integerrima, highlighting its potential role as a natural intervention for asthma.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-025-04663-1.

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are key molecular mediators implicated in diabetic neuropathy (DN), although their exact mechanisms and therapeutic implications remain unclear. This review systematically integrates current evidence on AGE formation, AGE-RAGE signaling, oxidative stress, and emerging interventions in DN. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Studies addressing biochemical, molecular, and clinical aspects of AGEs in DN were identified, screened, and qualitatively analyzed. Evidence consistently shows that AGEs promote neuronal and vascular injury through both receptor-dependent (AGE-RAGE-NF-κB/oxidative stress) and receptor-independent (protein crosslinking and matrix stiffening) mechanisms. Clinical data reveal significant associations between elevated AGE levels and DN severity, although differences in assay methods and diagnostic criteria limit direct comparisons. Antiglycation and antioxidant therapies, including aminoguanidine, carbonyl scavengers, and RAGE antagonists, have demonstrated neuroprotective potential in preclinical studies but have yielded variable results in human trials. AGEs play a central yet multifactorial role in DN by coupling metabolic stress with neuroinflammation and structural damage. Standardization of AGE detection techniques, longitudinal human studies, and rigorously designed translational trials are essential to advance their diagnostic and therapeutic potential.

5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is a naturally occurring, functional, non-protein amino acid that is ubiquitously present in biological cells, including microorganisms, plants, and animals. It functions as a key precursor in the biosynthesis of tetrahydropyrrole compounds in organisms. Due to its biodegradable, non-toxic, and residue-free properties, 5-ALA has been extensively utilized in medicine, agriculture, and animal production. In recent years, rapid advances in biotechnology have intensified interest in the biological synthesis of 5-ALA. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent developments in microbial 5-ALA production via the C4 or C5 pathway, including engineering of key enzymes, enhancing the supply of precursors and cofactors, engineering product transporters, reducing by-product generation, dynamic regulation based on biosensors, and utilization of omics technology. These technologies have enabled the production of 5-ALA using bacteria, thereby significantly promoting the industrialization of 5-ALA synthesis. In addition, this review addresses the current challenges associated with the biological synthesis of 5-ALA and proposes prospects that offer guidance for its biosynthesis and industrial production.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-025-04621-x.

This investigation was intended to prepare lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPHNPs) that are laden with Gemcitabine hydrochloride (GEM) for the controlled delivery to treat Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). LPHNPs were developed by the solvent evaporation technique employing polycaprolactone (PCL) as the biodegradable polymeric core and a phospholipid shell comprised of soya phosphatidylcholine (SPC) and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DSPE). This study presents a cost-effective, simple method for functionalizing LPHNPs with the carbohydrate ligand D-galactose (GA) using stearyl amine (SA) as a linker. To examine the impact of three independent factors on the particle size, percent entrapment efficiency (% EE), and percent drug loading (% DL), a three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design (BBD) was implemented with Design-Expert 13 software. The nanoparticles' size range increased from 194.1 to 505.3nm when the polymer content increased. GEM's percent drug release profile in the galactose functionalized gemcitabine-loaded lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (GEM-LPHNPs-GA) suggests they are appropriate candidates for targeting the tumors microenvironment. In vitro drug release tests revealed a higher GEM release at pH 5.5 compared to the physiological pH of 7.4 for 48h. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy verified that the conjugate GA-SA imine bond formed. The cytotoxicity of GEM-LPHNPs-GA was significantly greater than that of GEM-LPHNPs or GEM alone, as evidenced by the MTT assay conducted on HepG2 cells. Throughout the incubation period, HepG2 cells exhibit a markedly higher absorption of dye-loaded LPHNPs-GA than LPHNPs. GEM-LPHNPs-GA is an efficacious formulation for the targeted administration of anti-cancer therapeutics.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-025-04588-9.